travels at a speed of 299 792 kps through @ vacuum, The Sun isthe main source of natural light. Sources of ight canbe natural or made by people (artifical Sources of natural light Sources of artificial light Figure 14.1 Sources of it Luminous and Illuminated Objects A luminous objects one that produc its own ight. <= Sz] Ripe 142 Luminous abject je 142 Luminous objec es ecoscRe Cur. ae)Mluminated (non-luminous) objects reflect light that shines on them. ‘A spoon reflecting light Figure 143 Nor-luminous objects ‘The Moon, the Farth and other planets reflect the light that shines from the Sun. Shiny objects like mirrors and spoons also reflect light. How Light Travels Can the boy sce the object through the straw when it is straight? Can he see it when the straw is bent? ‘Why not? Can light travel through the bent straw? Light ats What statement can you make gbout how light travels in travels? Write it on the lines below. all directions from itsHow Light Behaves With Different Materials ve ou 8080 i weer ey g6e esol of} Transparent, translucent and opaque Figure 14.4 How light passes through various materials We can see clearly through transparent materials. Objects appear blurred when a materials, eeFigure 14.5 How shadows ae formed. ‘Shadows are formed when opaque objects block the light that shines on ‘them. The light cannot go around the object and so a dark area in the shape Of the object is formed on any surface behind it. Figure 14.6 Shadows 2t various times of the day. ‘Shadows formed! because of the light from the Sun are shorter at midday when the Sun is overhead, ‘When light shines on an object, some of the light i absorbed, some may pass through ‘and some bounces back. When light bounces back from the surface of objects this is called reflection. Opaque objects absorb some of the light that shines on them and reflect the rest. ;—_‘Smooth surface Irregular surface Sinbhtltt rye ——‘eeedlheye | Sights Ste ttre \ ye 14.7 Light reflected fam smooth and iregular surfaces. Clear View 1 Name THREE natural and THREE artificial sources of light. an PR eS List FIVE luminous and FIVE illuminated objects in your environment. PEE a a a Complete the table below using one or more of these phrases: is reflected, is absorbed, is scattered, passes through Object * How Light Behaves ‘Clear windowpane ‘Wooden door Frosted windowpane Mirror Black bagLight isa form of energy. Light energy travels in waves. ‘The speed of light through a vacuum is 299 792 kps Light can be natural or artificial (made by people). Luminous objects produce their own light. ‘iluminated (non-luminous) objects reflect light that shines on them, Reflection is the bouncing back of light rays ‘The Moon and the Earth reflect light from the Sun. Light travels in straight lines in all directions from its source. Materials that allow most light to pass through them are transparent. “Materials that scatter the light passing through them are ‘translucent, ‘Materials that allow no light to pass through them are opaque. ‘Shadows are formed when opaque objects block the light that shines on them. In sunlight, shadows are shortest at midday. Mirrors are clear glass, coated on one side with silver or a shiny metal which reflects light. Mirrors are good reflectors of light Mirrors show reflections or images of objects Mirrors can be flat (plane) oF curved. Curved mirrors can be concave or convex.po Plane mirrors show images that qu sbie gn ons ‘sie omez or 6 baton fosido ot 25 Sigh bns fis bstoata =16 \y et 26 od of 600g6 a6 roi of brifed o natn al oe at emer eon ate rat side up. Y are the same size ‘25 the object reflected. (7 are reflected lft and ight appear to be a far ‘behind the ior as ‘he objets in front oft Figure 148 Images reflected in a plane miro. Mirrors can be used to change the direction of light. They change the direction light when used in devices such as reflecting telescopes, kaleidoscopes, riscopes, overhead projectors, and medical and dental instruments.What do I see? Find out how a kaleidoscope and a periscope work. Which one enables us to see over walls, around corners and under objects? -Refraotion.. Light travels faster in gases than in liquids, and faster in liquids than in. solids, When light travels from a gas to a liquid, it slows down. When light travels from a liquid to a solid, it slows down. ‘When light goes from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas, it speeds up. [As a result of the change in speed as light rays move from one substance to the