1

Hind A. Abdulmajed, PhD

habdulmajed@kau.edu.sa
604/1
Learning Outcomes

1. Differentiate between the innate and the adaptive immunity.

2. Enumerate the cells of the immune system and their functions.
1 2
 Innate (Natural) Immunity Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

Non- specific Specific

Present from birth Long Lasting

Operates against any substance Defense mechanisms tailored to individual

pathogens

Not enhanced by prior exposure Enhanced by prior exposure

Has no memory Has memory

Innate immunity
Adaptive
Innate Cells Adaptive Cells
Cells of the
Innate Immunity
Phagocytosis
1. Attachment
2. Ingestion Chemotaxis

Phagolysosome

Lysosyme
3. Degradation

4. Killing

/Phagocyte
Cells of Adaptive Cells

Dr. Noura Dafaa

 2

Hind A. Abdulmajed, PhD

habdulmajed@kau.edu.sa
604/1
Learning Outcomes

1. Define the soluble components of the immune system:

i. Complements
ii. Cytokines

2. List the five types of antibodies and their functions.

3. Classify the types of antigens (based on antigenicity and origin).

4. Differentiate between the cellular and humoral immune responses to micro-organisms.

 Cytokines

Cell Movement

Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid cell to cell

communication in immune responses & stimulate the movement of
cells towards sites of inflammation, infection & trauma.
 Low molecular
weight
proteins

Involved in
Hematopo-
Bind to iesis
receptor Adaptive
Immunity
Innate
Immunity
Cytokines

Secreted
Not specific to mainly by M
Ags and T
lymphocytes
Cytokines Actions

Cytokine binds to receptor on the cell that

secreted it

Cytokine binds to receptors on

nearby cells

Cytokine binds to receptors on distant cells

 Cytokines

Cell-mediated Humoral
Immune Response MØ Immune Response
(Intracellular T cell (Extracellular
Organisms) Organisms)
IL-2 IL-4
IFN IL-5
TNF

Dr. Noura Dafaa

 Complement System

Part of the innate immune system.

It was first identified as component of serum that

complemented
 Complement

Chain of steps

Proteins in serum & other body fluids

Made in liver and M

Consists of mainly 9 components

Once activate C1

End in lysis
Antigen (Ag)

A foreign substance capable of stimulating an immune response.

Examples of Ag

Human Tissue antigens

Based on Immunogenecity

Haptens
 Not
immunogenic
by itself

Become Low
immunogenic
if combined
Hapten molecular
weight

e.g. drugs
Factors that affect Antigenicity
SuperAntigen (SAg)

Class of antigen results in excessive activation of the immune system.

Specifically it causes non-specific activation of T-cells and massive

cytokine release.

E.g. Staphylococcus aureus

Lock and Key Model
Epitope

The part of Ag that physically interact with paratope on the Ab forming

immune complex.
Antibodies

Soluble glycoproteins found in serum & tissue fluids.

Secreted by activated B cells (plasma cells).
Can recognize and neutralize antigens, with high specificity.
Isotypes of Antibodies
 Immune System

Cellular Humoral
Immunity Immunity

Innate cells Adaptive cells

Antibodies Cytokines Complement
- Phagocytes - T Cells
- Antigen Th (CD4)
Presenting
Cells (APC) Tc (CD8)
- NK cells

Dr. Noura Dafaa

Immune responses to infections

Humoral Immune Response

Cell Mediated Immune Response

Dr. Noura Dafaa