Problems given on 04/09/2021

1. How will you distinguish the states √1 (|0i + |1i) and √1 (|0i − |1i)?
2 2

2. Consider the following two single qubit gates:

   
1 1 1 1 0
H=√ ; P = .
2 1 −1 0 eiφ
They are known as Hadamard and phase gates. Find the Hamiltonians that enact these gates.
3. Show that there is no pure state |φi belonging to the Hilbert space of the first qubit for which,
hψ|X1 |ψi = hφ|X1 |φi
1
where X1 is Pauli matrix (σ1x ) acting on the first qubit and |ψi = √ (|00i + |11i).
2
Problems on tensor product

Date:05-09-2021
1. Let
   
1 2 5 6
A= ; B=
3 4 7 8
Find A ⊗ B. If we denote the entries of A and B by Aij and Bαβ , write down all the elements
(A ⊗ B)iα;jβ .
2. Suppose the dimension of matrices A1 and A2 are m1 × n1 and m2 × n2 respectively. Find the
dimension of A1 ⊗ A2 . Generalise this result to tensor product of N matrices, i.e.,
dim(A1 ⊗ A2 ⊗ · · · ⊗ AN ) =?,
if dimAi = mi × ni ; i ∈ {1, · · · , N }.
   
1 0 1 1
3. Suppose |0i = and |1i = . Then, write |ψ ± i = √ (|00i ± |11i) and |φ± i = √ (|01i ± |10i)
0 1 2 2
as column vectors. What will be the matrix form of hψ ± | and hφ± |. Remember: |00i = |0i ⊗ |0i.
4. Compute tr(σi ⊗ σj ); i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}. Remember σ1 ≡ σx ,σ2 ≡ σy , and σ3 ≡ σz .
5. Compute tr(σi ⊗ σj ⊗ σk ); i, j, k ∈ {1, 2, 3}.
6. What is the relation between Tr(A1 ⊗ A2 ) with TrA1 and TrA2 .
Hint: Write A1 and A2 in the matrix form and then by looking at the diagonal entries of their tensor
products, try to give the answer.
7. Show that the set of four Bell states
1 1
|ψ ± i = √ (|01i ± |10i); |φ± i = √ (|00i ± |11i), (1)
2 2
forms an orthonormal basis for four-dimensional Hilbert space.
8. Find out the transformation U that transforms the ordered basis B1 ≡ {|00i, |01i, |10i, |11i} into
another ordered basis B2 ≡ {|φ+ i, |φ− i, |ψ + i, |ψ − i}, where |ψ ± i and |φ± i are defined in equation (1).
Let U = eiH . Find out H.
9. Prove that ei(A⊗I+I⊗B) = eiA⊗I eiI⊗B .
10. All the four Bell states {|ψ ± i, |φ± i} are orthogonal. Construct an operator that can distinguish
them.
 Problems given on 06/09/2021

1. Completeness of basis: Let the set {|ii,

P i ∈ {1, · · · , N }} forms an orthonormal basis for an N –
dimensional Hilbert space. Prove that i |iihi| = I.
P −1
2. Consider a pure bipartite state |ψi = N 1
i,j=0 αij |iji. Let ρR be the reduced density matrix for the
first subsystem, i.e.,
X
ρ1R = αij αi∗0 j |iihi0 |. (1)
i,i0 ,j

Prove that:

(a) ρR
1 is a hermitian matrix.

(b) Trρ1R = 1.
(c) (ρ1R )ii , i.e., iith element of ρ1R is the probability of the system being found in the state |ii.
(d) ρ1R is a positive semi-definite matrix, i.e., hψ|ρ|ψi ≥ 0, ∀|ψi ∈ H.