THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

Prepared by: Klarysh L. Navarro

LAWS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines declares that the State values the
dignity of every human, person and guarantees full respect for human rights. It prohibits
the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate
the free will and mandates the compensation and rehabilitation of victims of torture or
similar practices and their families. (Sec.2,Art.11 Republic Act No. 10368)

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex,
nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the
right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and
expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to
these rights, without discrimination. (United Nations)

Human rights are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human
behavior and are regularly protected in municipal and international law. (Wikipedia)

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS

 right to an adequate standard of living
 right to work
 right of everyone to form trade unions and join a trade union
 right to social protection
CULTURAL RIGHTS


rights related to art and culture

rights is to guarantee that people and communities have an access
to culture
 participate in the culture of their election
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

 Right to liberty and security of person

 Right to equal protection before the law
 Right to freedom of assembly
 Right to be free from torture
 Right to freedom of expression
 Right to freedom of discrimination
 Access to judicial system
 Participation in political life
 Freedom or religion
 Access to information
 Right to private and family life
 Property rights
 Freedom of movement

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION

A human rights violation is the disallowance of the freedom of thought and movement to
which all humans legally have a right. While individuals can violate these rights, the
leadership or government of civilization most often belittles marginalized persons.

CIVIL & POLITICAL RIGHTS VIOLATION

  GENOCIDE- the deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular
nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group
 TORTURE- the action or practice of inflicting severe pain or suffering on
someone as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something.
 ARBITRARY DETENTION- the violation of the right to liberty. It is defined as
the arrest and deprivation of liberty of a person outside of the confines of
nationally recognized laws or international standards.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS VIOLATION

 Contaminating water- the right to health

 Evicting people by force from their homes- the right to adequate housing
 Denying services and information about health -the right to health
 Segregating students based on disabilities-the right to education
 Discriminating at work based on traits like race, gender, and sexual orientation-
the right to work
 Failing to provide maternity leave-protection of and assistance to the family
 Forbidding the use of minority/indigenous languages-the right to participate in
cultural life
 Not paying a sufficient minimum wage-rights at work

WAYS TO PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS

 Speak up for what you care about.
 Volunteer or donate to a global organization.
 Choose fair trade & ethically made gifts.
 Listen to others' stories.
 Stay connected with social movements.
 Stand up against discrimination.

TREATMENT AND PUNISHMENT

TREATMENT- the process or manner of treating someone or something.

2 KINDS OF TREATMENT

1. Institutional Treatment- emphasizes this readiness message in

all treatment phases, underlining a strong motivational and relapse prevention
message. Ideally, the institution's treatment program is part of a system that
includes community-based services, rather than disconnected from the
community.
2. Non-institutional Treatment /Community-Based Treatment- refer to
that method of correcting sentenced offenders without having to go to prison.

REHABILITATION
- helps ease the offender's reentry into society
- Cares that can help you get back, keep, or improve abilities that you need for
daily life. These abilities may be physical, mental, and/or cognitive (thinking and
learning)

COUNSELING- a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals,

families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals

PUNISHMENT- the act or process of punishing, imposing and/or applying a sanction.

4 KINDS OF PUNISHMENT

1. Retribution-punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or

criminal act.
 2. Deterrence- the action of discouraging an action or event through instilling
doubt or fear of the consequences.
2.1 Specific Deterrence- refers to the use of punishment for criminal activity
intended to discourage a specific individual from re-offending.
2.2 General Deterrence- refers to the practice of instilling fear in people in
the hopes that such fear will prevent them from committing crimes in the future.

3. Rehabilitation- the action of restoring something that has been damaged to its
former condition.

4. Societal Protection-refers to the range of formal and informal agencies

of social control including the law, media, police, and family which, through
their responses towards the deviant, greatly affect deviance outcomes.

REWARD- a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement.

PENALTIES- a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract.

VICTIM- a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other

event or action.

WELFARE- refers to government-sponsored assistance programs

for individuals and families in need, including programs as health care assistance, food
stamps, and unemployment compensation.

The Philippines has a victim compensation program to provide financial compensation

for victims of violent or personal crime and unjust imprisonment or detention.

Eligibility Requirements

1. Report to police.
2. Filing period. Within 6 months from when the victim suffered damage or injury or
within 6 months after the victim was released from imprisonment or detention.
3. Foreign citizen eligibility. Citizens of foreign countries are eligible to apply for
compensation.

Claimants

 Victims of crime
 Dependents of homicide victims
 Victims who were unjustly imprisoned or detained

Procedures

a. A claimant can obtain an application from the Board of Claims through the
Secretariat of the Board of Claims, Department of Justice, Republic of the
Philippines.
b. Victims should submit copies of all medical records from treating hospitals and
physicians with the application.
c. The Board of Claims is required to render a decision within 30 days.

Benefits and Award Limits

- The maximum award to victims of crime or the dependents of homicide victims is
PHP10,000.
- The maximum award to victims of unjust imprisonment or detention is
PHP60,000.

Compensable costs
 Medical expenses
  Mental health expenses
 Lost wages
 Lost support for dependents of homicide victims
 Funeral and burial expenses
Victim Welfare Victims Services helps people who are victims of violent crime
with information and referrals.
You can access support under the Victims Support Scheme, including:

Counselling- a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals,

families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and
career goals. ( American Counselling Association)
Financial assistance for immediate needs- financial aid by (primarily)
governmental institutions or charitable organizations to individuals in need

THERAPEUTIC MODELS

A therapeutic approach is the theory by which a psychologist or counsellor frames

how they view human relationships and the issues that occur for people throughout their
lives.

Different approaches to psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic therapies- this approach focuses on

changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their
unconscious meanings and motivations. The psychological interpretation of
mental and emotional processes. Rooted in traditional psychoanalysis, it draws
from object relations, ego psychology, and self psychology. It was developed as
a simpler, less-lengthy alternative to psychoanalysis.

