Sanskrit by Cassette Part II Lessons 9 thru 12 Lesson 9 Secondary Nouns Ending in Consonants Suffixes SF AL Parasmaipadi Present Participles ©1991 by Vyaas Houston [No part ofthis manual may be reproduced without the written consent of the author. ‘The American Sanskrit Insitute 73 Four Corners Road, Warwick N.Y, 10990Masculine Nouns ending in 37 cafe) ACL crap and Al aA This lesson will cover 3 forms of secondary nouns and adjectives, formed by adding a suffix (fixed ending) onto a primary noun (one which is formed directly from a verbal root) e.g. IM - knowledge derived from the verbal root T - know and modifying the meaning of the original to “having that (quality expressed by the original word).” e.g. SPF or AAA - having knowledge, leamed or the person, one who has knowledge The suffix 3% In the case of the suffix BFL - the suffix is substituted for the final 3 of the original noun. e.g APT m. yoga ‘GPL + B= AI a yogin, one who has or has achieved yora 2B m. body y ter ee having a body, the soul ref m. purpose ahs = oP having purpose FF n. happiness Was = ae having happiness, happy GR on. pain Fes having pain, unhappy ‘FG n. strength A + B= a having strength, strong Fn. wealth oe = having wealth, wealthy (man) BFA m. renunciation — SAR + F= ATA having renunciation, renunciate Foxe ny a wih Ref he alse he flowing wor one's own ea having what is one’s own, self mastery, a master ARLE speech arta having speech, eloquent, an orator, In the case of the word ATET and words ending in & the suttix FEF is added: ‘ART f. illusion Ara + f= ara —_ possessing illusion, a magician AAA on. light aoe + P= asta having light, lustrous Below are given the Prototype endings for nouns ending in Consonants, and to the right the identical endings preceded by the suffix Note Ist Sing. = § Before consonant endings - ¥ 4/9/83] 9) q/g/s/se gl/9 gs) aleisi eit 1) Subject 2 iret object | 3) by with 4) 0 for 5) from oor s s/s! 1) in fon at ale)e)a)al¢|a alsiafala ala|e 8) Direct AddressPrototype Endings FART ae ating yorin Singular Dual__—_Paal Singur Dual Pil 1) subject. q at a act | attret | ati: » vies ovis | org | at | ot atte | atte | attr: 3) by / with at atfrat 4) 101 foe T ate 2 5) from a ‘anf: Pry: 6) of 8/8 a at: ar attra: array, ninsonsa |g at: aft airy 1) Diet Ades a [@ aT ater | 1) Subject 2) Dit. Obj 3) by J with 4) 101 for 5) from afer: afer: a oots'sys' | afr: | afer: | afar afar: | qfaat: | afar 2 in fon jax] BRE | Tea: afam | atest: [gig opi aw | afer | afeit | afer: afer. | afeast | afer: The above adjectives @fer and AfMA_may be used to modify any masculine noun. eg, AAT AT: the strong man BRAT ATM by the strong man AAT ALTO of strong men Any adjectives ending in {may also be used to modify neuter nouns. Here they require the neuter prototype endings for the Ist, 2nd, and 8th cases, which are different from the masculine. Neuter Endings (preceded by $/ strong afer happy Ge vy suiece [__ we] € GD Ce cat [sent nono. |__ el & eM afar | feet | gether - Same as masculine 3) Same as marculine wire awd. | B&D afar [afte | gett + at > dps eg. AF FA heppy tend BA rT appy frends 2‘Two stem Masculine nouns and adjectives The suffixes FA and TA In the case of Hel or AA the suffixes are added after the final 3 of the original noun. FG on. strength AG + Ae = eA Fn. wealth aa = FA m, knowledge Wr + a= aT having strength, strong having wealth, wealthy (man) having knowledge, leamed (man) AAT m. fortune, majesty WT + A= WAAL possessing majesty, holy, the Divine One (God) fet m. cold, snow Fee + = I, having snow, snowy, the Himalayas WER being Ye your being - you (used like the English, ‘your honor } ALE splendor, prosperity At + WA = AAA, FE thought, wisdom — ft + Hel = HA AA f though, design fT + AA = HATA, ATER nie, long lite AAR + He = ATTA om jaw w= In Lesson 8, it was shown that Neuter nouns ending in @ consonant took a strong form in the Ist, 2nd, and 8th cases plural, This was achieved by lengthening and nasalizing the final vowel. Some Masculine