Revision Notes for Term 1 | Tr.

Ingyin

Term (1) Biography Notes

Definition
1. Cells: The basic unit of all life. All organisms are made of cells.
2. Cell surface membrane: The membrane that control what goes into and out of a cell.
3. Nucleus: The control center of a cell. Plural+ nuclei
4. Cytoplasm: The watery jelly inside cell where the cell’s activities take place.
5. Mitochondria: Small structures in the cytoplasm of all cells, where respiration occurs.
6. Chloroplast: A green disc containing chlorophyll. Found in plant cells. Where the plant
makes food, using photosynthesis.
7. Chlorophyll: The green substance found inside chloroplast.
8. Vacuole: Storage space in cells.
9. Cell wall: the tough wall around plant cells. Helps to support the cell.
10. Cellulose: A strong plant material used to make cell walls.
11. Tissue: A part of organ that does an important job. Each tissue is made up of a group of the
same type of cells all doing the same job.
12. Fat tissue: Tissue that store fat. It is made up of fat cells. There is fat tissue in heart.
13. Muscle Tissue: Tissue that can change shape and move things. There is muscle tissue in
heart.
14. Nerve tissue: Tissue that coordinate and control many body activities. There is nerve tissue
in heart.
15. Xylem tissue: Tissue that carries water and minerals in plants. It is found in stem and roots
and is made up of xylem cells.
16. Root hair tissue: Tissue that helps roots get water out of the ground quickly. It is made up of
root hair cells.
17. Storage Organ: An organ used by plants to store materials.
18. Windpipe: An Organ in the shape of a tube that takes air to and from your lungs. Also called
“trachea”.
19. Food pipe: An Organ in the shape of a tube that takes food from your mouth to your
stomach. Also called “the gullet or esophagus”.
20. Lungs: An Organ that use to take oxygen out of the air and into the blood. Lungs also put
waste carbon dioxide into the air.

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21. Diaphragm: An organ containing a lot of muscle tissue, which contract and moves
downwards to increase the volume of the lungs when inhaling.
22. Stomach: An Organ used to break up food.
23. Small intestine: An Organ used to break up food and get it into blood.
24. Large intestine: An Organ remove water from unwanted food.
25. Rectum: An organ that store fasces (solid waste).
26. Liver: An organ used to make and destroy the substances in your body. It also stores some
substances.
27. kidney: An organ used to clean the blood and make urine.
28. Bladder: An organ that store urine (liquid waste).
29. Heart: An organ that pump the blood.
30. Cell: The basic unit of all life. All organisms are made of cells.
31. Tissue: A part of organ that does an important job. Each tissue is made up of a group of the
same type of cells all doing the same job.
32. Organ: A large part of a plant or an animal that does an important job. Organs are made of
different tissues working together.
33. Organ Systems: A collection of organs working together to do an important job.
34. Circulatory system: AN organ system that carries oxygen and food around the body.
35. Locomotor system: An organ system that contains all your muscles and bones and allow
you to move.
36. Digestive System: An organ system that breaks down food.
37. Urinary System: An organ system that cleans the blood and removes wastes in urine.
38. Nervous System: An organ system that contains your brain, spinal cord and all your nerves
and carries signals around the body.
39. Breathing(respiratory) System: An organ system that allows an exchange of gases between
the blood and the lungs. Also known as the gas exchange system.
40. Specimen: The object you look at using a microscope.
41. Offspring: The new organisms produced by reproduction.
42. Sexual Reproduction: Reproductions that needs two individuals to produce a new organism
of the same type.
43. Fertilization: Fusing of male gamete with female gamete.
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44. Internal Fertilization: Sperm and egg cell fertilize inside the female body (Mammals,
Reptile, Some birds)
 Internal fertilization and internal development
(eg. Human, Cat, Lion, Tiger)
 Internal fertilization and internal development
(eg. Chicken, Snake, Turtle)
45. External Fertilization: Sperm and egg cell fertilize outside the female body.
(eg. Salmon, Frog, Other fish and amphibian)
46. Male Reproductive Organ: Testes, Sperm ducts, glands, Urethra, Penis
47. Female Reproductive Organ: Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina
48. After Puberty, Reproductive organs start working.
49. In male reproductive organs,