Behavior therapy- This form of therapy seeks to identify and help change
potentially self-destructive or unhealthy behaviors

Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT)- based on the concept that your

thoughts, feelings, physical sensations and actions are interconnected, and that
negative thoughts and feelings can trap you in a vicious cycle. This aims to help
you deal with overwhelming problems in a more positive way by breaking them
down into smaller parts.

Humanistic therapy- a mental health approach that emphasizes the

importance of being your true self in order to lead the most fulfilling life. It's based
on the principle that everyone has their own unique way of looking at the world.
This view can impact your choices and actions.

Integrative or holistic therapy- an integrative approach grounded in

psychosynthesis, focuses on the relationship between mind, body, and spirit,
attempting to understand and address the ways issues in one aspect of a person
can lead to concerns in other areas.

Therapeutic Communication Techniques
 Using Silence
 Accepting
 Giving Recognition
 Offering Self
 Giving Broad Openings
 Active Listening
 Seeking Clarification
 Placing the Event in Time or Sequence
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Different Treatment Models

Psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic therapies

(ADVANTAGES)
 Increasing self esteem
 Developing the ability to have more satisfying relationships
 Increasing confidence in personal abilities
 Increasing understanding of self and others
 Recognition and toleration of a wider range of emotions
 Gradually becoming more able to face issues and difficulties
 Benefits that endure and increase with time

Psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic therapies

(DISADVANTAGES)

It's based on Freud's theory of personality. If his theory is flawed, then the
therapy must be flawed too.
Freud ignored individual differences.
Critics claim that some therapists are not helping patients recover repressed
memories. Instead, they are planting 'false memories' into their patients' minds.

Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT)
(ADVANTAGES)

 Brief and goal focused

 More affordable therapy (because it’s shorter in length)
 Empowering – by teaching practical techniques and homework – put techniques
into use even once therapy has concluded
 Strong scientific support for its effectiveness in a number of issues
 Collaborative – you and your therapist work as a team.

Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT)
(DISADVANTAGES)

 Can feel superficial – only addresses current issues and ignores issues from
childhood
 Need to put in the hard work – your therapist can support you but you need to be
doing the skills outside of the sessions
 Due to the highly structured nature it might not be suitable for those with complex
mental health needs or learning disabilities
 Looks at the individual’s need to change and ignores wider problems i.e., society
or families

Humanistic Approach
(ADVANTAGES)

 Emphasizes autonomy and free will when choosing behaviour- The

approach aims to find an alternative approach to scientific psychology
(concentrates on the subjective experiences of individuals and its meaning which
cannot be studied in experiments)
  It's the only approach in psychology which places the individual's subjective
experience and meanings at the centre
 It is not reductionist- Individual is not seen as the product of neurons firing or
stimulus-response links
 It is holistic- Places focus on the whole of the individual
 Client-Centred Therapy (CCT) is supportive of individuals with problems and
treats them with respect- it is seen as a non-directive form of therapy
 Views the person as an active agent
 Promotes the idea of personal responsibility
 States that the subjective experiences are of importance and value
 Client-Centred Therapy is used by psychologists and counsellors in therapy
today

Humanistic Approach
(DISADVANTAGES)

It is too positive when regarding human behaviour- this means that it assumes
individuals are intrinsically good and will choose positive paths for their lives-
however free will and choice is limited for some individuals
There is too much emphasis on subjective experience- Hard to study
Approach is not scientific- Does not use any rigorous, objective methods and
doesn't make predictions that can be proved or disproved
Places emphasis on conscious awareness- this limits the scope of the humanistic
approach as it ignores things that are out of conscious awareness
Client-Centred Therapy is of limited help for individuals with complex problems
Hard to falsify
Lacks empirical support

Integrative or holistic therapy

(ADVANTAGES)

 Allows for a better adaptation of the therapy to the distinctive characteristics and
needs of each client, by allowing the therapist to tailor their knowledge of
evidence-based treatments and approaches.

Integrative or holistic therapy

(DISADVANTAGES)
 Theoretical dilution and conflict in practitioners (who are required to blend two or
more different sets of language)

Benefits of Group Therapy 

Here's how group therapy for mental health treatment can help:

Groups provide support. Hearing from others with similar issues helps you see that
you’re not alone in having challenges, whether you're grappling with panic attacks,
depression, or another mental health issue, Johnson says. Many people experience a
sense of relief.

Groups provide a sounding board. If, for example, you talk about a fight you had
with your partner, group members can see things in the way you present it that you
don’t. “Hearing from other people about how you come across can be very powerful,”
Johnson says. “You get a wider range of perspectives on your situation, and that can
help you deal with your problems better.”

Groups can propel you forward. Hearing how other members successfully
overcame their fear of flying or how they confronted a family member over drug abuse
can be very encouraging. “Patients often push themselves harder when they see what
others are doing,” Johnson says.

Groups promote social skills. “Groups not only help to ease that sense of
isolation, but also give the opportunity to practice re-engaging with people,” Johnson
says. By participating in a group, you see that you can get along with others.

Group therapy costs less than individual counseling. Some people believe
that, because group therapy costs less, it’s not as good, but "that's not the case at all,"
Cox says. "Group therapy can be incredibly powerful.”

Groups teach you about yourself. “Every person in the group holds up a mirror
and you get to see yourself through their eyes,” Cox says. It’s a way of uncovering the
blind spots that may be blocking your ability to overcome your issue.

REHABILITATION- the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through

training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
-The process of helping a person who has suffered an illness or injury restore lost skills
and so regain maximum self-sufficiency.

5 STAGES OF REHABILITATION

1. PRECONTEMPLATION
2. CONTEMPLATION
3. PREPARATION
4. ACTION
5. MAINTENANCE

The principles of rehabilitation and restoration

Begin treatment early. Starting restorative care soon after admission or early in
the disease will improve the outcome.
Activity strengthens and inactivity weakens. Keep residents as active as possible.
Prevent further disability.
Stress the resident's ability and not the disability.
Treat the whole person.