other, they are bent. The bending of light rays is called refraction. If you put a pencil or a stick in a jar of water and look atit from the side it appears broken. This happens because the light rays coming from the pencil are bent 1a they pass from the air to the water, -benses.. Lenses are made of transparent materials, such as glass or plastic, that are curved so that light rays passing through them are bent or refracted. Figure 149 Lights efracted in wate ‘Types of lenses ‘The Convex Lens: Convex lenses are curved outward on one or both sides, so that the thickest part isin the middle. Light rays bend towards the thickest part of the lens 0 that the light rays passing through come together at a point called the focal point. The distance between the centre of the lens and the focal point is called the focal length. Figure 14.10 Aconex Tens ght rays bend inwards tithier ens, the shorter the focal length. sex lenses can produce upside-down images. Convex lenses can be used as magnifiers ‘The lens in the eye is a convex lens. vex lenses are used to correct farsightedness. Com Ire Concave Lens: Concave lenses are curved inwards, They are thicker at the ids and thinner in the middle. Light rays bend towards the thicker ends so that light rays passing through are spread outward. + Concave lenses produce upright images that are smaller than the objects whose images are produced. ‘used to correct nearsightedness . Light rays spread out Figure 14.11, A concave lens © Concave lenses are Convex and concave lenses are used in many instruments such as these: kT @& microscope telescope camera binoculars | Se=O projector eyeglasses Figure 14.12 Some instruments in which lens {Use your dictionary, an encyclopedia or the Internet find out haw these {instruments are used and which lenses the) WEDS POREheSpecteum. A prism is a triangular-shaped object made 6f glass or another transparent material. ‘When light passes through a prism it is refracted. This causes the light rays (white ligh®) to be separated into the six colours (the spectrum) that make up a ray of light. The colours are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The colour indigo is no longer Figure 14.13 A prism included in the spectrum. Scientists say indigo is a shade of blue or violet and so should not be regarded as a spectral colour. The colours of the spectrum can be seen in a rainbow and a soap bubble. | ‘The primary colours of pigment (substances used for colouring) are magenta, cyan Figure 14.14 F and yellow, ‘The primary colours of light are red, | The secondary blue and green. When combined | Colours of they produce white light. The pigment are secondary colours of ight are orange, green yellow, cyan and magenta and purple, Figure 14.15 ‘The colour of an object is the colour that is reflected by the object. All other colours are absorbed. Objects appear white when all the colours of light are reflected, Objects appear black when all the colours of light are absorbed. ee eredActivity Light Riddles Answer these riddles: 3) Tam made of transparent material Tam thick in the middle and thin at my edges. Light rays bend and meet at a point when they passthrough me. Tam found in the human eye. What am I2 am made of transparent material. Tam thin in the middle and thick at the edges. Light rays spread outwards when they pass through me Tean be found in a flashlight. What am [-_______—— Mirrors are good reflectors of light ‘Mirrors can be flat, concave or convex Tn concave mirrors images may appear upsicie down. Codcave mirrors are used in flashlights, headlights and telescopes. In convex mirrors images appear upright Convex mirrors show a wider area than concave mirrors and are used in stores and as rear-view mirrors. Refraction is the bendling of light rays. Light rays bend when they slow down or go faster. Lenses are transparent materials that bend light rays. ‘Convex lenses cause light rays to bend invrards and meet at a point called the focal point. ‘Convex lenses can be used as magnifiers ‘A convex lens is found in the human eye and in cameras. Concave lenses cause light rays to spread outwards. ‘A prism is used to separate white light into the colours of the spectrum. ‘The colours of the spectrum are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. ‘The colour of an object is the colour reflected by the object. ‘Objects appear white when all the colours of light are reflected. ‘Objects appear black when all the colours are absorbed. * x * * x * * x x * x * x ® x * ® ee