nouns, such as those ending in Ae and HA, also take strong forms. The strong forms for masculine nouns are given to the right in the shaded areas. having splendor, glorious, prosperous having wisdom, wise having thought, intelligent having long lite, long-lived shaving a jaw, Hanuman the monkey Below are the Prototype case endings preceded by Ae and HA Strong forms are nasalized 72 / FL. The Ist case sing. is A/ AAT - but a final double consonant is not allowed. The final 7 drops, giving FL / FFL. The vowel is then lengthened - AT. / FIA (not in the 8th sing.) Note:The Ist cate singular of consonant masculine nouns fequenly lngibens. Se (pt) AFA: (Lesson 8 p.3) iw out ne 1) Subject 2 Direct Object a: 3) by swith | aay agra | afg: sworor lat lagen [acer 5) from aa: fageaa jae: Sors'sss | aa: at: aa, ninronra fate fads ay 8) Direct Address | FA | Aeeit | ae:Prototype Endings WAT m civiee RL Singula Deal 1) Subject 2) Direct Object 3) by with 4) t0 / for Oots'sis ot u 5) from a x z Dim Jon / at 8) Direct Address 1) Subject 2) Dir. Ob, 3) by with $0 / for 5) from Oots'sis in fon 8) Di. Ad The above adjectives WAR and TAA may be used to modify any masculine noun. cg, UTTAR: the divine sage ATA FUT by the divine sage. Adjectives ending in at ‘ Hel may also be used to modify neuter nouns. In this case they require the neuter prototype endings for the Ist, 2nd, and 8th cases, which are different from the masculine. (See page 2) Note:The song form only exist in the Phra 1 subject, ste | tet | atime 2 Dir. OW. area | aie | atte | = 35) Same as masculine §) Dir Ae stro | ste | after eg. Wa AAR divine friend Ata FRraTFT prosperous friends 4Feminine forms of words ending in 87 Aq and FA, ‘The Feminine forms of words from the previous pages are created simply by adding &, giving suffixes Gt at and HA. These are then declined as Feminine nouns ending in § (Lesson 5). As adjectives, these feminine forms must be used whenever a feminine noun is modified HPT a yopinr erect wealthy (woman) happy wradt holy, Goddess gftertt unhappy weit your being - you (£) AIPA leamed (woman) alts glorious, prosperous Bea renunciate PAS long-lived 1) Subject M, Eger waft | The man is happy. ‘Mase. and Neut. Nouns in 34 (see Lesson 4) n, fer afer waft — The friend is happy. fA afeA WAAL The woman is happy. fem, Nous in WT and $ oe Lessn 5) 2) Direet Object. a TERRA 1 seek a happy man nw. Prt afa aT I seek « happy fiend Fare afertt yA 1 seek a happy woman. 5) By, with mM, Teo gferr ae 5 goat | Tam not content with an unhappy man. ny, Pete g:frar ae a geafir Tam not content with an unhappy friend. p, Treat gfe ae A Gem) 1am not content with an unhappy woman, 4) To, for , S# Ht wTaa aTAEATT | salutation to the divine one Vasudeva. g Te Tee FATT | Salutation to the divine whole. FS et Tat Ae 1 Salutation to the divine Goddess. 5) From aibra: afte: at yaa | ‘You seek truth from the wise yogin. Zz s aif: fare aet yee ‘You seek truth from the wise friend. pS am: afr: wet PTAA You seek truth from the wise yogint. of. M. BAR Heer: ate aT wat! © man, your purpose is knowledge. N. & fer va: ref: art waft | 0 friend, your purpose is knowledge. F @ anf ween: aah: STA wafA | 0 woman, your purpose is knowledge. 57) 5,00 M. aftafer arate antec farara: In the glorious lord, we find peace. N. sftefer fg afta frrara: 1 In the glorious universe, we find peace, Fo aftreat werent Ararat arf FETA: | In the glorious Bhagavad Gita, we find peace. 