5 Rewarding Types of Rehabilitation for Inmates

Education Rehabilitation for Inmates. It has been proven time and time again

that education programs in prison help to give inmates a second chance. Education
programs in prison are helping give the power of knowledge to inmates. With this
power, overcoming the past and enjoying a better quality of life are two very achievable
goals.

Employment Rehabilitation for Inmates. Inmates who have the opportunity to

engage in prison work programs while incarcerated have an easier time getting work
once they are released. The inability to find and maintain work is a main factor in
recidivism across the nation. When former inmates re-enter society without marketable
skills, a domino effect occurs that oftentimes leads to new offenses.

Breaking the cycle relies on becoming a productive member of society through gainful
employment. Being able to support oneself is beneficial financially and mentally. For a
person newly re-entering society, the self-esteem and fulfillment that can come from
working hard plays a big role in lessening criminal behavior.
During prison, many inmates are given an opportunity to participate in work programs.
These programs offer a consistent way to prepare for work in society. Punctuality,
responsibility, deadlines, accountability and other skills are learned through taking part.

The benefits of prison work programs go much deeper than just job training.

Counseling Rehabilitation for Inmates. Prison Counselors play a significant

role in rehabilitation for inmates. These criminal justice and mental health professionals
provide guidance to inmates throughout the duration of their sentence.

The support a Prison Counselor provides will range by inmate. Most counselors can
offer hands on counseling covering the following topics:

Vocational
Academic
Social
personal

The goal is to provide rehabilitation for inmates that will help them consider new skills
and new insight into their goals and motivations.

Wellness Rehabilitation for Inmates. Physical and mental wellness bring clarity

and purpose to many inmates during their sentence. Depending on the offerings in an
individual facility, an inmate may be able to participate in programs like yoga, tai chi, or
meditation. Practicing these kinds of mental and physical exercises are proven to
provide long term benefits including stress/anger management among others.

Positivity can be a difficult trait to maintain during a prison sentence, but some prisons
are offering programs to help bring a positive light into an inmate’s life. Programs like
dog training, culinary classes, gardening and more offer inmates opportunities to
practice fulfilling skills that make a measurable difference. Making good nutrition
choices with meals in prison can also be difficult. But with effort, a healthy diet can also
be maintained.

Community Rehabilitation for Inmates. Rehabilitation for inmates continues

throughout an inmate’s life, even after they have left the system. Re-entering society
and taking steps to join the community is a necessary piece of the rehabilitation
process.

Adjusting to life after prison successfully has many variables. Having a support system
within the community helps an ex-offender stay an ex-offender.

Getting involved in the community creates accountability in the form of communal

obligations. Feeling a sense of belonging is invaluable, whether it be through:

church
volunteering
social groups

The newly built support system relies on the ex-offender as he/she relies on it. This
leads to more positive interactions and less opportunity for criminal behavior.

Additionally, the relationships built within these community groups can lead to job
opportunities—a crucial step for reentry to society and elimination of recidivism.

REFORMATION PROGRAM IN THE PHILIPPINES

WORK AND LIVELIHOOD

The Bureau offers a variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural to industrial. The
purpose of the inmate work program is to keep the inmates busy, and to provide them
money for their personal expenses and their families as well as help them acquire
livelihood skills, in order that they may become productive citizens once they are
released and assimilated back into the mainstream of society.

Different prison and penal farms provide institutional work programs for inmates. At
the Davao Penal Colony, inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum
Development Company (TADECO) which has a joint venture agreement with the
Bureau. Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig Penal Colony are developed and
tilled by inmates to produce various agricultural products, thereby generating income for
the Bureau. The Sablayan Prison and Penal farm also provides agriculture and
aquaculture programs for inmates.

Along this end, the Bureau under the present Director has encouraged agricultural
and industrial production by providing farming implements, tractors, fertilizers and other
inputs in order to sustain this area of rehabilitation for inmates.

SPORTS AND RECREATION

The inmates enjoy sunrise by participating in daily calisthenics. There are various
indoor and outdoor sports activities, programs, tournaments and leagues all year round,
to include basketball, volleyball, billiards, table tennis and chess. These sports
competitions promote camaraderie among inmates, good sportsmanship and team-
building. The latest addition is the newly constructed indoor sports center/gymnasium at
the Maximum Security Compound which boasts of competition-standard flooring, sound
system, locker rooms and bleachers.

All prison and penal farms have adequate recreational facilities for inmates, both for
outdoor and indoor sports. Mini-bodybuilding gyms are available in most prison facilities,
including the Muntinlupa Juvenile Training Center and the Therapeutic Community
Center for inmates with drug cases.

For music lovers and musically-inclined inmates, numerous "videoke" centers are
available. Musical instruments are available for practice or for use in variety shows..

HEALTHCARE SERVICE

Upon his initial commitment to the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC), the
inmate’s medical history is recorded and properly documented by the Medical
Specialist. Medical information and mental status examinations are given to ascertain
his overall physical / mental fitness and whether he would be fit for work. This forms part
of the diagnostic process which will eventually determine the most appropriate
rehabilitation program for the inmate.

The principal medical care of inmates is provided through a 500-bed capacity

hospital at the New Bilibid Prisons and at six (6) other mini-hospitals or clinics in the six
(6) other prison and penal farms. All correctional facilities have a full and competent
staff of medical practitioners in charge of clinics, infirmaries and hospitals.

These centers are capable of minor surgical operations, laboratory examinations,

radiology, psychiatric, rehabilitation and dental treatment.

