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Carolus Linnaeus
Swedish botanist
Alternate titles: Carl Linnaeus, Carl von Linné
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Carolus Linnaeus
Born:
May 23, 1707 •
Sweden
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Died:
January 10, 1778 (aged 70) •
toc Uppsala •
Sweden
Notable Works:
“Genera
Plantarum” •
“Species Plantarum” •
“Systema Naturae”
Subjects Of Study:
plant •
Linnaean
system •
nomenclature •
taxonomy
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Carolus Linnaeus, also called Carl Linnaeus, Swedish Carl von Linné, (born May
23, 1707, Råshult, Småland, Sweden—died January 10, 1778, Uppsala), Swedish naturalist
and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species
of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them (binomial nomenclature).
In 1727 Linnaeus began his studies in medicine at Lund University, but he transferred to
Uppsala University in 1728. Because of his financial situation, he could only visit a few
lectures; however, the university professor Olof Celsius provided Linnaeus access to his
library. From 1730 to 1732 he was able to subsidize himself by teaching botany in the
university garden of Uppsala.
At this early stage, Linnaeus laid the groundwork for much of his later work in a series of
manuscripts. Their publication, however, had to await more-fortuitous circumstances. In
1732 the Uppsala Academy of Sciences sent Linnaeus on a research expedition to Lapland.
After his return in the autumn of that year, he gave private lectures in botany and mineral
assaying. That Christmas he used some of his earnings to pay a visit to Claes Sohlberg, his
friend and fellow student, in Falun, the capital of the copper-mining region of Dalarna, in
central Sweden. There he became acquainted with the governor, who financed a second
trip to the region in the summer of 1734. At the time, it was necessary for Swedish medical
students to complete their doctoral degrees abroad in order to open a successful medical
practice in their homeland. In an agreement with Sohlberg’s father, who was the royal
inspector of the Falun copper mine and impressed with Linnaeus’s botanical and
mineralogical abilities, Linnaeus received an annual stipend to offset medical school
expenses in the Netherlands. In return, Linnaeus promised to take young Sohlberg with
him on the trip and serve as his academic mentor. Before they embarked on their journey
in the spring of 1735, Linnaeus became engaged to Sara Elisabeth—the daughter of Johan
Moraeus, a well-to-do physician in Falun. It was agreed that their marriage should take
place after Linnaeus returned from the Netherlands in three years’ time.
In particular, it was the botanical section of Systema Naturae that built Linnaeus’s
scientific reputation. After reading essays on sexual reproduction in plants by Vaillant and
by German botanist Rudolph Jacob Camerarius, Linnaeus had become convinced of the
idea that all organisms reproduce sexually. As a result, he expected each plant to possess
male and female sexual organs (stamens and pistils), or “husbands and wives,” as he also
put it. On this basis, he designed a simple system of distinctive characteristics to classify
each plant. The number and position of the stamens, or husbands, determined the class to
which it belonged, whereas the number and position of pistils, or wives, determined the
order. This “sexual system,” as Linnaeus called it, became extremely popular, though
certainly not only because of its practicality but also because of its erotic connotations and
its allusions to contemporary gender relations. French political theorist Jean-Jacques
Rousseau used the system for his “Huit lettres élémentaires sur la botanique à Madame
Delessert” (1772; “Eight Letters on the Elements of Botany Addressed to Madame
Delessert”). English physician Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin, used
Linnaeus’s sexual system for his poem “The Botanic Garden” (1789), which caused an
uproar among contemporaries for its explicit passages.