PLANT AND ANIMAL SYSTEM

- Plants are living things which grow just about anywhere on Earth. Plants can also be seen
around us.
- The flowering plant is made of two main parts: The shoot (which grows above the soil)
and the root (which grows below the soil).
- The Shoot System consists of organs such as Leaves, Stem, Bud, Flowers and Fruit.
- The Root System is made up mostly of the roots.
- Leaves are the food factories of a plant. Plants combine Chlorophyll (the green
colouring), air, sunlight and water to make food in their leaves. The process by which
plant make their own food is called Photosynthesis.
- If all the leaves were removed from a plant, the plant would not be able to make its
food.
- Plants take in Carbon Dioxide from the air through tiny openings at the back of their
leaves. These tiny openings are called Pores. Plants also lose water through their pores.
The process by which plants lose water is called Transpiration.
- Some plants store food in their leaves and are eaten by humans. Examples of these plants
are Callaloo, Cabbage, Lettuce and Onion.
- The Stem holds up the leaves and the fruits of the plant. The Stem also help to carry
minerals and water from the root up to the leaves and other parts of the Plant.
- Some plants store food in their stems. Examples of these foods are Yams, Dasheen and
Potatoes.
- The root anchors or holds the plant firmly in the soil. The root also takes water and
mineral salt from the soil to the other parts of the plant. Root also helps to prevent soil
erosion (washing away of top soil) by holding on to the soil. Some plants store food in
their roots and are eaten by humans. Examples of these plants include turnips, carrots,
cassavas and sweet potatoes.
The Flower

The flower is the reproductive part of the plant.

The outermost part of the flower is the sepal. The sepals are small and green. They help to
protect the flower when it is a bud.

The Pistil is the female part of the flower and it contains eggs. It is made up of a slightly swollen
stigma at the top and swollen ovary at the bottom. Both are supported by a stalk called the style.

The Stamen is the male part of the flower. It is made up of the Anther and the Filament. The
Stamen makes pollen.

The Petals surround and protect the inner parts of the flower. They are usually brightly coloured
and scented and are used to attract insects.
Locomotion is the movement from place to another. All living things are able to move but not
all livings are able to move from one place to another.

Animals and Humans use their bones, joints and muscles to bring about locomotion or to move
from place to place. Animals with backbones are called Vertebrates. These animals have a
bony skeleton on inside. Examples of Vertebrates are humans, cats, dogs and chickens.
Animals without backbones are called Invertebrates. Examples of Invertebrates are Spiders,
Crabs, Bees and Butterflies.

Name of System Major Organs in the System Function

Digestive System Stomach, Liver, Teeth, The digestive system is
Tongue, Small and Large responsible for breaking down
Intestine, Oesophagus, food and absorbing it so that it
Pancreas can be used for energy.

Circulatory System Blood, Blood Vessels, Heart To Transport nutrients, water,

salts and disease fighting cells
around the body

Respiratory System Lungs, Trachea Taking in Oxygen and

removing Carbon Dioxide
from the body.

Urinary or Excretory System Kidneys, Lungs, Skin, To remove harmful and

Intestine unwanted substances from the
body including water and salts

Reproductive System Testes and Ovaries Producing offspring (babies)

Nervous System Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves Control the body’s response to
changes in its internal and
external environment.

Skeletal Bones To provide strength and

support to the human body.
Muscular Muscles To work with the skeletal and
nervous systems to produce
movement and to help to
circulate blood through the
body
The Skeletal System

The bones in your body are linked together to form a Skeleton. The skeleton gives the body
shape and protects it from collapsing. The bony skeleton also protects the organs inside the body.

The point where different bones meet is called a Joint. The soft material that is found between
the bones is called Cartilage. The tough elastic strands which hold the bones together are called
Ligaments.

There are three main types of Joints:-

*Hinge Joints – allow back and forth movement. Hinge Joints are found in the Knee and the
Arms.

* Ball and Socket Joints – allow you to turn some body parts around and round or from side to
side. Ball and Socket Joints are found in the Hip and the Shoulder.

*Fixed Joints – are locked together and cannot move. For example, the bones that protect your
skull.

Excretory System

- All living things have to get rid of waste – the most important of which are water, carbon
dioxide and urea. Your excretory system is responsible for the removal of waste from the
body. The process in which waste is removed from the body is called excretion.
- The Kidneys are the most important organ in the excretory system. They act as the body’s
cleaning machine. After the Kidney filters the blood, the waste product, urine goes into
the bladder to be stored.

Reproductive System

- All living things reproduce or make more of their own kind. Animals reproduce in many
different ways.
- The Male Reproductive Organ is made up of two testes. The testes produce the male cell
called Sperm.
 - The Female reproductive organ is made up of the Vagina, Ovaries, Uterus or Womb. The
Uterus is responsible for receiving and caring for the foetus (developing baby). The
Ovary (Ovaries) are responsible for storing the eggs. Each month, an egg is released from
one of the ovaries. If the egg is not fertilized, it is excreted from the body through the
vagina with a small amount of blood, this cycle is called menstruation.

Stages of Our Growth

- From the time we are born we start to grow. Our bodies change at every stage of our
growth.
- These stages are : Babyhood – Childhood – Adolescence (puberty) – Adulthood – Old
Age
- During Puberty some of the changes that occurs in Males include:
o They start to get attracted to girls
o The tone of their voices get deeper
o Hair starts to grow on the chest, under arm, and in the pubic area
o The testes gets bigger and begin to make sperms
- During Puberty some of the changes that occurs in Females are:
o They start to get attracted to boys
o Menstruation begins
o Breasts start to develop
o Hips start to get rounded
o Ovaries begin to produce eggs.