Other government and private hospitals are also tapped in the implementation of
standards pertaining to nutrition and protective health services for the prison
community. Medical services also include a wide range of counseling techniques and
therapy programs which address the psychological problems of inmates, including
suicidal thoughts and feelings of rejection which may lead to disruption of peace and
order within the prison compounds. When an inmate’s ailment is beyond the
competence of the in-house medical doctors, the inmate is referred to a government
hospital in accordance with prison rules and under proper security escorts.
EDUCATION AND SKILLS TRAINING 

Rehabilitation can be facilitated by improving an inmate’s academic and job

skills. Records show that many prisoners are poorly educated. A majority are
elementary school drop outs or have not even finished primary school. Prison education
amounts to remedial schooling designed to prepare inmates to obtain basic skills in
reading, writing and mathematics.

In most correctional facilities, vocational programs are incorporated into job

assignments and serve as on-the-job training. The goal is to provide inmates with skills
that will improve their eligibility for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational training is
geared toward traditional blue-collar employment in areas such as electronics, auto
mechanics and handicrafts. At the Reception and Diagnostic Center, a basic computer
literacy course with typing as a support course is available for inmates who have
finished at least high school level.

Vocational training and social education focus on job readiness. The concern in these
areas is life skills. If inmates are to reenter society and abstain from criminal activity,
they must be employable and have the basic tools necessary to function as responsible
citizens.

The National Penitentiary has a college degree program and a tertiary degree
correspondence course, in addition to the regular secondary and compulsory basic
literacy classes. Prisoners are strongly encouraged by the BuCor authorities to enroll
while serving their sentence and to advance their academic skills.

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL PROGRAM

Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. All inmates are free to observe the rituals of
their faith, with orderly conduct supervised by prison authorities. A religious guidance
adviser or chaplain is assigned in every prison and penal farm. The prison chaplain sets
the stage for every regular spiritual activity. He is an officer of the institution who
oversees the operation of the prison chapel. He is not only the spiritual leader but also a
counselor and adviser. Prisoners may be baptized or given other sacraments. Religious
Volunteer Officers, or RVOs belonging to different church groups provide weekly
religious activities ranging from bible studies, devotions, prayer meetings or praise and
worship. With a predominantly Roman Catholic prison population, a Catholic Mass is a
regular feature in spiritual activities of the prison communities. Restrictions, however,
are imposed if, in the course of religious activities, security is compromised or a
program is too expensive.

The Therapeutic Community (TC) Program represents an effective, highly

structured environment with defined boundaries, both moral and ethical. The primary
goal is to foster personal growth. This is accomplished by re-shaping an individual’s
behavior and attitudes through the inmates, community working together to help
themselves and each other, restoring self confidence, and preparing them for their
reintegration into their families and friends as productive members of the community.

Patterned after Daytop TC, New York which is the base of the Therapeutic
Community movement in the world, the BuCor TC program was adopted as part of the
Bureau's holistic approach towards inmate rehabilitation. It is implemented primarily but
not limited to drug dependents.

The TC approach has been continuously proven worldwide as an effective treatment

and rehabilitation modality among drug dependents, and has been noted to be effective
in many prisons. By immersing a drug offender in the TC environment, he learns why he
had developed his destructive habits, which led him to substance abuse. The program
modifies negative behavior and or attitudes while restoring self confidence, and
prepares inmates for their reintegration into their families and friends as productive
members of the community. This behavioral modification program gradually re-shapes
or re-structures the inmate within a family-like environment, wherein every member acts
as his brother’s keeper.
 As TC family members go on with their daily activities, a strong sense of
responsibility and concern for each other’s welfare are developed. They are constantly
being monitored for their progress and are regularly being evaluated by the TC-trained
staff. The TC process allows for genuine introspection, cultivation of self-worth and
positive rationalization that move the individual towards assuming a greater sense of
personal and moral responsibility.

The efforts of the Bureau of Corrections to rehabilitate Drug dependents under its
care using the TC approach is in line with its commitment to create a Drug-Free Prison.
Worldwide developments in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug offenders using this
therapeutic community approach have been noted to be effective in many prisons.

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY (TC)

An environment that helps people get help while helping others. It is a treatment
environment: the interactions of its members are designed to be therapeutic within the
context of the norms that require each to play the dual role of client-therapist. At a given
moment, one may be in a client role when receiving help or support from others
because of a problem behavior or when experiencing distress. At another time, the
same person assumes a therapist role when assisting or supporting another person in
trouble.

5 DISTINCT CATEGORIES OF ACTIVITY THAT HELP PROMOTE THE

CHANGE:
1.) Relational/Behavior Management
2.) Affective/Emotional/Psychological
3.) Cognitive/Intellectual
4.) Spiritual
5.) Psychomotor/Vocational-Survival Skills
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MISSION
To promote human and social transformation among our clients and among ourselves.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY VISION
By the end of this decade, TC shall have become the corporate culture of the Parole
and Probation Administration permeating its plans, programs, and practices, and
confirming its status as a model component of the Philippine Correctional System.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

Restorative Justice is a process through which remorseful offenders accept

responsibility for their misconduct, particularly to their victims and to the community. It
creates obligation to make things right through proactive involvement of victims,
ownership of the offender of the crime and the community in search for solutions which
promote repair, reconciliation and reassurance. Thus, the restorative justice process is
actively participated in by the victim, the offender, and/or any individual or community
member affected by the crime to resolve conflicts resulting from the criminal offense,
often with the help of a fair and impartial third party. Examples of restorative processes
include mediation, conferencing, sentencing/support circle and the like. The restorative
outcome is the agreement obtained as a product of a restorative justice process.
Examples of restorative outcomes include restitution, community work service and any
other program or response designed to accomplish reparation of the victim, and the
reintegration of the victims and/or offenders.

