Equilibria 2-59

Equilibria
1. 3.
(a) Le Chatelier's principle states that ifa change
(a) K, = PH)x p(CO) (ans)
is made to a system in equilibrium, the system
p(H,0)
reacts in such a way as to tend to oppose the
change and a new equilibriunm is formed. (ans) Units of K, is Pa (or kPa) or atm. (ans)

(b) Forward reaction involves an increase in the

i)Temperature drops when KNO,(s) dissolves in amount of gas. Hence an increase in pressure
water suggests that the dissolution of KNO;(s) shifts the position of equilibrium to the left (the
is endothermic. side with fewer moles of gas) so as to reduce
KNO:(S)+ aq K(aq) + NO, (aq) AH> 0 the pressure, and there would be more H,O(g.

Hence, when a saturated solution of KNO; is less Ha(g) and less CO(g). (ans)
cooled from 100 °C, the position ofequilibrium Forward reaction is endothermic. Hence an
shifts to the left (favours exothermic reaction) increase in temperature shifts the position of
and crystals of KNO;(s) are formed. (ans) remove the
equilibrium to the right so as to
extra heat, and there would be more H2(g).
) Colourless N,O(g) formed on cooling NO:(g)
suggests that the formation of N;O from NO2 more COg) and less H,O(g). (ans)
is exothermic (favoured by low temperature).
2NO-(g) = NO«(g)
(c) HO(g) +C(S)=Ha(g) +CO(g)
AH <0 At equilm, p(CO) = p(H2) = 183 kPa (ans)

The reaction is also accompanied by a decrease

in pressure (less mole of gas formed). Hence, =P(H)Xxp(CO) = 183x183
when the gas is compressed (pressure p(H20) 90
increased), the position of equilibrium shifts to =
372 kPa (ans)
the right and the brown colour fades as more
NO(g) is produced. Let new equilibriump(H2) be x.

Warming the syringe (temperature increased) H,O(g) +C(s) Hz(g)+CO(g)

shifts the position of equilibrium to the left At equilm, 150 kPa

(favours endothermic reaction) and the brown

colour is restored as more NO:(g) forms. (ans) Kp p(H2)xp(CO)
P(H20)
ii) CaSO.s) +
aq Ca"(aq) +SO, (aq) 372 = XXX
150
Na,SO(aq) 2Na"(aq) +SO,"(aq)
x = 236 kPa (3 sf) (ans)
On adding Na,SO4, [S0:] is increased and
this shifts the position of equilibrium to the
(d) H,O(g) +C(s) H:(g) + COg)
left. Hence, the solubility of CaSO4 decreases
due to the common ion effect) and so, a white PH, tPco (192 - 10.1)= 181.9 kPa
precipitate of CaSO4(s) appears. (ans) = 182 kPa

O Step-by-Step
PH, Pco (182) = 91.0 kPa (ans)

K. =P{H;)xp(CO) =91.0x91.0
a) Kp =Pa (pc) (uns)
.

p(H20) 10.1
A is not included because it is a solid and can 820 kPa (ans)
=

be considered to have a constant or even zero

O Siep-by-Step
Contribution to the pressure. (ans)
6) mole ratio B:C=1:2
Pu (Gx 3x 10') kPa = 1x 10' kPa (ans)

Pe =(x3 x 10') kPa =2 x 10' kPa (ans)

Kp Ph (pc
(1x 10 x 10'%2x 10'x 10°¥
=
4x 10 Pa (ans)
O Step-by-Step

A-lcvel Tactice Questions - Chemistry

 dimerisation is 1avoured by loow Equilibria 2-61
2-60 Equilibria (ii) temperalure
The since the forward reaction is
8.
in 10.
4. Dy au
exothermic.
A decrease temperature shifts (a) Using the ideal gas equation,
is accompanied to the (a) Ground water (rainwater) contains dissolved
) In 1, the forward reaction
moleculeCs the position of equilibrium right so as to pV= nRT RT An
ncrease
in pressure (more gas
the posiIO
eplace some
heat lost (Le Chatelier's (Since n =_2_ i.e. equilibrium I
CO; shifts the right.
to

an increase in pressure shifts M, increase in [CO2(aq)] (as in fresh rainwater),

hus, with fewer gas (ans)
o1 equilibrium to the lefi (side
reduce the pressure.
(ans)
principle).

M RT (0.50x8.31x320)
1.0x10 x190x10-
will push equilibrium II to the right and a
solution of Ca(HCO,)» is formed. As rainwater
nOlecules) so as
to iced water would be pale
(c) Thecolour in
that n hot water would be
yellow =69.98
drips from the roof of a cave, water evaporates
(11) InI, the forward reaction is endothermie. ofN,O4, while and CO, is lost from the solution. A decrease
shitts tne of NO;. (ans) = 70.0 (ans)
Thus, an i n c r e a s e in temperature
brown in [CO(aq)] will push equilibrium II to the left
position of equilibrium to the right (favour prineiple, the higher and CaCO;(s) is deposited forming stalagmites
endothermic reaction ) so as to remove the By Le Chatelier's
temperature shifts the position of ilibrium (b) 2NO:(g) = N,0s(g) and stalactites. (ans)
At cqm, 0.4 0.6 atm
extra heat. (ans) towards the endothermic direction (hence (b) [CO,(aq)] = 0.15 g in 100 cm (given)
shifts the position favouring production of brown NO,). (ans) PON,04) 1.5 g dm
(11) In l, an increase in [H"(aq)] (ans)
of equilibrium to the right
so as to
remove the
bent. (ans) p (NO) 12-2(16) mol dm
(d) NO, molecule V-shaped
is or

excess H 1ons. (ans)

