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EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor: Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu
Members: Sorin Cociş, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu, Ioan Stanciu
ADVISORY BOARD
Alexandru Avram (Le Mans, France); Mihai Bărbulescu (Rome, Italy); Alexander Bursche (Warsaw,
Poland); Falko Daim (Mainz, Germany); Andreas Lippert (Vienna, Austria); Bernd Päffgen (Munich,
Germany); Marius Porumb (Cluj-Napoca, Romania); Alexander Rubel (Iași, Romania); Peter Scherrer
(Graz, Austria); Alexandru Vulpe (Bucharest, Romania).
În ţară revista se poate procura prin poştă, pe bază de abonament la: EDITURA ACADEMIEI
ROMÂNE, Calea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, sector 5, P. O. Box 5–42, Bucureşti, România, RO–76117,
Tel. 021–411.90.08, 021–410.32.00; fax. 021–410.39.83; RODIPET SA, Piaţa Presei Libere nr. 1,
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România; ORION PRESS IMPEX 2000, P. O. Box 77–19, Bucureşti 3 – România, Tel. 021–301.87.86,
021–335.02.96.
EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS
EPHEMERIS
NAPOCENSIS
XXII
2012
STUDIES
FLORIN GOGÂLTAN
Ritual Aspects of the Bronze Age Tell-Settlements in the Carpathian Basin.
A Methodological Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ALEXANDRA GĂVAN
Metallurgy and Bronze Age Tell-Settlements from Western Romania (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
DÁVID PETRUŢ
Everyday Life in the Research Concerning the Roman Army in the Western European
Part of the Empire and the Province of Dacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
CORIOLAN HORAŢIU OPREANU
From “στρατόπεδον” to Colonia Dacica Sarmizegetusa. A File of the Problem. . . . . . . . . 113
CĂLIN COSMA
Ethnische und politische Gegebenheiten im Westen und Nordwesten Rumäniens
im 8.–10. Jh. n.Chr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
AUREL RUSTOIU
Commentaria Archaeologica et Historica (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
VITALIE BÂRCĂ
Some Remarks on Metal Cups with Zoomorphic Handles
in the Sarmatian Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
FLORIN FODOREAN
“Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas: thermal Water Resources
in Roman Dacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
DAN AUGUSTIN DEAC
Note on Apis Bull Representations in Roman Dacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
SILVIA MUSTAŢĂ, SORIN COCIŞ, VALENTIN VOIŞIAN
Instrumentum Balnei from Roman Napoca. Two Iron Vessels Discovered on the Site
from Victor Deleu Street. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
IOAN STANCIU
About the Use of the So-Called Clay “Breadcakes” in the Milieu of the Early Slav
Settlements (6th–7th Centuries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
DAN BĂCUEŢ-CRIŞAN
Contributions to the Study of Elites and Power Centers in Transylvania during the second
Half of the 9th – first Half of the 10th Centuries. Proposal of Identification Criteria Based
on archaeological Discoveries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
ADRIANA ISAC, ERWIN GÁLL, SZILÁRD GÁL
A 12th Century Cemetery Fragment from Gilău (Cluj County) (Germ.: Julmarkt;
Hung.: Gyalu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
ADRIAN ANDREI RUSU
Stove Tiles with the Royal Coat of Arms of King Matthias I Corvinus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
REVIEWS
IULIAN MOGA, Culte solare şi lunare în Asia Mică în timpul Principatului/Solar and Lunar Cults in
Asia Minor in the Age of the Principate, Editura Universităţii “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iaşi (Iaşi
2011), 752 p. (Szabó Csaba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
DAN GH. TEODOR, Un centru meşteşugăresc din evul mediu timpuriu. Cercetările arheologice de la
Lozna-Botoşani/An Artisan centre from the Early Middle Ages. The archaeological research from
Lozna-Botoşani, Bibliotheca Archaeologica Moldaviae XV, Academia Română – Filiala Iaşi,
Institutul de Arheologie, Editura Istros (Brăila 2011), 200 p. (including 118 figures), abstract
and list of figures in French (Ioan Stanciu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
CĂLIN COSMA, Funerary Pottery in Transylvania of the 7th–10th Centuries, Series Ethnic and
Cultural Interferences in the 1st Millenium B.C. to the 1st Millenium AD. 18, Romanian
Academy – Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj‑Napoca, Mega Publishing House
(Cluj-Napoca 2011), 183 p., 49 plates (Aurel Dragotă). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Crossing the Boundaries. Remodeling Cultural Identities at the End of Antiquity in Central and Eastern
Europe. A Case Study (Coriolan H. Oprean, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Warriors and military retainers in Transylvania of the 7th–9th centuries (Călin Cosma). . . . . . . . . . 349
Seeing the Unseen. Landscape Archaeology on the Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire at Porolissvm
(Romania) (Coriolan H. Oprean, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Abbreviations that can not be found in Bericht der Römisch-Germanische Kommission. . . . . . 363
Florin Fodorean2
Abstract: Tabula Peutingeriana is the most famous “map” of the Roman world. It represents the main
Roman roads, the name of the cities with vignettes, representations of temples, and also edifices type “spa”.