THE EFFECTS OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AS A REHABILITATION PROGRAM

1. Reintegration of the offenders to the social mainstream and encouraging them to
assume active responsibility for the injuries inflicted to the victims;
2. Proactive involvement of the community to support and assist in the rehabilitation
of victims and offenders;
3. Attention to the needs of the victims, survivors and other persons affected by the
crime as participating stakeholders in the criminal justice system, rather than
 mere objects or passive recipients of services of intervention that may be
unwanted, inappropriate or ineffective;
4. Healing the effects of the crime or wrongdoing suffered by the respective
stakeholders; and
5. Prevention of further commission of crime and delinquency.
THE OUTCOMES OR INTERVENTIONS WHICH CAN BE AGREED UPON DURING THE
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PROCESS
As a result of the restorative justice process, the following outcomes or interventions
may be agreed upon by parties in a Restorative Justice discussion, such as, but not
limited to:
A. Restitution
B. Community Work Service
C. Counseling (whether individual, group or family)
D. Attendance to trainings, seminars and lectures
E. Participation in education, vocation or life skills program
F. Group Therapy Session
G. Spiritual development session/faith-based session
H. Submission to psychological/psychiatric assessment
I. Submission to drug test/drug dependency examination
J. Attendance to skills training/livelihood assistance program
K. Marital enhancement program
L. Written or oral apology
M. Submission to family therapy session
This session aims to develop healthy personal relationships within the family and to
establish open positive communication between family members and significant others.
Family members should be oriented in their individual responsibilities and roles.
VOLUNTEERISM
Volunteerism is a program of the Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) aimed at
generating maximum, effective and efficient citizen participation and community
involvement in the process of client rehabilitation, prevention of crime and the overall
administration of criminal justice.
ADVANTAGES OF VOLUNTEERISM
Probation and parole, as community-based treatment programs, depend on available
resources in the community for the rehabilitation of offenders. Thus, the Administration,
recognizing the important role of the community as a rehabilitation agent, involves the
community in probation and parole work through the use of volunteer workers and
welfare agencies.
The use of volunteer workers in probation and parole is worth adopting because it
opens new fields for community involvement in corrections and for training youth
leaders, barangay organizations, and civic groups in social development work. The use
of volunteers will also make it possible for the correctional system to exercise
supervision of offenders at less cost to the government.
REPARATION
- compensation given for an abuse or injury in transitional justice
- measures taken by the state to redress gross and systematic violations of human
rights law or humanitarian law through the administration of some form of
compensation or restitution to the victims.
 anything paid or done to make up for a wrongdoing, or the act of making up
for a wrongdoing.
 process and result of remedying the damage or harm caused by an unlawful
act.
 Restoring to good condition of something that has been damaged.

PURPOSE OF REPARATION
 generally understood to reestablish the situation that existed before the harm
occurred.
RESTITUTION
 the restoring to the rightful owner what has been lost or taken away.
 payment for an injury or loss.
THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESTITUTION
1. restitution fines
2. parole revocation fines
3. direct orders

VICTIM ADVOCACY PROGRAM

- a program to assist victims of crime through

SERVICES THAT A VICTIM ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

- emergency services
- needs assessments and referrals
- safety planning
- counseling services
- help with shelter
- advocacy with justice and other agencies
- host of other types of services

NEED OF A VICTIMS:
- Safety
- Access
- information
- support

STEPS TO HEAL FROM EMOTIONAL ABUSE

1. Acknowledge the abuse

2. Change negative thought patterns
3. Engage self-care
4. Set boundaries
5. Know when to seek help

TYPES OF EMOTIONAL ABUSE

 Verbal abuse
 Rejections
 Gaslighting

REHABILITATION
- acknowledges the need to alter or add to a historic property to meet continuing or
changing uses while retaining the property's historic character.
- includes assisting the patient to compensate for deficits that cannot be reversed
medically.
- involves upgrading existing features and/or adding new features to
accommodate a change in use.

REHABILITATION PROGRAMS
- designed to reduce recidivism among adult offenders by improving their
behaviors, skills, mental health, social functioning, and access to education and
employment

PURPOSE OF REHABILITATION

- to restore some or all of the patient's physical, sensory, and mental capabilities
that were lost due to injury, illness, or disease.
- to re-integrate offenders back into society.
- The aim of rehabilitation is to maximise the potential to restore a person who has
an impairment, or an incapacity for service or work, as a result of a service injury
 or disease to at least the same physical and psychological state, and at least the
same social, vocational and educational status.
- It generally involves psychological approaches which target the cognitive
distortions associated with specific kinds of crime committed by particular
offenders - but may also involve more general education such as literacy skills
and work training.

FIVE TYPES OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PROGRAMS

1. Victim assistance
2. Community service
3. Victim-offender mediation
4. Peacemaking circles
5. Family group conferencing

REHABILITATIVE JUSTICE 
- takes a therapeutic approach that addresses an offender's need for treatment.
- Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime.

RESTORATION
- re-creates missing features, based upon physical or documentary evidence, to
return a property to its appearance at a specific point in time.
- depicts a property at a particular period of time in its history, while removing
evidence of other periods.

GOAL OF RESTORATION
- to initiate or speed the recovery of an ecosystem after disturbance.
- It may also be designed to reestablish natural disturbance regimes.

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
- serves as an alternative to retributive justice
- views crime primarily as acts that violate criminal laws established by
governments
- focuses on addressing the harm caused by crime while holding the offender
responsible for their actions, by providing an opportunity for the parties directly
affected by the crime – victims, offenders and communities – to identify and
address their needs in the aftermath of a crime.

The Therapeutic Community Modality is a self-help social learning treatment model

used for clients with problems of drug abuse and other behavioral problems such as
alcoholism, stealing, and other anti-social tendencies.

As a treatment model, it includes four (4) categories, namely, (1) behavior management,
(2) intellectual/spiritual aspect, (3) emotional and social aspects, and (4)
vocational/survival aspects. In this regard, the Therapeutic Community Modality
provides a well-defined structure for a synchronized and focused implementation of the
various intervention strategies/activities undertaken by the Agency such as:

1. Individual and Group Counseling

This activity intends to assist the clients in trying to sort out their problems, identify
solutions, reconcile conflicts and help resolve them. This could be done either by
individual or group interaction with

2. Moral, Spiritual, Values Formation

Seminars, lectures or trainings offered or arranged by the Agency comprise these
rehabilitation activities. Active NGOs, schools, civic and

3. Work or Job Placement/Referral

Categorized as an informal program wherein a client is referred for work or job
placement through the officer’s own personal effort, contact or information.