Step-by>SI Kp
(0.6) 3.75 atm' (ans) Since air contains 1 % of CO2
(0.4)2
[CO(aq)] =o0 )mol dm
O Step-byStep =
3.41 x 10mol dm (ans)
(a)
formula Oxidation no. of N (c) [Ca2IIHCOs F (ans)
.

() NO molecule
NO (a) Kp
p ) xP(o,) (ans) [CO]
NO4 molecule
NO (ans) pH,0)
Ca(HCO,): Ca*"+ 2HCO
NO OSep-bS
2r mol dm
N,O4 (ans) (b) 2H,0(g) 2H:(g) +O(g)
Initial/mol 2
2(0.2) 0.2
K =[Ca2][HCO; T-47 x10
(11)N(g)+O:(g)> NO(g) (a) equilm/mol 2(0.8) [CO2]
(i) Dynamic equilibrium refers to a reversible 1.0 0.4
AH= +90.4 kJ mol (ans) reaction in which the rates of forward and Total no. of mole = 1.6 +0.4 +0.2 =2.2 (2x) =4.7 x
10
reverse reactions have become equal and
3.41x10-
(111) NO Is an endothermic compound (AH,= +82 there Pon,o)22 x 1) =0.727 atm (ans) =
1.59 x
10
k mol). It decomposes readily to give is no change in the concentrations of the
oxygen, which rel1ghts a glowing splint. (ans) reactants and products. (ans) Pau,)22x 1)=0.182 atm (ans) [Ca(HCO3)2(aq]= 1.59x10 mol dm (ans)
PNo,) CSicp-by-
(b) NO, is formed by the reaction between N; and (ans) Po,) =( x )= 0.0909 atm (ans)
the
O, from (intake of engine) combining in
air PN0 11.
the hot car engine, which provides the energy i) M, of NO, = 14 + 2(16) = 46 (a) Oxidation number of N in NH; is -3, and
P(H,) * Po;) (0.182)2(0.0909) Oxidation number of N in NO is +2. (ans)
needed for the endothermic reaction. (ans) M, of N,O4 =2(14) + 4(16) = 92 Kp (0.727)2
p4(H,0)
(b) AH = EAH-(products) SAHe(reactants)
NO2 could be removed from exhaust gases by An inerease in pressure shifts the position ot
=
0.00570 atm (ans)
using a catalytic converter, whereby NO, is Siep-by-stee = 44+90) +6(-242) 446) +5(0
reduced to Na by CO or unburnt cquilibrium to the left (the side with fewer gas 184
hydrocarbons. molecules) so as to reduce the pressure. Hence 360 - 1452 +

(ans) 908 kJ mo (ans)

the gaseous mixture contains a
higher
Siep-by-Sucp
proportion of N,O, and so, M, of the mixture (c) Forward reaction, being exOthermic. 1S
6. will increase. (ans) tavoured by low temperature, leading to a
(a) AH =

ZAH(products) 2AH, (reactants)

-
higher equilibrium yield. However, if the
9.2 2+33.2) An inerease in temperature shifts the position temperature is too low, the reaction is too slow.
o equilibrium to the right (favours the fonwa Hence, a moderate temperature is used instead.
57.2 kJ
mol (ans) endothermic reaction) some Forward reaction involves an increase trom 9
(b) extra heat,. Hence the
so as to
remove
gaseous mixture contains mol to 10 mol of gas and so, is tàvoured by
(i) The dimerisation is favoured by
high pressure
since the forward reaction involves
a
higher proportion of NO2
and so, M, O1 low pressure. However, too low a pressure
mixture will
from 2 mol to I mol of gas. An
a
reduction decrease. (ans) would result in higher cost ot equipment or
increase in operation. ' a moderate presSure is used. (ans)
pressure shifts the position of (b)
theright as to
reduce the
so
cquilibrium to NO SO +
+
H,0 > HSO4 4+ NO () The eatalyst is easily poisoned by impurities
pressure (Le
Chateliers principle). (uns) 2NO+022NO; (uns) especally by dust particles. (ans)
NO2 1S st in
tne
regenerated and so, acts as
a
oxidation of SO, to 112SO4. (ans)
R
hwnistey
Tevet Piuvticu (Juvustis
-Chena

A-Level Piuctice (Ques{jona

2-62 Equilibria

2. 13. Equilibria 2-63

31.0 + S(35.5) =
208.5 (ans) 4
(a) The reaction mixture was titrated quickly so (a) M, of PCI, =

(a) N(g)+ 3H2(g) = 6.

