Routing and Switching

What is Routing?
Network routing is the process of selecting a path across one or more networks.
The principles of routing can apply to any type of network, from telephone
networks to public transportation.

What is Switching?
Switching is a technique of transferring the information from one computer
network to another computer network.

What is IP Address?
A unique number which is used to represent host with in a network.
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local
network.

IPv4:
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol
(IP) used to to identify devices on a network through an addressing system.
Size: 32 bits
Decimal: format

IPv6:
(IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications
protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on
networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
Size: 128 bits
Hexadecimal: Format

Network layers:
 Layer 7 (Application): Most of what the user actually interacts with is at this layer. Web
browsers and other internet-connected applications (like Skype or Outlook) use Layer 7
application protocols.
 Layer 6 (Presentation): This layer converts data to and from the Application layer. In
other words, it translates application formatting to network formatting and vice versa.
This allows the different layers to understand each other.
 Layer 5 (Session): This layer establishes and terminates connections between
devices. It also determines which packets belong to which text and image files.
 Layer 4 (Transport): This layer coordinates data transfer between system and hosts,
including error-checking and data recovery.
 Layer 3 (Network): This layer determines how data is sent to the receiving device. It’s
responsible for packet forwarding, routing, and addressing.
 Layer 2 (Data Link): Translates binary (or BITs) into signals and allows upper layers to
access media.
 Layer 1 (Physical): Actual hardware sits at this layer. It transmits signals over media.

Key Words:
1. Uni-casting:
Unicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is
sent from one point to another point. In this case there is just one sender, and one
receiver.

2. Broadcast
Broadcast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is
sent from one point to all other points. In this case there is just one sender, but the
information is sent to all connected receivers.

3. Multicast
Multicast is the term used to describe communication where a piece of information is
sent from one or more points to a set of other points.

4. Any Cast
Any cast is a one-to-nearest kind of transmission in which a single source sends a
message to the nearest destination (among multiple possible destinations).
 5. Host
A host (also known as "network host") is a computer or other device that
communicates with other hosts on a network.

6. Client
A client is a computer that connects to and uses the resources of a
remote computer, or server.

7. MAC Address
o MAC address is the physical address, which uniquely identifies each device
on a given network. To make communication between two networked
devices, we need two addresses: IP address and MAC address. It is assigned
to the NIC (Network Interface card) of each device that can be connected to
the internet.

8. ARP
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol or procedure that connects an ever-
changing Internet Protocol (IP) address to a fixed physical machine address, also
known as a media access control (MAC) address, in a local-area network (LAN).

9. RARP
 RARP is abbreviation of Reverse Address Resolution Protocol which is a protocol
based on computer networking which is employed by a client computer to request
its IP address from a gateway server’s Address Resolution Protocol table or cache.
10. DHCP
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management
protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for automatically assigning IP
addresses and other communication parameters to devices connected to the network
using a client–server architecture.
11. Network bits
Network Bits is a highly experienced company that provides IT services for
technology integration.

12. Host bits

Host bits are the portion of an IP address that identify a specific host in a subnet.

13. Network Mask

A network mask is a 32-bit binary mask used to divide an IP address into subnets
and specify the network's available hosts.

For example, in 255.255.225.0, "0" is the assigned network address.

14. Subnet Mask

A subnet mask is a number that distinguishes the network address and the host
address within an IP address. A subnet is a smaller network within a network

15. FLSM
A fixed-length subnet mask (FLSM) is a sequence of numbers of unchanging length
that streamlines packet routing within the subnet s of a proprietary network

16. VLSM
VLSM stands for Variable length subnet mask, when try to separate a major subnet
into minor ones, then that process is called VLSM.

17. Static
18. Dynamic
 19. EUI-64
 IPv6 EUI-64 explained EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier ) is a method we can use to
automatically configure IPv6 host addresses. An IPv6 device will use the MAC address
of its interface to generate a unique 64-bit interface ID. However, a MAC address is 48
bit and the interface ID is 64 bit.