4. Vocational/Livelihood and Skills Training

The program includes the setting up of seminars and skills training classes like food
preservation and processing, candle making, novelty items and handicrafts making,
etc., to help the clients earn extra income. Likewise, vocational and technical trade
classes are availed of such as refrigeration, automotive mechanic, radio/television and
electronics repairs, tailoring, dressmaking, basic computer training, etc. through
coordination with local barangays, parish centers, schools and civic organizations.

5. Health, Mental and Medical Services

To address some of the basic needs of clients and their families, medical missions are
organized to provide various forms of medical and health services including physical
examination and treatment, free medicines and vitamins, dental examination and
treatment, drug dependency test and laboratory examination.

6. Literacy and Education

In coordination with LGU programs, adult education classes are availed of to help
clients learn basic writing, reading and arithmetic. Likewise, literacy teach-ins during any
sessions conducted for clients become part of the module. This is particularly intended
for clients who are “no read, no write” to help them become functionally literate.

7. Community Service
This program refers to the services in the community rendered by clients for the benefit
of society. It includes tree planting, beautification drives, cleaning and greening of
surroundings, maintenance of public parks and places, garbage collection, blood
donation and similar socio-civic activities

8. Client Self-Help Organization

This program takes the form of cooperatives and client associations wherein the clients
form cooperatives and associations as an economic group to venture on small-scale
projects. Similarly, client associations serve another purpose by providing some
structure to the lives of clients where they re-learn the basics of working within a group
with hierarchy, authority and responsibility much like in the bigger society.
9. Payment of Civil Liability
The payment of civil liability or indemnification to victims of offenders are pursued
despite the economic status of clients. Payment of obligations to the victims instills in
the minds of the clients their responsibility and the consequences of the harm they
inflicted to others.

10. Environment and Ecology

To instill awareness and concern in preserving ecological balance and environmental
health, seminars/lectures are conducted wherein clients participate. These
seminars/lectures tackle anti-smoke belching campaign, organic farming, waste
management, segregation and disposal and proper care of the environment.

11. Sports and Physical Fitness

Activities that provide physical exertion like sports, games and group play are
conducted to enhance the physical well being of clients. Friendly competition of clients
from the various offices of the sectors, together with the officers, provide an enjoyable
and healthful respite.

BEHAVIOR THERAPY
- describe a broad range of techniques used to change maladaptive behaviors.
The goal is to reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted ones.
- an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental health disorders.
- seeks to identify and help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy
behaviors.
- It functions on the idea that all behaviors are learned and that unhealthy
behaviors can be changed. The focus of treatment is often on current problems
and how to change them.
People most commonly seek behavioral therapy to treat:

 Depression
 Anxiety
 Panic Disorders
 Anger Issues
 Eating Disorders
 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
 Bipolar Disorder
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
 Phobias
 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
 Self-harm
 Substance Abuse

TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

 COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY- is extremely popular. It combines

behavioral therapy with cognitive therapy. Treatment is centered around how
someone’s thoughts and beliefs influence their actions and moods. It often
focuses on a person’s current problems and how to solve them. The long-term
goal is to change a person’s thinking and behavioral patterns to healthier ones.
 COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL PLAY THERAPY- is commonly used with
children. By watching children play, therapists are able to gain insight into what a
child is uncomfortable expressing or unable to express. Children may be able to
choose their own toys and play freely. They might be asked to draw a picture or
use toys to create scenes in a sandbox. Therapists may teach parents how to
use play to improve communication with their children.
 SYSTEM DESENSITIZATION- relies heavily on classical conditioning. It’s
often used to treat phobias. People are taught to replace a fear response to a
phobia with relaxation responses. A person is first taught relaxation
and breathing techniques.
 AVERSION THERAPY- is often used to treat problems such as substance
abuse and alcoholism. It works by teaching people to associate a stimulus that’s
desirable but unhealthy with an extremely unpleasant stimulus. The unpleasant
stimulus may be something that causes discomfort.

EMOTION-FOCUSED THERAPY (EFT)
- It was developed primarily by Leslie Greenberg. A humanistic approach to
treatment, it is designed to help people better accept, regulate, understand, and
express their emotions. an empirically-based approach that draws from principles
of cognitive behavioral and person-centered.
- Attempts to help people look inside themselves and better understand their own
emotions. It is an intervention designed to help couples and family members
 better understand the emotions of significant others in their lives, and the two
approaches are separate. Even so, the process of coming to better understand
one's emotions may facilitate better relationships with others.
- A therapeutic approach based on the premise that emotions are key to identity.
These therapists may help people learn to become more aware of their emotions
and also allows people to become better at using information provided by
adaptive emotions.
- This type of therapy assumes that lacking emotional awareness or avoiding
unpleasant emotions can cause harm. It may render us unable to use the
important information emotions provide.

EMOTION-FOCUSED THERAPY THEORY

- In this approach to treatment, the therapist and the person in therapy
collaborate in an active process. Both are viewed as equal contributors. The
person in treatment, not the therapist, is seen as the person most capable of
interpreting their emotional experience.
- EFT is founded in the idea that emotions should be used to guide healthy,
meaningful lives. Its theory is based on a scientific inquiry into the human
emotional experience.
EMOTION SCHEMES
- is the core concept of EFT. It was developed largely from these theories of
human emotion. Emotion schemes are models that outline how emotion can:
 Be experienced physically
 Cause physiologic changes
 Influence thinking
 Guide future action
EFT helps people both accept and change their personal emotion schemes.