 Testes produce sperm cells that pass through the sperm duct where fluids are added
from the glands.
 The mixture of fluid and sperm cells is called semen. It travels outside of the body
through the urethra (urethra look like a tube). It also carries the urine.
50. In female reproductive organs,

 Every 28-32 days, Ovaries produces egg cells (Ova) that pass through fallopian tube
(Oviduct) that contain hairs then to Uterus.
 Ovaries stop producing egg cells about age of 45-55 years which is called
menopause.
51. Fertilize egg cells – Zygote
52. Male Gamete (Sperm Cell)
Main components of sperm cell,
 Nucleus (Carry genetic materials)
 Mitochondria (produce energy for tail)
 Cell Surface membrane
 Tail
(Tail and streamlined shape support to swimming.)
53. Female Gamete (Egg Cell)
Main components of egg cell,
 Nucleus (carry genetic materials)

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 Cytoplasm (where store food to provide energy for zygote)

 Cell Surface membrane
 Jelly coat (Where only one sperm cell enter)
Animal Organs Functions

Windpipe Take the air from mouth and nose to lungs

Lungs Receive the air containing oxygen and remove
the air with carbon dioxide
Diaphragm Helps the breathing

Food pipe/gullet/ Esophagus Carry food from mouth to stomach

Stomach Digest the food with the help of digestive acid

Small Intestine Break down the food and absorb the nutrient
from the food

Large Intestine Absorb the water from undigested food

Rectum Store the solid waste material (Fasces)

Liver Make the substance and store vitamin and iron

Destroys the old red blood cells
Kidneys Filter and clean the blood and produce the urine

Bladder Store the liquid waste material (Urine)

Plant Functions
Root take in water and minerals from the soil
Stem Carry the substances and then transport to the
leaves
Leaf Make the food (Photosynthesis take places)
and store the food in forms of sugar to produce
energy

Organs in circulatory systems

1. Heart

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2. Blood vessels (Arteries and veins)

3. Lungs
Organs in digestive systems
1. Mouth
2. oesophagus,
3. stomach,
4. small intestine,
5. large intestine,
6. rectum and
7. anus.
8. Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver.
Organs in urinary system
1. Kidneys
2. Ureter
3. Bladder
Organs in nervous system
1. Spinal cord
2. Brain
3. Nerves
4. Sensory organs (eyes, nose, ears, tongue, skin)
Organs in locomotor system
1. Muscles
2. Bones
3. Joints
Organs in respiratory system
1. Trachea
2. Lungs
3. Diaphragm
Practice Questions
1. Which organ gets bigger as it fills with air?
2. List the organs that help to get nutrition into the body?
3. List the organs that excrete waste materials?
4. List two organs that store solid or liquid wastes?
5. Which organ is the main organ of nutrition in a plant?

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6. What process produces the food stored in plant storage organs?

7. Why won’t potato grow if the potato plant doesn’t get much sun light?
8. Which human organ is most similar to a plant organ? Explain your reason?
9. Name two tissues found in the heart? What does each of these tissues do?
10. What sort of organ is a carrot? How many tissues does a carrot contain? Explain your
reasoning?
11. Name a plant organ that is above ground and contains xylem tissue.
12. Which life process does xylem tissue help with?
13. How many types of lenses are found in a light microscope?
14. What part of a microscope makes the image clearer?
15. What is a specimen?
16. Why does a specimen need to be thin?
17. Why do we use coverslips?
18. What is a cell?
19. What is an organ system?
20. What organs are found in the breathing system?
21. What are the organs in a plant’s water transport system?
22. What type of reproduction needs males and females?
23. What are bigger in real life, sperm cells or egg cells?
24. What are human offspring called?
25. In animals, what is the male gamete? What happens to this cell during fertilization?
26. Name an animal that uses external fertilization?
27. Name an animal that uses internal fertilization?
28. Why is external fertilization unusual for animals that live away from water?
29. Where are sperm cells made?
30. Explain how a sperm cell is adapted for swimming.
31. Which organ makes and releases female gamete?
32. Which female reproductive organs contain muscles?
33. How does an egg cell reach the uterus?
34. Explain how a developing fertilized egg cell has a supply of energy.
35. Annie ovaries are nor releasing egg cells. Why not?

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