Sanskrit by Cassette Lesson 11 Potential Mood Parasmaipadi and Atmanepadi Past Passive Participle Past Active ParticipleIn previous lessons we have covered the following verb forms (shown in the screened areas) # > WU ands ser- adds & before # FAY awake ‘ANY: FATA FAB? The Sadhu awoke in the night 7% grow qeafor San Sart ower grew nthe garden, 2) In the case of roots meaning think, wish/desire, know, and adore /worship/honor. the Past Passive Participle is used in a Present sense. Also, the agent, ‘by whom the action is done (normally 3rd case), is placed in the 6th (possessive) case. ‘Noticing a PPP being used with the 6th case is a mesns of recognizing its presen usage A think, consider ue: af: STAT Aa: Rama is considered a hero by the people. BX desire tea: TET Bee: Liberation is desired by Rama, know ea: A: Ta: ‘The Self is known by the sage. TH worship ea: cen ofa: God is worshipped by Rama. aE honor eat ray afar ‘The Godiess is honored by devotees. Impersonal Passive ‘As described in Lesson 10, page 10, the Passive voice in Sanskrit may be used with intransit HOT TTA It was gone by me, (the act of going was by me. AAT GPA It was fallen by him. (the act of falling vas by him) ie, He fell AT HPTAH It was come by you. (the act of coming was by you.) ic. You came. I went. 2wa: refering, aa a afar Tp aT rene saw oo a WT apm Te: ears are aren Pam Te TH a: apa: fara a: A ore wae ee fare: aaert APT: AS: aged mer ae, ear: eared Ser ATT a: Read ae ea a Teh Killed, you go to heaven. All is pervaded by the imperishable. The death of one born is certain, The birth of one dead is certain. Action was done by previous seekers of freedom. ‘The enemy has been killed by me. With wisdom united, you abandon karma-bondage This universe is pervaded by you. Whoever thinks (himself) freed, he is freed. I have entered into the heart of everyone. Due to time, yoga was lost. ‘The fourfold-order was created by me. ‘The Gods bestow the desired enjoyments. Whoever thinks the body killed, he does not know. 3Past Active Participles are derived from the Past Passive Participles, by adding to them, the affix Past Active Participle Root PRP conquer A conquered rae Tq study ‘afea studied ofeaaa AL speak SA spoken saa A abandon AA abandoned a FL create FE created qe TA see WE! seen Pea fee cut fea cut fisaaq FX know Az known gat BH get PT gotten BOT aoe Ath crossed ara having conquered hhaving studied having spoken having abandoned having created having seen having cut having known having gotten having crossed Past active Participles are declined exactly as Masculine and Neuter nouns /adjectives ending in 4A such as TAA (See Lesson 9 pages 3, 4) 1) Subject 2) Direct Object 3) by / with 4) 10 / for 5) from Sots sss Tin fon fat 8) Direct Adsess 1) Subject 2) Direct Object 8) Divect Adress Mascutine FAA having conquered farraa: Same as masculine Feo et 4erect Usage 1) As an adjective, agreeing in gender and number with the noun it modifies 2a fired att aaa We al should honor he eo, who as conquered ie eo. Afr at Great aeeTT | 1 was known by the sage who had sccm the truth. RAMA TMAA ATS: GE SHEA Te eu showed the book to he yopn who ad phen Usage 2) As a past tense verb, agreeing in gender and number with the subject. Masculine are wf fae ‘hehe congue he enemy: art we fraarcit | ‘The two heroes conquered the enemy. ar: a Brera: 1 ‘The heroes conquered the enemy. PH: Ret FSA) Te pe ww te eth BA: We GAT: | the ages sate eth At amg ATTA | The yop cased te ocean Neuter mre Fira age Ma |My tend crossed the ocean AA Aah | yoo teasers he ocean ae Ref a, ATOR 1 ay sens sed te osan ‘The Feminine Present Active Participle is formed by adding % to the masculine base, and is declined like 7Y or @A¥ (see Lesson 5, p.2) Usage 1) Feminine He Beat SH APT 1 asked my mother who had seen my father. ST TAT GeSAA AEA: SCAT | Peace was obtained by the mother, having seen her daughter Usage 2) ard act afer 1 The woman crossed the rive, sara dt ata |e ro women cst se ak: dt atta: | Toe women crossed the river. 1Selections from the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali areata an 126 a aamnte ye: eras | a: wefan aft Te: SIG ARTETA | That (Févara is also the teacher ofthe ancients, due to non-Limitataton by ime that (iévara) (m. pronoun Ist case sing.) FAA of those who were before - the ancients (knowers of yoga)im, pronoun 6 plu) SE also BE teacher (mF 1s sng) AAA by time on. 9 ne) SATE due to non-limitation (m. 3 sth sing) La eT ae: TE: Fe aT: TO: | ‘The speech of that (1Svara) is the pranava ( 3» OM). ‘FAT of that (18vara) (m. pronoun 6th sing.) ATA: speech in. 518 sing) ‘WA: pranava - the sacred sound OM (m. 31 ist sing.) 128 AST | Ae-ma: Ag oA TER | The repetition ofthat (pranava ) makes clear its meaning. (Lit; is the bringing into effect ofits meaning.) AE: of that (pranava) SHG: repetition (m. tat sing) ‘AG- of that (its) ‘34. meaning ‘TATA bringing into effect (2. 3t 1st sing) 16agsageeaags qa 43 ‘Verses from the wraetar arePrareepairan acwit fafrega: | am sapere at BAGS: I Jflana, knowledge of the absolute One whose being is satified with satisfied (PPP 7) jffana and vijnana vijana, knowledge of the manifest being (STF st sng) immoveable, unchangeable (m. 3 1s sing) overcome (FPP f¥- Fn) senses (Whose) (m. 3 st sing) united (one who is) (PPP Am. 3 1s sing) puts preceding word in quotes is called (Passive 7% Present 3rd Peron sing.) the yogin (n.zifir ts sing) same Le _ One for whom, a clod of earth, stone (n. ETA) 1 stone and gold are the same. gold im isin) | ‘The yogin whose being is satisfied with jfiana and vijfiana; im- moveable; whose senses have been overcome; and for whom a clod of earth, a stone and gold are the same, is called yukta - one united. 7