that the position of equilibrium does not 3(35.5) 137.5 (ans) 2NHs(g) (ans)
M, of PClh =31.0
=
+
(a) Ligand L is a species with a
change, especially as local excesses of alkali AH=exothermic (ans) lone pair of
71.0 (ans) electrons which can form a dative bond (or co-
M, of Cl =2(35.5)
=

can hydrolyse the ester. (ans) ordinate bond) with the central metal atom or
(b) The process has high activation
a large amount of
energy because ion (Cu" in this case)
by donating its lone pair
(b) (b) Using the ideal gas equation, energy is required to break of electrons to the vacant orbitals in the central
() CH,CO,H +NaOH CH;CO; Na" +H,0 the very strong N=N triple bond in
pV =nRT =R T (since n= ) Na. (ans) metal atom/ion. (ans)
mol of CH,CO,H= mol of NaOH M, M,
(c) Ammonia is widely used
= 1.00 x
O.0x8.31x 473)
as a
refrigerant and in (6) HL is expected to be a weak acid because an
1000
0.080 mol (ans)
M, =RT
pV
=

3.10x103 x1x10-3
the
manufacture of nitric acid. (ans) equilibrium is reached and, HL is only partially
= 190.2 (ans)
[ Nitric acid has
range of uses in makingg
a
1onised (since it is an organic acid). (ans)
(ii) mol of CH,CO,H reacted = 0.50- 0.080 explosives, dyestutfs, nylon, pharmaceuticals.]| (C)
=
0.42 mol (ans) (c)r= 208.5-190,2 = 0,0962 (ans) (d) The uncontrolled use of nitrate fertilisers ) K =L2(oi)][H- (aq)]
190.2 results in (ans)
(iii) mol of ethanol reacted = 0.42 mol
eutrophication. The excess nitrates
are leached out of fields into
[Cu2 (aq)][HL(oil)]'
streams and seas.
mol ofethanol left = 1.00 0.42 (0.0962) =1.0 x10 (ans) These excess nutrients
encourage the growth of (1i) Given pH =-logio [H"]=3
1-0.0962 large amounts of algae (algae bloom ), cutting
=0.58 mol (ans) [H]=0.001 mol dm
out light from bottom-living
(d) Inereasing the pressure shifts the position of oxygenating
(c)K. =CH,CO,CHs][H,0] equilibrium to the left (the side with fewer
plants. When the algae die, oxygen is K.= Cul(oil)][H*(aq)1
[CH CO2H][C,H,OH] consumed for decomposing dead algae and the [Cu2- (aq)1[HL(oil)]*
moles of gas) so as to reduce the pressure (Le water becomes depleted of dissolved
(0.42(0.42) 3.8= 4.0 (ans)
Chatelier's principle). (ans) oxygen,
thereby killing other aquatic life. (ans) [Cu(ag)] uL2(oi)][H*(aq)]
=

(0.08)(0.58) K.[HL(oi)]P
[H,0] cannot be omitted unless the moles
Inereasing temperature shifts the position of
equilibrium to the right (favouring the forward
CStep-by.Sten
(0.0500.001)2
of H,O 15. 2.0x10-2 x (0.20)2
do not change significantly. Here, there is no H;0 endothermic reaction) so as to remove some
(a) The forward reaction involves a reduction in = 6.25 x 10 mol dm
at all to begin with. extra heat. (ans) (ans)
the number of molecules of gas (from 4 to 2).
SICp-DYe (ii) Total copper = [Culloil)]+ [Cu"(aq)]
(d) K= CO,H][C;H;OH| By Le Chatelier's Principle, high pressure
(d eCH,COC,H ][H,0] (ans) shifts the position of equilibrium to the right (0.050+6.25 x 10)
(the side with fewer moles of gas) so as to
e) 0.0500625 mol dm
reduce the pressure. Hence, a higher vield of
CH,CO,CH(1) + H,O(l)=CH;CO,H() + CH;OH)
ammonia is obtained. (ans) % Cu extracted =(60500623X 100) %o
Att=0, 2
O mol = 99.875%
At eqm, (2-x) (2-) mol
(b) Typical values of pressure and temperature
used are 200 atm and 450°C respectively. =
99.9% (3 sf) (ans)
K. =CHCO,H][C;HsOH] Other factors affecting this choice are the cost
[CHCO,C,Hs][H;0)| or safety of using higher pressures, and the
speed of reaction being too slow if too low a
Less copper would be extracted at pH 2 (more
acidic) because the increase in [H] shifts the
xX) temperature is used. (ans) position of equilibrium to the left (according to
(2-x)(2-x) Le Chatelier's principle) and so, results in less
4x= 4-4x +x (C)Iron acts as a catalyst, to speed up the reaction copper being extracted. (ans)
3x+4x-4 =0 So that equilibrium is reached faster. (ans)
(3x 2 x +2) =0 e) To release Cu "(aq) from Cul(oil),the
(d)
X or x - 2 (impossible) equilibrium must be driven to the left. This
(PNH, ) could be done by increasing [H), say, by
(ans)
i) mol of CH;CO;H =x =

fmol (uns) (PN,)x(PH addingaconcentrated, strong acid. (ans)

i) mol of C.H,OH =
x =

jmol (ans) (37.2)