Our paper will start with some considerations regarding the thermal water resources in the Roman world.
Then, we will present the main characteristics of the settlements represented with “spa” vignettes. Among
them, three are in Roman Dacia. The most famous is the settlement from Germisara (today Geoagiu-Băi,
Hunedoara County). This settlement was constantly visited in the Roman times, mainly because of the
quality of the thermal waters, and due to its position, in the centre of the province. Marcus Statius Priscus,
governor of Dacia Superior in 157 and 158 AD, is mentioned here in two votive monuments for the
gods and the protectors of the thermal water. The next governor of Dacia Superior (in 161 AD), Publius
Furius Saturninus, is also mentioned at Germisara in two votive inscriptions. This important character
is mentioned in Dacia in 7 inscriptions. The thermal place was also visited by decuriones and quaestores
from Sarmizegetusa and Apulum, augustales from Sarmizegetusa, soldiers from the auxiliary troops, a
representative of a collegium Galatarum and another of a collegium aurariarum. The other two settlements
were Ad Aquas (Călan) and Ad Mediam (Băile Herculane). So, we will explore the Roman Dacia and
the Empire trying to understand, perceive and describe, archaeologically and epigraphically, the resources
of these thermal settlements.
Keywords: spa vignettes, tourism, Roman Dacia, Ad Aquas, Germisara, Ad Mediam
1
This article was written during my research stay in Germany, at the University of Erfurt. I received the
support of the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, which provided me a post-doctoral scholarship in 2011, therefore I express
my gratitude for Thyssen Foundation. I also want to thank prof. dr. Kai Brodersen, my supervisor in Germany, for
all his constant help and support during my stay in Erfurt.
2
Assistant professor, Ph. D, Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj‑Napoca, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Department
of Ancient History and Archaeology, Avram Iancu street, no. 11, Cluj‑Napoca; e-mail: fodorean_f@yahoo.com.
3
BLACKMAN/TREVOR 2001; DEMAN 2005; LANDELS 2000; TREVOR 2002.
Ephemeris Napocensis, XXII, 2012, p. 211–221
212 Florin Fodorean
constructions, built to remarkably fine tolerances, and of a technological standard that had a
gradient (for example, at the Pont du Gard) of only 34 cm per km, descending only 17 m verti-
cally in its entire length of 50 km (31 miles). If this would not been enough, the Romans also
were conscious about the advantages offered by the thermal waters. Using these hot springs, they
built baths in Britannia (Bath and Buxton), in Gallia (Aix and Vichy), in Germania (Wiesbaden,
Aachen), or in Pannonia Inferior (Aquincum)4. Some of these locations rapidly became
important centers for recreational and social activities in Roman communities. Libraries, lecture
halls, gymnasiums, and formal gardens became part of some bath complexes. In addition, the
Romans used the hot thermal waters to relieve their suffering from diseases. The Roman bath
included a far more complex ritual than a simple immersion. ‘Were the baths, then, and their
concomitant aqueducts, a luxury?’ This question of Trevor5 finds its answer easily: it depends
what we understand today as ‘luxury’ and what Romans did understood. In an advance civili-
zation like the Roman Empire was, bath was not considered a luxury.