TECHNIQUES USED IN EMOTION-FOCUSED THERAPY

EFT sessions typically center around the development of two key skills. These are:
 Arriving at one's emotions through increased awareness and acceptance.
 Learning to transform emotions and better use the information they provide to
avoid negative or harmful behaviors or other effects of certain emotions.
Therapists practicing this method take a compassionate, non-judgmental, and reflective
approach to listening and questioning. This allows the person in therapy come to a
better understanding of their emotions. Then, various therapeutic techniques known as
emotion coaching are utilized. These help people learn new ways to use healthy
emotions to guide their actions. Emotion coaching may further help people transform
and move on from challenging emotions.

Initial sessions of therapy focus on helping people arrive at emotions. One or more
of the following goals are often included in each session:
 Become more aware of emotions
 Learn to welcome, allow, and regulate emotions
 Learn to describe emotions clearly and in detail
 Increase awareness of the multiple layers of emotional experiences and learn to
identify the most direct reaction

The next phase of treatment focuses on leaving. It may include the following goals:
 Evaluate whether emotions are helpful or unhelpful in various situations
 Learn to use helpful emotions to guide action
 Identify the source of unhelpful emotions
 Learn to change unhelpful emotions

 Develop alternative, healthy ways of coping with situations that often elicit
maladaptive emotions
  Form personal scripts that help challenge the destructive thoughts that may be
associated with unhelpful or maladaptive emotions

This method was first used to treat depression. It has since expanded in practice to be
used to address:
 Childhood abuse or neglect
 Anxiety
 Eating disorders
 Borderline personality
 Interpersonal issues

EFT has also been found to be potentially effective in working.

SOCIAL THERAPY
Having positive interactions with others, whether within the family setting, at
school, on the job, or with peers can be immensely important to a individual’s mental
health and well-being.

Those with physical or cognitive challenges often face real, and sometimes self-
imposed, difficulty in building relationships. Delays in social, emotional and even
physical development can occur simply because a child is having difficulty
communicating, fitting in, or feeling accepted. Emotional, attention and behavioral
challenges can impede a child’s ability to learn, grow and develop.

A relatively new intervention helps children develop strategies to develop

friendships as they grow older. This helps decrease a sense of loneliness, isolation and
stress the child may be experiencing.

An intervention that is based on groups, and the role of an individual within that
group. The therapy was developed to help an individual who is experiencing
psychological issues or anxiety to regulate their emotions and build connections to
others by participating in group therapeutic settings.

Conventional therapy typically occurs between a single patient and a therapist,

but social therapy shifts the focus from the health and welfare of a singular individual to
that of an integral part of a group. This relational approach to therapy helps a child
integrate into the larger populace, and understand his or her role within.

Children with impairment may experience any number of social challenges, such
as social anxiety, relationship problems, depression or attention deficit. Anxiety, panic,
shyness, or emotional pain can be replaced with emotional growth through learning new
ways of perceiving, thinking and interacting. The effect of social therapy can be
empowering. Often, pain is recognized and released. The child develops new ways to
respond to people, situations and moments.

Common social issues:

 Anxiety
 Shyness
 Emotional connectivity
 Frustration
 Sadness
 Depression
 Confidence
 Self-consciousness

Goals of social therapy:

 Teaching children to learn through experiences with other people
 Encouraging positive social interactions and cooperation
  Helping children develop confidence
 Creating sustainable social environments for children
 Empowering a child to contribute to the group
 Eliminating physical and psychological barriers to social interaction
 Realizing the benefits and joy of interaction

Psychological benefits of social therapy:

 Enhancing relationships
 Developing personality
 Increasing creativity
 Increasing productivity
 Encouraging collaborative efforts
 Encouraging learning by example
 Increasing independence
 Enhancing self-regulation and coping skills
 Decreasing feelings of loneliness and isolation
 Reducing stress and anxiety
 Enhancing social skills
 Encourages friendships

Social therapy can help improve and alleviate:

 Trembling
 Nausea
 Increased heart beat
 Fear and anxiety
 Embarrassment
 Abnormal sleep

SPIRITUALITY 

- The search for transcendent meaning or as a belief in a greater existence outside

of humankind. It can be linked to religion, but the practice of spirituality is
generally considered to go beyond religion and connect individuals with
something larger, such as the universe itself.
- Considered to be broader than any religion one might practice, as it takes into
account cognitive and philosophic areas of thought as well as aspects of
emotions and behavior.

SPIRITUALITY THERAPY

- Spiritual wellness is an important part of overall mental health and quality of life.
Spirituality is a sense of connection to something greater than oneself. Spirituality
therapy focuses on all matters relating to spirituality and the individual and the
application of spirituality into the day to day life. It is growing in popularity, and
efforts are being made to get it formally recognized by the various professional
organizations.
- It can help individuals reconnect to their purpose in life, affirm their beliefs, even
manage grief and loss.
- A form of counseling that attempts to treat a person's soul as well as mind and
body by accessing individual belief systems and using that faith in a higher power
to explore areas of conflict in life
- Expresses the idea that people may grow spiritually by imitating the life or
conduct of one or more spiritual exemplars, whether the exemplar is a member of
their own family or community, or the exalted founder or mystic of a world
religion.

METHODS IN SPIRITUAL THERAPY

Spiritual therapy falls under the umbrella of psychotherapy, also referred to as “talk
therapy”. Some common spirituality therapy practices include:
  Hypnosis – hypnosis can help people “open the door” to their subconscious
mind, connect body, mind, and soul, and gain a deeper understanding of
themselves. Hypnosis helps bring individuals into a state of focused attention,
decreased peripheral awareness, and increased ability to respond to suggestion.
 Meditation – meditation is practiced in a variety of ways, using a variety of
techniques. A common aspect to almost all forms of meditation is mindfulness
(cultivating an increased awareness of the present moment).
 Existential Questioning – exploring a client’s thoughts around the meaning
of life, their specific purpose in life, death, the afterlife.

ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY IN WELLNESS

Some research shows a connection between your beliefs and your sense of well-
being. Positive beliefs, comfort, and strength gained from religion, meditation, and
prayer can contribute to well-being. It may even promote healing. Improving
your spiritual health may not cure an illness, but it may help you feel better.

PRACTICE SPIRITUAL WELLNESS

 Practicing meditation or yoga.

 Praying or taking part in organized religion.
 Spending quiet time alone pondering the meaning of life.
 Building awareness through journaling.
 Serving your community, spending time in nature, appreciating music and the
arts

VOCATIONAL/ SURVIVAL SKILLS

This also forms part of our reintegration phase of treatment programme where clients
are motivated and guided to achieve independence and assume responsibilities for
themselves and others.

VOCATIONAL SKILLS

 Educate the client to improve their learning disabilities.

 To broaden the clients skills through the introduction of vocational education and
training skills.
 To re-establish formal educational training that might have been suspended due
to using substances.
 Trade skills that apply to a technical and practical profession
 Develop technical skills, and employment and entrepreneurial skills. Better
match skills development to industry demand. Train and assess for competency.
Increase access and cost-effectiveness to meet the growing demand.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING
Refers to instructional programs or courses that focus on the skills required for a
particular job function or trade. In vocational training, education prepares students for
specific careers, disregarding traditional, unrelated academic subjects.

BENEFITS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING

 Gain practical experience
 Get a flexible class schedule
 Enter the work world quickly
 Pursue specialized training programs
 Learn in a smaller environment
 Spend less money
 Get a job that pays well

SURVIVAL SKILLS
  Teaching the client to strive toward independents.
 Techniques that a person may use in order to sustain life in any type of natural
environment or built environment. These techniques are meant to provide basic
necessities for human life which include water, food, and shelter.
 To remain alive or in existence.
 To carry on despite hardships or trauma
 To remain functional or usable.

5 BASIC SURVIVAL SKILLS

 Basic Survival Skill 1: Fire.
 Basic Survival Skill 2: Shelter.
 Basic Survival Skill 3: Signaling.
 Basic Survival Skill 4: Food & Water.
 Basic Survival Skill 5: First Aid.

RETRIBUTION- certainly includes elements of deterrence, incapacitation, and

rehabilitation, but is also ensures that the guilty will be punished, the innocent protected,
and societal balance restored after being disrupted by crime. Retribution is thus the only
appropriate moral justification for punishment.

PURPOSE OF RETRIBUTION
 Actively to injure criminal offenders, ideally in proportion with their injuries to
society, and so expiate them of guilt.
 Punishment inflicted in the spirit of moral outrage or personal
CONCEPT OF RETRIBUTION
 The dispensing or receiving of reward or punishment
 Something given or exacted in recompense especially: punishment.

Two forms of retributive theory of punishment:

1. SPECIAL DETERRENCE- imposed punishment to discourage a person from

committing a crime
2. GENERAL DETERRENCE- punishes offender to make an example out of
him.

DISADVANTAGES:
Punishment of some type maybe useful for the future, by deterring wrongdoing and
reforming offenders. But the retributive idea of blood for blood is useless and hollow:
killing doesn’t bring back the dead; it doesn’t create a chain of resentment that is bad for
individuals and bad for society.

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE
 Focuses on addressing the harm caused by crime while holding the offender
responsible for their actions, by providing an opportunity for the parties directly
affected by the crime-victims, offenders and communities-to identify and address
their needs in the aftermath of a crime.
 An understanding that crime is a violation of people and relationships. The
principles of restorative justice are based on respect, compassion and inclusivity.
 Encourages meaningful engagement and accountability and provides an
opportunity for healing reparation and reintegration.
 An approach to justice in which one of the responses to a crime Is to organized a
meeting between the victim and the offender, sometimes with the representatives
of the wider community.
Main Principles of Restorative Justice
  Repair- crime causes harm and justice requires repairing that harm
 Encounter- the best way to determined how to do that is to have the parties
decide together
 Transformation- this can cause fundamental changes in people, relationships
and communities
The practice include victim-offender mediation, family group conferencing, sentencing
circles, community restorative boards , victim impact classes, victim impact panels,
victim impact statements, community service, and restitution.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE SYSTEM
Restorative justice refers to a way of responding to crime, or to other types of
wrongdoing, injustice or conflict, that focuses primarily, on repairing the damage caused
by the wrongful action and restoring, insofar as possible, the well-being of all those
involved.

Characteristic of Restorative Justice

Restorative justice places the victim and the offender at the offender at the center of the
process as its main characters, seeking their empowerment and satisfaction, the
reparation of the harm caused, the involvement of the community and the re-
establishment of the existing human relationships.
Disadvantages
 Not available to all offenders, only those who have admitted their crime but
victims may reject the offers
 Psychological harm may be brought to the victim especially if the criminal shows
no empathy towards them which may result in a lowered self-esteem.
Howard Zehr (2002) list the three pillars of Restorative Justice as:
 Harms and need
 Obligations
 Engagement
COLLABORATIVE JUSTICE COURT- also known as “problem-solving courts”-
combine judicial supervision with rehabilitation services that are rigorously monitored
and focused on recovery to reduced recidivism and improve offender outcomes.
Collaborative justice courts integrate services with justice system processing.
Collaborative justice courts emphasize achieving the desired goals without using the
traditional adversarial process. Ongoing judicial interaction with each collaborative
justice court participant is essential.
Collaboration in Criminal Justice
Collaboration is key to problem solving, an approach that requires police and
community working together, proactively, to identify underlying problems that can be
addressed to reduce crime at its roots. Collaborative policing approaches share similar
principles and strategies with public health approaches.
Importance of Collaboration in Criminal Justice
Collaboration is important in criminal justice because it promotes coordination between
criminal justice agencies, sharing of information for example records and other relevant
information, and communication.