(44.8) x(105.6)
(ii) mol of CH,CO,C;Hs 2-= mol =

(ans) 2.62 x 10 atm (ans)

(iv) mol of H,0 2-= jmol (ans)
=

O Step-Dyp

A-I.evel Pructice Queslions-Chemsuy Alevel Praetice (uestions - Chemistry

2-64 Equilibria
Equilibria2-65
17. 18. oI acids and bases 22.
(a) The Bronsted-Lowry theory a) A weak Bronsted acid (HA) is a species which 24
(a) states that acids are
proton donorS while bases donates protons
(H to a base and is (a)
i) S + O > SO; (ans) (ans) only H
are
proton acceptors. partially dissociated in aqueous solution. mass 40.0 6.7 53.3
(i) This is to ensure that the emerging gas contains HA HO
Sufficient oxygen to oxidise SO; to SO; in the
(D) base when hydrogen
+
H,0 +A (ans) 10. of 40.0 6.1 53.3
Water acts as a Bronsted
I2
d)
chloride dissolves in it. 3.33 =6.7 3.33
reaction chamber. (ans)
(b) K, HCO, ][H simplest
(ans)
=

(b)
HCI+ H,O>H,0 +CI (ans) [CH,CO,H] ratio 2.3 11
(1) By Le Chatelier's principle, higher yield of SO; acid when mole ratio C:H:0 = 1:2:1
Water acts as a Bronsted ammonia (c) Since the degree
and high (ii) of dissociation, a, is
is obtained with
low temperature
conditions stated not
dissolves in it. smal, [CHCO,Hlogm [CH,CO,H]o very Empirical formula of the acid is CH20. (ans)
pressure. Hence, the are

NH +HO= NHs" +
OH (ans) Let the molecular formula be
what might have been expected. (ans) [H since [CH,Co,]- [H] C,Hz,Oq
(1i) The catalyst used is vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5.
(ans)
OStep-oy-Step
a[CHcO,H]| M, of C,H20On = 60
12n+2n +16n = 60
19. [H] = VK, x[CH,CO,H
(a) In I, the acids are H,0 and NH4, and the bases n =o
(c) 2S0(g)+O:(g) = 280;(g) AH=-197 kJ mol
are NH3 and OH. (ans) = 1.8x10s x0.10
i) With an excess of air, [O;] increases which molecular formula is C2H,02. (ans)
In I1, the acids are CH,C0,H and CoH,OH, 1.34
would shift the position of equilibrium to the and the bases are CgHs0 and CH,CO,. (ans)
=
x
10 mol dm (ans)
right, and so increases the yield of SO3. (ans)
(b) In I, NH4 is the stronger acid (or OH is the pH -logio[H'] Its structural formula is:
CH3C
(ii) When the catalyst is cooled, the lowering of =-logio(1.34 x 10) 2.87 (ans)
stronger base) because K is small (<1) OH (ans)
temperature would shift the position of
equilibrium to the right (favouring the forward suggesting that the position of equilibrium is SIcp-
p-by-Step (6) M, value of 120 is obtained because the acid,
exothermic reaction) and so, increases the yield more to the left.
23. CH,CO,H, exists as a dimer due to hydrogen-
of SO3. (ans) In I1, CH,cO,H is the stronger acid (or (a) Lactic acid is a weak acid because it is not bonding.
CgHO is the stronger base) because K is ydrogen bonds
(111) The air used to burn the sulfur must be as clean completely ionised in solution (since the pH of
large (>1) suggesting that the position of a 0.10 mol
as possible because presence of impurities in
equilibrium is more to the right. (ans)
dm solution is 2.43 and not pH 1). 0 H-0
air would poison the catalyst and so, renders it (ans) H-C-c
ineffective. (ans) Step-by-SuCp
(b) pH -logio [H'] = 2.43
H
0-HmO H
20. (ans)
(Pso,) atm (ans)
(d) Kp(Pso,)\Po; (a) Strong acids are completely dissociated in
[H]= 10 =3.715 x 10 mol dm
(c) pH=-logio[H]=2.55
solution, whereas weak acids are only partially HA H' + A (where HA = lactic acid)
dissociated. (ans) H ] =10-255
2S0(g)+ Oz(g)2S0:(g) Fromthe above equation, [H]= [A]
At equilm, 4.7 atm (b) pH=-logio [H'] =2.0 and since the degree of dissociation is very
=
2.82 x
10 mol dm" (ans)
small, [HAlegm =|[HA]initial
At equilibrium, Pso, +Po, =(5-4.7) atm [H]=1x 10 mol dm =0.010 mol dm [CH,COH] =
(x 00) mol dm
= 0.3 atmm Since [H]= [HA], the acid is
completely K, =HA] (3.715x103)* =
0.167 mol dm
Since mole ratio SO:02 = 2:1 dissociated in solution. [HA] 0..10 Let a be the degree of dissociation of the acid.
Hence, HA is a strong
Pso, 0.2 atm, Po, = 0.1 atm acid. (ans) =
1.38 x 10 mol dm (ans) CH,COH= CH,CO + H*
CSiep-by-Sicp At eqm 0.167(1-a) O.167a 0.167a
(4.7) 5522 atm 21 (0) Phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator. (ans)
p(0.2)2 (0.1) (a) M, of H,PO4 =
[or any indicator with pKn between 7 and 11]
[H]=0.167 a = 2.82x 10 mol dm