According to Talbert’s database18, there are 9 settlements with the name Ad Aquas
(or deriving from it). These are: 1. Ad Aquas (segment grid 3C5 – IV 5 at Miller; with vignette);
2. Adaquas (segment grid 4B3 – V 3/4 at Miller; no vignette); 3. Adaquas (segment grid 5C1 –
VI 1 at Miller; vignette); 4. Adaquas (segment grid 5C3 – VI 3 at Miller; vignette)19; 5. Ad aquas
(segment grid 6A4 – VII 4 at Miller, no vignette); 6. Adaquas (segment grid 6A5 – VII 5 at
Miller, vignette). This is the only settlement of this type mentioned in Dacia; 7. Adaquas Albulas
(segment grid 4B5 – V 5 at Miller, no vignette); 8. Ad Aquas casaris (segment grid 3C4 – IV 4
at Miller; vignette); 9. Ad aquas Herculis (segment grid 3C1 – IV 1 at Miller, vignette). These
vignette usually depicts the same draw, a building drawn ‘à vol d’oiseaux’, quadrangular, with
two front towers and a wall, and an inner yard. So, Tabula represents in Dacia with vignette only
a thermal settlement: Adaquas, today Călan, Hunedoara County. But in the former province
Dacia other two important settlements with thermal baths functioned: Germisara (Geoagiu
Băi, Hunedoara County) and Băile Herculane (Fig. 1). So, a question arises: why these last two
settlements mentioned do not appear in the famous Roman map with their specific vignettes?
The answer is simple. Tabula is a selective map. The cartographer was forced by his support
(a parchment roll of 7 m length and 34 cm high) to select the information, as a cartographer
today, depending on the scale, reduces and selects the main cartographic elements of a map,
according to the well known principle of cartographic generalization. In the following, we will
present data based on antique sources and archaeological researches, which will provide infor-
mation about the importance of these thermal settlements.
18
See: http://www.cambridge.org/us/talbert; http://peutinger.atlantides.org/map-a, also http://omnesviae.org.
19
One should notice the interesting way or mentioning the distance from this Adaquas to the next settlement,
Tacapae: aB AQVIS TACAPA MILIA XVI. See: http://www.cambridge.org/us/talbert/talbertdatabase/TPPlace226.
html. This kind of indication is the basic formula found in the inscriptions from the milestones.
214 Florin Fodorean
Fig. 2. Geoagiu
Publius Furius Saturninus27 was also the governor of Dacia Superior in 160 He may
have visited the thermal settlement, since two inscriptions with his name mentioned were found
here28. In IDR III/3, 232 Saturninus dedicates this votive altar to the health gods, obviously
after a pleasant voyage here at Germisara, and an efficient thermal treatment, as one who entirely
benefited of the healing powers of the thermal waters.
Beside these two important persons, governors of Dacia Superior, monuments mention
other people who visited this place and dedicated inscriptions. One of these monuments is IDR
III/3, no. 23329. This votive altar, raised for the health of the three emperors (Septimius Severus,
Aurelius Antoninus – Caracalla and Septimius Geta) was placed here from the order of the governor
of the three Dacian provinces, Lucius Octavius Iulianus around 200–201 AD. The person desig-
nated to fulfill this order was the commander of the auxiliary unit of cavalry Ala Asturum.
Aurelius Crhestus, a Roman citizen with Roman gentilicium (Aurelius) and a Greek
cognomen, also dedicated an inscription for the health gods30. The members of the collegium
Galatarum (citizens who came in Dacia from Asia Minor) dedicate an inscription pro salute
imperatoris to Hercules Invictus31. The members of collegium Aurariarum, with their representing
27
PISO 1972, 463–471.
28
IDR III/3, 232; IDR III/3, 236.
29
Votive altar, fragmentary kept (broken in the right side), the camp of inscription is deteriorated in the center by
a ‘circle’ shape, obviously a modern intervention made by a person who wanted to use the monument for a purpose.
Its dimensions are: 100 × 52 × 46, with letters of 4 cm height. The monument was discovered in a point situated north
of Geoagiu Băi, on the left side of the Geoagiu valley. It was kept for a while in the medieval castle Kuun, where it was
identified and copied by A. Fodor. Text: Fortuna[e]/pro salute/aug(ustorum) n(ostrorum) (trium]/L(ucius) Octavius I[u]/lianus
co(n)s(ularis) II[I]/Dac(iarum) fieri iussit/instante … L Ge– (?)/M A N T [p]rae[f(ecto) a]lae/Astu[rum_ _ _ _] B. Translation:
‘To (the goddess) Fortuna, for the health of our three augusti, Lucius Octavius Iulianus, consular of the three Dacia,
ordered for this (monument), it took care for (this monument) Aelius Geminus (?), praefectus alae Asturum_ _ _ _’.