8) Direct Address M. @ yma a: @ waft O Divine one, who are you? NB ameaqaa fe a waft O Divine Brahman, what are you? FR umafe af ara waft! 0 Divine Goddess, who are you? Compare the Dual and Plural forms of Masc. Neuter and Fem. adjectives ending in 5% Dual 7 Plural 1 Subject /2) Direct Obj / 8) Direct Add Dee eee attr at 2 strong men aftea: a: sirong men afer 2 strong friends ache frenfot rong friends afenit ari 2 strong women afer ar: strong women 2) Diet 06} 3) By, with /4) To for /$) Prom afer: strong men aft Renfar strong friends afer: arf: strong women 3) By ith afr: Tet: offn 2 strong men md tet afte: fae: by strong friends afer: fart: offin 2 strong friends . : aferait: ara: offin 2 strong women Lah) oem 49 Toe 3) Hom aftr: ater: for, from strong men afore: FER: for, from strong friends afer: ATA: for, from strong women 08 aRSATH ARTO, of strong men afer RATT of strong friends afters ATHTEL of strong women 7) 1a, on ary tq in strong men afer fray in strong friends aftesty ary in strong women aferat TAT by/to/from 2 strong men afer fara by/to/from 2 strong friends afertnat array by/o/trom 2 strong women 60/7) 18,00[Ee rns Aparticipleis an adjective derived directly fromaverb. Forexample: fromthe verb run -a running brook; from the verb meditate - a man meditating, from the verb sing - a girl singing. present participles one which descibes action occuring simultaneous tothe action ofthe action of the primary verb, It could be used with a present, past or future verb. For example: ‘The man és content studying Sanskrit. ‘The man was content studying Sanskrit. ‘The man will be content,siudying Sanskrit. ‘The participle studying, in all 3 cases is present in relation tothe time ofthe action is, was or will be. The participle also modifies, in each case, the subject of the sentence. It becomes simple (0 understand how ‘a participle is used in Sanskrit if we rephrase the sentence: ‘The man,studying Sanskrit, is content. Here, studying is clearly ysed as an adjective modifying man, Therefore, like man, it must be putin the Ist Case singular. To ritake this even clearer, we could use a participle in the following way: A singing man is a happy man. Here the participle singing is used directly as an adjective. But the advantage of a participle over other adjectives such as good, strong etc. is that, like the verb itis derived from, it can take an object, ¢-g. ‘Aman, singing Sanskrit, is a happy man. A participle must agree with the noun it modifies! 2nd Case - direct abject) I heard the man singing Sanskrit, Here, singing modifies man, which is the direct object. It must also appear in the 2nd case singular. The formation of present participles is determined by the two classifications of verbs: 1) Parasmaipadt and 2) Atmanepadi. 1) This lesson will cover only the Parasmaipadt. Present participles for Parasmaipadi verbs of the Ist, 4th, 6th and 10th houses (pg.2 Les. 3). They are formed by adding Pl to the verbal base. Root Base Participle Ist House oe ary ‘TIAL (knowing) 4th House A ce RFA (dancing) 6th House fae fz FAA (Finding) 10th House Ks ary ATTA (stealing) Present participles, ending in 37¢ are declined like nouns and adjectives ending in and FA with the one exception of the Ist case sing., where the vowel does not lengthen with participles. Example. Weak stem Strong stem Ist Singular A - noun wre, Present Participle ATA Note: The Ist case singular formTIL is simply the strong stem ATER withthe final A deopped, because ward can not end in « double consonantMasc, Present Participle Endings Singuie —_Dusl__ Phu 1) Subject 2 Direct Objet aa: 3) by / with gat |qeara | ats: 4) t0 J for wt aera | wee: 5) trom aa: faery | area: ols sis wa: | rat: aT Dinsonsa | otf” lara: ae 1 Direct Ades = ‘The above present participle ATH may be used to modify any masculine noun. 1) Subject are ght aay sae ‘The knowing sage spoke the truth. 2) Direct Object TEA APH STETA | To the knowing sage, they went, 3) by / wi staat GPT ae AS | By the knowing sage, truth is known, dole AS EAR To the knowing sage, salutation 5) from ater: GA: ZaT ATES | From the knowing sage, compassion comes. oy ots'sys Bet: BB: Ba AR PMT 1 OF the knowing sage, God enters the home Dinfonsa Steer Ait et cect | In the knowing sage, I see God. 8) Direct Address ATU at ae eae | O knowing sage, you see everything. “Mase. Nouns in B (see Lesson 7) Participles may also be used to modify Neuter nouns. Here they require the neuter prototype end- ings for the Ist, 2nd, and 8th cases, which are different from the masculine, (See page 