3(1)+31+4(16) 98 =
a= 0.0169
5520 atm (ans) [HPO] ==
(e) The two reasons are: 0.005 mol dm 98
(ans) (d) HA + NaOH > NaA + H,O [CH,COH]eqm=0.167 x (1-0.0169)
1. SO2 in the
atmosphere
is oxidised to
SO3,
(b) HPO4 H" +
H,PO4 (where HA =lactic acid) =
0.164 mol dm
which dissolves in water
vapour in the air [H']=[H,PO,] =0.005 mol dm mol of lactic acid = mol of NaOH
forming sulfuric acid; this leads to acid
rain. pH=-logio[H"]= -logio (0.005) 0.500 x 1000
0.0111 mol
K CHCO H-]
SO can cause respiratory
distress if present in - 2.3 (ans) mass of 0.0111 mol of lactic acid = 1.00 g [CH,COH]
sufficient concentration. (ans)
(C) molar volume of mass of 1 mol of lactic acid = o0111 8 (2.82x10-3)(2.82x10-3))
CStep-by-Step .
gas at
22.4 dm s.t.p. =
(0.164)
mol of CO, dissolved =
=0.05 mol (ans)
90.09 g =90.1 g
=
4.85x 10 mol dm" (ans)
The drink would
taste sharp and M,oflactic acid =90.1 (ans) Step-by-SicP
fizzy. (ans) Stpby:Stsp

O Siep-by->EP

A-Level Practice Questions Chemisu evel Practice Questions Chemisury

2-66 Equilibria
28.
Equilibria 2-67
(d)
[CySO;H2 H (ans) (a) M, of ethanol
=
46 29
4HJCH,coH [H*]HC 10 10 () (a) MgChlaq) +2NaOH(aq)
Aa
=

CH 11SO2 ethanol] 2.6l Mg(OH)»(s)

=

>
3.98 x 10:0.1 mol dm (ans)
mol dm 2NaCl(aq) (ans)
At pH 3.0, [H"]= 10 (b)
= 1:25 (ans)
1.0 10 mol dm
Given [SO:]
= x
i) [tartaric acid 150 O.0467 mol dm (ans)
(6) From the graph, 50.0 cm° of MgClh reacts with
(b) 2CHCO,H +Zn (CH;CO;);Zn + H2 and colour intensity of Cyh decreases toOf 20.0 cm of NaOH.
(ii) RCO2H RCO2 + H*
2HCI+ Zn ZnCl +H2 its original value; mol
of MgCh= }x mol of NaOH
Let [H] be x mol dm
The ionisation equilibrium for ethanoic acid is [CySO,H2l_9 x 1.00x 200
pulled completely over to the right by
the ie.
ICyH] RCO,] -[H"] =x mol dm =
1000
0.0100 mol
excess Zn reacting with the H formed.
CysO,H: 1[H*] IRCO;H] 0.0467 mol dm since the
=

degree
I n each case, 1l mol of H2 gas is obtained from
[CyH ][SO:1
of dissociation is very small. [MgCh]=(Lx0.0100)mol dm 50.0

2 mol of acid.
9(10-3) K. =RC0, I[H]
=
0.200 mol dm (ans)
mol mol = 0.9 (ans)
of H2 x
=

of acid 1(1.0x10-2) [RCO,H] (C)

x0.1 x00
1000 )r) (1) From the graph, when 10 cm° of NaOH were
(ii) At pH 4.0, decolourisation would be more of a or Ix 10 x = 6.83x 10 added, pH of mixture = 9.
=
5.0x 10 mol problem because [H] is lower and the position
0.0467
vol of H2 =(5.0 10x 24 10) em pOH 14 pH
x

= 120 cmP
x
of equilibrium (1) will shift to the right (by Le pHlogio[H] = 14-95
Chatelier's principle), thereby causing [CyH] =-logio (6.83 x 10*)
Hence the same volume of gas is produced in to be further reduced. (ans) pOH -logio [OH] = 5
2.17 (ans)
each case. (ans) Step-by-Step [OH]= 1.00x 10 mol dm (ans)
C Step-by-Step
(c)

26.
27. [RCO2CHs]H;0 (an
(ans) (i) [Mg"1 =[MgC4]
(a) A buffer solution is a solution whose pH [RCO,H][C;H,OH]
(a) K [Cy]H (ans) remains almost unchanged on dilution or when (x 0.200) mol dm
=

