DURING LECTURE/DISCUSSION

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Properties and Overview of
Immune Responses
Nur Fitriana Muhammad Ali, S.Si, M.Kes.
Department of Pharmacy,
STIK Avicenna
fitriana_nur89@yahoo.com
+62-85218643189

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• immunity (immunitas): protection from disease , more
specifically, infectious disease.
• immune system : cells and molecules responsible for
immunity
• immune response : collective & coordinated response
of immune system to the introduction of foreign
substances (microbes, macromolecules, small
chemicals)  physiologic or pathologic
• immunology: study of immune responses and the
cellular and molecular events that occur after an
organism foreign subtances.
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• Ancient Chinese custom: children inhale
powders made from the skin lesions of
patients recovering from smallpox resistant
to the disease

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INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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 Innate immunity
• Natural/native immunity
• Early line of defense against microbes.
• Principal components:
1. physical and chemical barriers: epithelia and
antimicrobial chemicals produced at epithelial surfaces
2. phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic
cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
3. blood proteins: complement system and mediators of
inflammation (cytokine, etc)
• The mechanisms are not different for structures that are
common to groups of related microbes

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 adaptive immunity
• characteristics:
• exquisite specificity for distinct molecules
• remember & respond more vigorously to repeated
exposures to the same microbe.
• recognize and react to a large number of microbial
and nonmicrobial substances.
• specific immunity: has capacity to distinguish between
different, even closely related, microbes and molecules
• acquired immunity:potent protective responses are
"acquired" by experience.
• components: lymphocytes and antibodies.
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Innate and adaptive immunity

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  Innate Adaptive
Characteristics
Specificity For molecules shared by groups of For microbial and nonmicrobial antigens
related microbes and molecules
produced by damaged host cells

Diversity Limited; germline encoded Very large; receptors are produced by

somatic recombination of gene segments
Memory None Yes
Nonreactivity to Yes Yes
self
Components
Cellular and Skin, mucosal epithelia; antimicrobial Lymphocytes in epithelia; antibodies
chemical barriers molecules secreted at epithelial surfaces
Blood proteins Complement, others Antibodies
Cells Phagocytes (macrophages, Lymphocytes
neutrophils), natural killer cells

Features of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES

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Types of adaptive
SWahyuniimmunity 11
Active and passive immunity

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 Humoral immunity
• Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato
(1890): serum from animals that had
recovered from diphtheria infection was
transferred to naive animals recipients
specifically resistant to diphtheria infection.
• The active components of the serum were
called antitoxins because they neutralized the
pathologic effects of the diphtheria toxin.

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• Paul Ehrlich (In the early 1900s) ‘immune cells use
receptors to recognize microbial toxins and subsequently
secrete these receptors to combat microbes’
– antibodies : the serum proteins that bound toxins
– substances that stimulated the production of antibodies were
called antigens.
• modern definition
– antigens includes substances that bind to specific lymphocyte
receptors (stimulate or not stimulate immune responses.
– Immunogens: substances that stimulate immune responses

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 Cellular immunity
• Elie Metchnikoff (1883): demonstrated phagocytes
surrounding a thorn stuck into a translucent starfish
larva
• Sir Almroth Wright's (1900s): factors in immune serum
enhanced the phagocytosis of bacteria by coating the
bacteria (opsonization) antibodies prepared
microbes for ingestion by phagocytes.
• 1950s: resistance to an intracellular bacterium, Listeria
monocytogenes, could be adoptively transferred with
cells but not with serum.
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Feature Functional Significance
Specificity Ensures that the immune response to a microbe (or nonmicrobial antigen)
is targeted to that microbe (or antigen)
Diversity Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens
Memory Increases ability to combat repeat infections by the same microbe
Clonal Increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with
expansion microbes
Specialization Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of
microbes
Contraction Allows immune system to recover from one response so that it can
and effectively respond to newly encountered antigens
homeostasis
Nonreactivity Prevents injury to host during responses to foreign antigens
to self

Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immune Responses

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Specificity, memory, and contraction of adaptive immune responses
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