2) [Note:The strong form of pesca participles ocurs not nly inthe Plural ut a he Dal a wel - unlike nouns. ‘Neuter Present Participle Endings 1) Subject FA 2) dir. obj, | FL 1) subject. aac feta waht) A knowing friend is he. 2) Direct Object Steafeat FErarfor ATT 1 ~—_ Knowing friends, I seek. 8a 1) Subject 2) Dir. Ob 3) by / with tt) TTA mdr FR (6in) PIE, m tinting OE 1 Singular Dual Phas Singular Dua Plural qa: farce: ae | qereer | aa: farce | farcqrara | farcfs: 4) 10 / for aaa [aaa aaqee | fea | rece fe 5) from qa: | eee | qa fara: | farce ors 'sis) qem: [aed [ae | fae eee in fon 8) Die Ada qafa [aaa [aaerg | [feat | ear Present participles may be used in the sense of who does, who is doing, or while doing. See the following examples of FFE finding or who finds. Also notice the participle object 771 FRR ary: the dancing sadhu (sub) | STARA: FIFE: FAA the wise, finding truth PFFAA ATTA, the dancing sadhu (obj.) | SAA: FAFSA: A the wise, finding truth era aTEAT qe ae aa: aret: aera: are: arate arett FRR are 0 subjecr [FAR 2) Dir. obj. | FIL a oo (= ch aaa » FA by the dancing sadhu | STGP: Ferrets: AAT — by the wise, who find truth forthe dancing stahu | STFA: EEA: ASIA for from the wise, Ging tru from the dancing sadhu | WT free A of the wise, who find truth of the dancing sadhu | WARY PARE APL in the wise, who find truth inthe dancing sidhu | WAH: FEA: HALO wise ones, who ind uth © dancing sidhu | *Note: STAAL from page 1 - nouns in 7 Neuter Present Participles ‘Same as masculine frenfor aan farafea quate | AL the dancing water (sub.) Friends, finding truth, are content, 2) ARTA FR — the dancing wate oi) | Nt He® te pute Ret andthe verb AAPA have he 8) TR Te same ending. FFT could also mean they find. But, we could 0 dancing water ‘ot have the sentence ~ ends find tath are content, Without and between the two verbs FATE must be a participle 9Feminine Present Participles - Parasmaipadt The Feminine forms of present Parasmaipadi participles are ereated simply by adding $ to the strong form of the masculine participle, which means that instead of adding HA onto Ist, 4th , ‘6th, and 10th conjugation verb bases, the feminine adds ST-@, The Feminine participle then is declined as Feminine nouns ending in § like Wt (See Lesson 5 p.3). It is necessary to use these forms whenever a feminine noun is modified. Examples: Mase. / Neuter / Fem, 1 Sobjee ‘Root and Patil bass M fa: BG TET AEA | The poct, seeing beauty, is content. FR (iss) see base TL N fet aa Ta |The friend, seeing beauty, is content. weak TAL, FCT BG TAA FEA |e git, seeing beauty, is content strong TIT, 2) Direct Objet SATA STE AAA TEATE | see the poet conquering ignorance FH cs) conquer base FA, SHAT STE FEA TEATA | 1 sce my friend conquering ignorance weak FA, HA HAA ATCT TATA 1 sce tne gic conquering ignorance. strong TART 3) By, with PARRTAT SAAT STGETA | was seen by the mediating poet. FH (1s) meditate base PAL Feo ATTA STFA | 1c was seen by my frend while meditating. weak FATT SCT AAT AFEAT | 11 was seen by the girl while meditating. strong ATA, 4) To, fe 98 AT AA PATA 1 om Saturation othe dancing Siva, FL cain) dance base FH GFT AA PRATT om Salutation tothe dancing universe weak FAA, ¥% AB TA BET om Salutation tothe dancing Goddess. strong FL 5) From 56 Gora: AA: FeTAT | what do you want from the worshipping poet? Pony worship TA Fee ater: Fear SPH | wat do you wat rom the fend, whois weeping? weak TTT 3 CSAPRT: SEAT: FBLA | what go you wan fom the mothe, who is worshipping? strong TIA, Sot. anfer: were: aa: wafer | ‘The wandering poet has peace.