[CyH] small amounts of acid or base are added to it. (ii) RCOH +CzH$OH=RCO,C;Hs + H,O 0.100 mol dm
=
(ans)
(b) pH = logio[H] =-5.00 (ans) t=0, 0.0467 2.61 0 0
(d) Mg(OH):(S)* Mg (aq) 20H(aq)
(b) CH,CO+H' =CH;CO,H eqm (0.0467 (2.61-0.015) 0.015 0.015
[ H = 10 mol dm -0.015) - 2.595
Kp[MgTOHd (ans)
CH CO,H +OH> CH,CO2 + HO (ans) = 0.0317
GivenYH*]
Ksp = (0.100(1.00 x 10 mol dm"
[Cy] 5 [tartaric acid] = 0.0317 mol dm
(C)pH=pk, + log1o-|salt 1.00x 10" mol' dm (ans)
acid] ethanol] 2.595 mol dm (ans)
yH 1-s, 10
CH
K=
-log1o Kt logioSat (ii) Ke [RCOCHs]H,O] (e) vol of excess NaOH = (30 - 20) = 10 cm
5 x10 mol dm (ans) [RCO2H][C,H,OH] mol o f OH = cV= 1.00 x = 0.0100 mol

(c) pH logio[H] =3.00

=

-logio (1.8 x
10) +
logio 20 0.03172.595 = 9.12 (ans)
vol of mixture =
(30 50) cm' =
80 cm
[H]= 10 mol dm 4.35 (ans)
[RCO,H] =0.0317 mol dm (from (cXi)) [OH]=(x 0.0100) mol dm
Ka Cy]TH] OStep-by->IP = 0.125 mol dm"
ICH [H K,x[RCO,H]
yd0-3) pOH -logio [OH]
Sx10 Vx100.0317) -logio (0. 125)
ICyH ]
CyH] 103) 5.63 x10 mol dm = 0.9
2 0 (ans)
5x10-5) pH--logio[H'] pH = 14- pOH

At pH 3.00, the ratio of the red to the purple logio(5.63 x 10) 14-09
form is 20:1. Hence, the colour 2.25 (ans) = 13.1 (ans)
juice at pH = 3.00 is red.
of the fruit
(ans)
Stp-by So

ATvel P tive (Juustims

A-level Practico (uestions- Chomistuy heinis
2-68 Equilibria
Equilibria 2-69
31 32.
30 (a) pk,-logio K, (ans)
(a) 33.
(a) 12
is the
C.HsB(OH); CaHsB(OH)O +H* ans) i) K ionic product of water (a)
CH-O,CO,H=CoH-0,CO +H
(b) H,O(0) H(aq) +OH (aq) K, =CsH0,CO JH]
8.86
(c) pk,=-logio K, Kw =[H[OH) (ans) [CsH-0,CO,H]
=

so,

1.38 x 10 mol dm Since thedegree of dissociation,

. K, 10
=

= At 25°C, K» 10"
a, is very
small, [HA]Jeqm[HAJo
=

x
Let a be the degree of dissociation of the acid, .
mol dm
pH 10-4
Since a is very smal [H I[OH7= 1x K, = H-j2
[H =
1x 10 since 0.22
ICHB(OH):legm=[CH,B(OH)»linitiat [H = Ix 10 mol dm
[H]= [OH] [H = (0.22(7.4 x 10
=
0.010 mol dm [H = 0.0128 mol dm
12
ICHB(OH)0H*] [H pH-log1o[H'] pH -logio [H]
IC,H,B(OH);] 0.010 -logio(lx 10) =7 -logio (0.0128) = 1.89 (ans)
H] = V0.010x K, Hence, at 25 °C, water has a pH of 7. (ans) (b)
= v0.010x1.38x10-9 (ii) NaOH > Na" +OH ) CH-O,cO +H » C;H,0,CO,H (ans)
vol of NaOH addedcm (ans)
3.72 x 10 mol d (ans)
[ O H = [NaOH] = 0.200 mol dm (ii) C,H-O.co.H +OH
The curve begins at pH 2.5 (weak acid). CH-O,CO+ H,0 (ans)
pHlogio[H'] H'1 OH1 Ix10
After a rapid initial rise in pH. a
bufferregion -logio(3.72 x 10°) 0.200 (c)pH = pK, + log1od
is reached and the pH changes more slowly as
= 5.43 (ans)
=
5.0 x
10 mol dm acid
NaOH is added (curve is relatively flat).
pH-logio[H'] =
-logio (7.4x 10)+ logio 0.30
At neutralisation, there is a sharpincrease in
(d) Benzoic acid is the stronger acid because its = -logio (5.0 x 10")=13.3 (ans) 10
pH through the end-point (pH » 8.6). = 3.61 (ans)
pK, value is smaller (or K, is larger) showing
After neutralisation, the solution is alkaline as (b)
that benzoic acid dissociates more. (ans) i) NH3(aq) is a weak base and so, is only partially (d) K» is the ionic product of
OH ions predominate in the solution. the pH water.
remains high and the curve flattens. (ans) e) ionised inaqueoussolution. Thus, [OH] is
less than 0.200 mol dm", which accounts for
HO1) = H(aq) OH (aq)
1) pH so. K = [H][OH] (ans)
(b) Phenolphthalein is used because the pH at its its pH being 11.3 (i.e. less than 13.3). (ans)
the alkaline side and At 25°C. K, I x104 mot dm
changeover is on so, a
8.86
Note: =