30
IDR III/3, 231.
31
IDR III/3, 234.
216 Florin Fodorean
person, Lucius Calpurnius, dedicate another inscription to Jupiter, also pro salute imperatoris32.
An officer (centurio) from legio V Macedonica dedicates an altar to Jupiter33. All these examples
show that Germisara was intensively visited.
Maybe the most interesting example to sustain what we already highlighted above is the
inscription IDR III/3, 243. This is a votive altar identified by the middle of the XVIth century in
Orăştie, where the text was copied by M. Singler. The dedicant, a signifer from the military trooped
garrisoned in Cigmău, close to Germisara, raises the monument because he escape the danger of death
maybe after he benefited of the qualities of the thermal waters. The inscription dated from 186 AD.
4. Ad Aquas (Călan)
This settlement is represented in Tabula Peutingeriana with vignette. Călan is positioned
on the left bank of the Strei River, at the altitude of 230 m. The thermal water resources are
positioned circa 2 kilometers north of the current city (Fig. 3). During Roman times, the same
point was positioned exactly along the main imperial road of the province. The settlement had
the status of pagus, as the inscriptions prove (pagus Aquensis).
Archaeologically, today we can still visit the Roman basin, directly cut in the rock34.
It encloses a total perimeter of circa 94 m (length of 14.2 m, width of 7.2 m and a depth of 4 m).
The water source is still active today. The water of these sources has an average temperature of
23°–24°. Epigraphically, we know that this settlement was also intensively visited in the Roman
era. Six inscriptions are published in IDR III/3 (no. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Among those who came
here, we mention Quintus Decius Vindex, financial procurator of Dacia Superior. He erected
a monument for Fortunae Augustae35. Another important character who visited Ad Aquae was
Caius Iulius Marcianus, decurion in Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and also member in the admin-
istrative staff of pagus Aquensis.
One of the most interesting inscriptions found in Băile Herculane is a votive altar of
marble, 73 × 37 × 30 cm. The base and the upper part have an elegant, symmetric shape. This
monument stood a while actually built in the wall of the bridge over the Cerna River, within
the thermal settlement38. This is an outstanding example with direct reference to the healing
38
IDR III/1, no. 55.
218 Florin Fodorean
powers of the thermal waters from Băile Herculane. After a long infirmitas, a husband raises
here an altar for the gods of health, specifically mentioning the she was cured ‘through the
power of the thermal waters’.
That Băile Herculane was intensively visited during Roman times is no longer a new fact.
This is proved by the inscriptions39. Numerous soldiers are mentioned. For example, IDR III/1,
54, is a votive altar, of marble, discovered in the XVIIIth century in Băile Herculane and during
the same century transported at Viena. Now is kept in the Nationalbibliothek. The dedicant
Marcus Aurelius Veteranus was praefectus in the legion XIII Gemina from Apulum. He came
here to benefit of the qualities of the thermal waters. Another interesting inscription is a votive
altar, discovered in 173640. As recognition at the end of their long journey from Ulpia Traiana
Sarmizegetusa to Rome, the delegates, who formed the provincial embassy of Dacia, erected
at Băile Herculane this altar. They travelled to Rome to participate to the ceremony of instal-
lation of Marcus Sedatius Severianus in his consulship. Before that, he was the legatus legionis
of the legion V Macedonica at Troesmis. After his mission in Apulum ended, when he return
to Rome (in 153 AD) the Dacian delegates go to Rome. Returning back in the province, they
erected this monument as an expression of gratitude because they returned safe home.
39
Numerous monuments are dedicated for Hercules: IDR III/1, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68.
40
IDR III/1, 56: Text: Dis et Numinib(us)/Aquarum/Ulp(ius) Secundinus/Marius Valens/Pomponius
Haemus/Iul(ius) Carus Val(erius) Valens/legati Romam ad/consulatum Seve/riani c(larissimi) v(iri) missi incolu/
mes reversi ex voto/E A. Translation: ‘To the gods and to the holy powers of waters, Ulpius Secundinus, Marius
Valens, Pomponius Haemus, Iulius Carus, Valerius Valens, delegates send to Rome to the consulship of Severianus,
clarissimus vir, returned (home, in Dacia), safe, released the vow freely, as is deserved’.
“Spa” Vignettes in Tabula Peutingeriana. Travelling Ad Aquas 219
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