* WA cathy wander ATA, ‘eae: were: FRET HAA | Te wandering friend has pace weak ATER ‘Wafea: MITA: SATA: WAAR | THe wandering yognt has peace scong WETT, * Lit Peace is of the wandering fiend 101) in, 00 aagait arate att cefet 1 rrowers fll onthe grieving poet TU (s)grieve AL aegHTP STAR AAT TaET 1 rowers oni greving end, wok STE agents staat areorat TARA | Flowers fll on the grieving gc. strong TH Compare the Dual and Plural forms of Masc. Neuter and Fem. present participles Dual Plural 1) Subject / 2) Dict Obj. / 8) Direct Add 1 Subject / 8) Dict Ades M.A CREA posts, sexing FAA: OTA: poets, meditating N. fram 7 tients, seeing Pron eae Giends, meditating FBT TRA a srs, secing FACT: SATA: girs, meditating 3) By, with /4) To for / 5) From 2) Direct Ob FTE AAA ynevttom 2 dancing poets Sea: a living posts Feat ARAMA bynovom2 dancing friends Safes Pranfer ving friends FRR ANAT ATCA pynosom 2 dancing girls Stach: eat: living goddesses 6) 08/7) 0, 09 3) By, wih apa: eat: fin 2 worshipping poets rats: APH: by dancing pocts pra: fire: offin 2 worshipping friends arate: fra: by dancing friends SRT: STAT: opin 2 worshipping girls FAAP: ATTA: by dancing gicts 4) To for/ 8) From meen: afar: for, from singing poets rage: fn: for, from singing friends TEAM: ATCT: fr, rom singing gis oor erat FATT ot wandering poets aTeret RATT ot wandering fiends WATT STOTT or wandering gies 1), on ary aay in among grieving poets BHTRY AY in, among sieving fiends ‘areeity ATTA in, among grieving giesMasculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Exercises En art amt ee The Yogin meditating on prdna(diabj) ot ‘Two Yogins meditating on pias TO Tara: ‘The Yogins meditating on pana aftr ara ae ‘The Yosias remembering peace ‘Two Yogints remembering peace panied ET: ‘The Yogints remembering peace arrad ft ea Fe ‘The wise frend esicing God arate ft aan geeat ‘Twowise fends desiring God amafa ferfr = tan eat ‘The wise friends desiring God are ae earfor aay The wise man secing frends ‘Two wise men aa: AT: frente: aaa: The wise men secing fends aed seat aorta “The wise mother area ‘Two wise mothers WAS: ST: ATTA: Wise mothers protecting theireilzen od ert Pat Food nourishing people aoa war yeaa Fats nourishing people R protecting her children protecting their children Aah svat became happy fart ara becatne happy. afer: are became happy. ‘afer wate | becomes happy gait wat: | become happy. I: 1 become happy. ered erate | meditates on his true nature. aed aa: | ‘meditate on their true nature. aed carat | meditate on their tue nature dan wea remembered God. 2am sea | * Noe itference. seeing friends remembered God. aay HT remembered God. aat aoe aster | creates ther prosperity. ant dad aa: | create their prosperity. ani dad aaa crete hei poser. ant gar a iseeated for ter happiness ani garage | ate created for their happiness.Neuter Masculine Feminine Feminine Neuter Masculine & aR | Tong for nourishing food & garth aa {ong fortwo nourishing meats. & eat Gert | Hong for nourishing fats arene ae Hai emer ar ‘Wehonor the gun, living in the knowledge of God aan Rott aaa a Wehonor both gurus. living _inthe knowledge of Go amt wale teaa: | ter gare Wehonor all gus living inthe light of God. wre wed fait | aay wag Weboth worship the godess living i al beings. wee wnaait wat tet | wag ry) Weboth worship bath divine powers living ial beings. ware waar: ae: Aas: wa ATL We oth worship the divine powers, living inallbeings en War a ‘The Lord is worshipped TERT ‘The Lord is worshipped were ‘The Lord is worshipped FA FI ‘A person is bound ST: Fert People are bound SAT: FET People are bound bias You are known aa You are known qe You ll are known aa set gaat rim by that woman kissing her davehier erat ana qari i by those 2 women kissing their 2 daughees anf arte: Revoir; pt by those womnen embracing their daughters OF Gah feeat Fafa | by that pain remaining inthe mind anat garet faregeat waa by those 2 pains maining inthe mind. a: a feats: maf by those fears remaining in he mind, ‘atte erat STAT | bythe yogin, seeing with the eye of wisdom aifnat cagA aga | by both yogis, seeing with he eye of wisdom. anfarfi: oat: eT aga | by youins, seeing withthe eye of wisdom, 1BMasculine ef: aa efaa ama gat aici Fem Dharm i pleasing tothe inteligent i, desiring the happines of al ot: Te aoa ate seca | aa AER Dharmas pleasing tothe inteligentswo is, desing the happiness of al ter trae sings: afine: game: = adat ge Life is