distinct colour change from colouriess to pink At half-neutralisation, (i) NHs(aq)+ HCMaq)> NH,Claq) [H][OH)=I x 104
Is obtained at the end-point. (ans) pH pk. At the end point, HT=1 x 1074 since [H] =[OH]
(c) vol of NaOH at end-point= 15.75 cm (graph) 4.2 1 mol of HCI =
mol of NH [H =Ix 10 mol dm
CH CH OH )CO,H + NaOH 0.100x VHcI =0.200 x 20.0
CH,CHOH)CO, Na" + H0 pH -logio [H
mol of lactic acid = mol of NaOH
4.3 8.6 12.15 15.7 VHCI 40cm° s-logiotlx 1 0 ) = 7
Vol. of NaOHI cm (ans) Hence, at 2S °C, water has a pH of 7. (ans)
=0.050x 7.875x104
i ) mol of benzoic acid = mol of NaOH ep-b-CP
[lacticacid)- O07.875x 10 pH end-point
0.0788 mol dm (uns) 0.050x0 (pH7)

M, of lactic acid = 3(12) + 6(1) + 3(16) 90

=
4.30 x
10 mol

conc. of lactic acid = (0.0788 x 90) g dm

benzoic acid] =
x 4.30x 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

7.09 -0.0430 mol dm volume of added acid/ em (4ns)

gdm (ans) (ans)
(d) At half-neutralisation, mol of CoHsB(OH)> =

mol of NaOH
(as)
vol of NaOH=
=7.9 cm (and pH 3.9) =

= 0.050x 00
(ii) methyl orange 3.-44

Since [lactic acid] [lactate)

=

= 3.55 x 10" mol

pH at half-neutralisation = pk, -3.9
i.e. pk, = -logoK, = 3.9 ICHB(OH)»]- x3.55 x10
K= 1.26 x 10" mol dm
(uns) 0.0355 nol dm (ans)
CSice-y-blp Sisp-by

ugstioS hclstuy
ATevelPructice puvstions-
2-70 Equilibria

34 35 Equilibria 2-71
(a)
(a)
(1) For a weak
acid, HA, (a) Mg(OH);(S)* Mg" (aq) 20H (aq) + 39
+OH (a) pOH=
() NH+ H,0NH: HA(aq) H'(aq) + A(aq) Kon [Mg"[OH} mof' dm 14- pH =
14-12.3 =
1.7
NH,CI NH +CI (ans)
pOH-logio[OH] 1.7
=

If a small amount of acid (H" ions) is added, it K 4T (ans) (b) Let the solubility of Mg(OH)} be
y mol dm3 [OH]=2.0 x 10 mol dm (ans)
1S removed by the large concentration of NH3 [HA Mg(OH)(s) Mg"(aq) +20H(aq) (b)
present in the buffer. Hence, the pH remains 2y mol dm
almost unchanged. (ii) pk,=-log1o Ka (ans) () Ca(OH)n(s)
=Ca*(aq) +20H(aq)
Ksp[Mg"i[OHT =ON2y - 4y
H+NH; NH (b) pH = -logio (1.80x10)-logio0
IMg"=y=V}K, = }}2.00x10-T
K [Ca"j(OHT (ans)
..
(added) i) Ca(OH)Ms) =
If a small amount of base (OH ions) is added.
= 4.74- 0 . 3 0 = 4.44 (ans)
Ca* (aq) +20H(aq)
-
1.71x 10 mol 2x mot 10 dm
it is removed by the large concentration of c) dm (ans)
NH from the salt. Hence. the pH again () salt)new (0.20+ 0.05) mol dm Kp [Ca OHT
remains virtually unchanged. (c) % left in solution =(/x104 -x
100) %
4.0x 10 =
[Ca*](2.0 10 x
0.25 mol dm 0.054
OH+NH» NH;+H,O (ans) acid new (0.40 -0.05) mol dm = 0.32 % [Ca*] = 1.0x 10 mol dm (ans)
(added) (from salt) (c)
% extracted =
(100 0.32) %
=

dm0.35 mol
-

ii) NHCI » NH4 +CI

pH =-logio (1.80x10)-logio(
=
99.7 % (ans)
i)
CaSOs)=Ca(aq) +SO,"(aq)
mol of NH = mol of NH.CI
0.25

Step-by-`tep
K=[Ca*jSOj (ans)
= 4.74 0 . 1 5 = 4.59
i) CaSOa(s) =
TE35 1.0mol change in pH = 4.59-4.44 0.15 (ans)
38. Ca*"(aq) SO4(aq) +

[NH4 (aq)] = 1.0 mol dm

(a) Kp [Ca"][OHT (ans) Ix 10 moi dm
(ans) (1i) pH of water = 7.0 Krp [CaI[SO.j
(b) 2.5x 10 =(1.0 x 10
mol of
NH =
15.0 x
6.0 mol NaOH > Na" +OH (i) OH + H*> H,O [so:j
0.050 mol dm mol of OH = mol o f H
[SO-2.5 x 10 mol dm (ans)
NHaq)] =6.0 mol dm (ans)
pOH-logio[OH] =0.050 x 182 (iii) Ca" ions are common to both calcium
(b) 1000 hydroxide and calcium sulfate.
-Hogio (0.050) = 1.30
(i) NH4= NH; +H (ans) =
9.10 10 mol
pH 14-pOH
x
Ca(OH)(s)= Ca"(aq)+20H (aq)
lor NHs(aq)NH-OH [OH]= ( x9.10x 10) mol dm CaSO(s) Ca"(aq)+ SO,"(aq)
=
14-1.30 = 12.7
change in pH = 1 2 . 7 -7.0 5.7 (ans) 0.0455 mol dm The high [Ca] pushes the equilibrium to the
NH][H (ans) left. Hence, solubility of CaSO, is
(11) K, =