pleasing to inellgent i, desiring the happines of al Feminine ftert ota aeafee eet mrad arama Life was pleasing tothe sannysin, singing he divine song Stas aritgea | denen: meetin: ret: aa: 1 Life was pleasing to sannyfsins, singing divine songs Neuer aaa sara Ter faq ata 287 1 You stive not forthe pershing body but forthe living soul (m). wa wae a eae: wate: farq faa afer You al strive not for perishing bodies ‘but for he living sul. ‘Neuter a warea: Sra: A: SAA: eT) You were protected your tue nature at orarerer: IE You were protected from the powerful miseries, defeating, yourhappiness Feminine 2 GA: freer: qe: af aig You were brovht forth from knowledge, nourishing all creation eR, ET ahr: gain: attr went 11 "as brought forth from powers, nourishing allbeings. Masculine gm. ore Ata: ware: Bae: wai eaarg “The whole was created ‘ow ofthe slorous Lord, dwelling inthe hears of al fam ae wher: Aer eae: area: Bee | ‘The whole was created cutof all people dweling in the hear of God, 4Masculine SUP: way Sta, a: ey AA: eet | Peace isthe food of the Inglived man, being content with is own nature sat: wah ara Tq: ac: Ae: zea | Peace isthe food ofboth longstived men being coment with their own nature. cufa: wate sta srgEaat Aero qeaaT sta Peace isthe food of long-lived men, being content with tite Feminine fag: aaa aft stra: smear: Pare: req | ‘A baby brings forth the devotion of forunate mothe, finding (be purpow fag: gaa uf Srdam srart Presi ore ‘A baby brings forth the devotion of fortunate mothers, finding their purpose Neuter ard: yer: ome wafer qa a after: wa ‘The pupose of nourishing food _iethe contentment ofthe body and the Sel. a: Qatar wafer gone a afta: wat The purpose of nowshing meals isthe contentment ofthe boy and the Set Neuter caf ai eae ata ath rar: Taf Do you wander in dares, creating isons in yo) min? caf ei aa: Sat yay wT ASTI Do weall ive inpeopl’sminds, renting illusions everywhere. Feminine oe fart ast weet aeat wa Tin fain inthe Goddess dwelling everywhere ree SH at mre aPry saat ar ound ith inthe dine powers eling everywhere Masculine WE SETA wats fro ae AQAA [seek happiness inthe Lon, Vinne, playing inal people ore ye Ta weg say seq fait seek pines inalldivine people. paying in Vin 15Selections from the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali areata in 120 agrariarfremfarargd SATaTH | sag. rh. eye. anf. aT. we: TATU In the case of others, (anya-nirodha-nirodha which has no object) is preceded by certainty, energy, memory, samadhi (cognitive absorption), and prajia (insight). SGT. certainty , a4. energy, vigor ayfA. memory FATA. cognitive absorption ‘FA- spiritual insight GR: preceded by (m. H 1st case sing) BATA of others (m. pronoun éth pu) La Aaa TATA: | ata. aaa STE: | (Anya-nirodha is) close at hand (li.~ arrived) in the case of those whose intensity is focused. ata sharp, focussed AAPTFAA intensity (of those whose) (m. 3 6th plu) SHIA: close at hand, arrived (a3 1s) sing) Im yenea Rrra aatshe fare: | ge safer a: sh Pe: | Due to degrees of mildness, moderateness, and intensiveness, therefore, still, there is a distinction, AR. mild HEA. medium, moderate BPUATAATA, due to intensiveness (a. Sth sing) ‘FA therefore (due to that) Af still FART: distinction, difference (m. 31 11 sing) 16‘Verses from the wragtta4t Verse II. 9 amas etiea: geafaa wed | perme tera 2 m him, Agjuna (n, pronoun 2nd ese sing) sara spoke WHET: —_ Krona, Lord of the senses (. Ist sine) "GRA smiling (resent paige fom - Ist sng) wa as if MET - © Bharata, King Dhytardstra (rms. 38) sng) at: of the 2 armies (Fem. 37 61h) Dual) saat: (of oth (Fem pronoun 6th) Dusty ey in the middle (mase. 3 71h) Sing. ) sferfterT being depressed (res. pan. from F4-FZ, base HY mase. 2nd) Sing) mm this (ore pronoun 2m Sing) cn speech (neuer om #2) Sing) Sanjaya telling the story ofthe Gn to King Dharatra O Bharata(King Dhrtarastra), to him (Arjuna), being despondent, Hrstkesa (Krsna), as if smiling, spoke these words, in the midst of the two armies. 7