(ans) suppressed
[NH1 (d) A buffer system which
helps to control the pOH =-logio [OH] due to the common ion effect and [SOJ is
pH seen to be less than 5.0 mol dm". (ans)
of blood is HCO; /H,CO3. (ans)) -log1o (0.0455) 1.34
x
10
[NH. ][OH]
or K NH (aq)] or HPO/HPO, butfer system.] pH 14-pOH
40.
OStep-by-Step = 1 4 - 1.34

(ii) [HT= KNH -

NH] 6.00x 10 O 36. = 12.66 =12.7 (ans)
(a) Kof PbCrO, = [Pb*1(CrO, (ans)
(a) BaSOs(s) = (b) Let the solubility ot PbCrO, be r.
10 mol dm 1.0 Ba*"(aq) + SO^ (aq) (ii) Ca(OH)2 =Ca*" +20H Vl.69x 10-i4
pH=-log1o[H ] =-logio (1.0 x 10 K [Ba"][so mol dm (ans) Ca- t[OH]= s mol dm
10 (ans) (b) Let the
=
1.30 x
10 mol dm (ans)
solubility of BaSO, be x mol dm
Kp=009ss(0.0455)} mot'dm
or [OH= 1.67x 10 =1.0x10 mol dm BaSO4s) Ba"(aq) +SO"(aq) () [Pb* l.69x10-4
mol dm
-
4.71 x 10 mol' dm (ans) (CrO1 0.010
pOH-logio(1.0x 10)=4
pH 14-pOH =

14-4= 10 (ans)
Ksp-[Ba"IISO,1= x)x) () Caleium hydroxide is used to rectity aciditY n
=
l.69 x l0 mol dm (ans)

CSip-by-Sie
Ba"]=x=yK., =V1.30x10 10 soil ( liming'). (ans)) SiCp-o

1.14 x 10 mol dm O as limewater used in testing for CO gas

(ans)
Sp:
(c) BaCO, with the acid in the stomach to
reacts
give soluble Ba" salis which
are
poisonoUs,
(ans)

Teol 'atice Questions

level Pctiee (uestiomsChenuuy C suy
2-72 Equilibria
41.
42
(a) Kp= [Pb"][7 (ans) (a)
) K [Mg*][OH ] (ans)
(b)
() Pbl(s)
Pb"aq) + 2(aq) (ii) pH of well-limed soil =
9
[Pb]=[Pbl2]=467mol
207+2(127) dm -3
or pOH = 14 -9=5

046 mol dm [OH ]= 1.0 x 10 mol dm

461
K sp 1.8x10-12
=1x 10 mol dm (ans)
[Mg OH 1 (1.0x10-5)2
(i) [] =2 x [Pb*j
0.0180 mol dm (ans)
2 x 1x 10 mol dm
=2 103 (ii) pH of peat-based soil 6.5
x mol dm (ans)
or pOH = 14-6.5 7.5

Kp [PbjT [OH]=3.16 x 10 mol dm

=(1x 102 x 10 mof dm
]= Rsp 1.8x10-12
= 4x 10 mol dm (1 sf) (ans) [Mg [OH-1 3.16x10-)
=
1800 mol dm" (ans)
(c) In the mixture, []=}x 4 x10 mol dm
2 x 10 mol dm3 (iv) The more acidic, peat-based
soil favours good
(since volume is cultivation of blue hydrangeas. (ans)
doubled; Vwater Vki)
Kgp [PbiT (b) M, of (NH,);Mg(sO.),.6H,0
4x 10 =[Pb2*] x (2 x
10 2[14+4(D]+24.3+2[32.1+4(16)]+6[2(1)+16]
[Pb"= 1x 10 mol dm = 360.5

minimum [Pb*"] in the experimental mixture is % by mass of Mg*" (x100)%

=

Ix 10 mol dm.
Since the experimental mixture has been =
6.74 % (ans)
diluted by half, therefore, the minimum [Pb"]
from the flooded lead mines will be (c) NH + H0 NH3 + Hy,0*
(2x1x 10) =2 x 10 mol dm (ans) NH is hydrolysed in water to give the acidic
H,O ions. Hence, NH" (aq) is acidic. (ans)
(d)
The presence of acidic
(i) Silver or copper. (ans)
the insoluble Mg(OH)> and
NH4 (aq) helps dissolve
hence, increases
(ii) Pblz(s) redissolves in excess aqueous [Mg), thereby helping the uptake of Mg" by
potassium iodide due to the formation of the plants. (ans)
complex ion, Pbl4°(aq). (ans)) C Step- by Sus2
C Stcp-by-Sp

A-Levei Practice Questions - C h e .