Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Available ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Availableonline
onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect 
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 167–170
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

The
The 12th
12th International
International Conference
Conference Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity in
in Engineering
Engineering

Acoustic
Acoustic optimization
optimization of
of aa music
music practice
practice classroom
classroom
Manufacturing Engineering Societya,International Conference 2017,
a MESIC 2017, 28-30 June
a
Daniela-Roxana Tămaş-Gavrea
2017,a, *, Constantin Munteanua, Raluca Fernea (Iştoan)a,
Daniela-Roxana Tămaş-Gavrea *, Constantin Munteanu
Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
0F

, Raluca Fernea (Iştoan) ,

a
Adrian
Adrian Loghin
0F

Loghina
Costing models for capacity
a
Technical University
a of Cluj-Napoca, optimization
28 Memorandumului Street,in Industry
400114, 4.0: Trade-off
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
between used capacity and operational efficiency
Abstract
Abstract A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb
Music practice classrooms are essential built spaces needed in order to accommodate students, belonging to a music sector from a
Music practice classrooms are essential built
a
spacesofneeded
University Minho,in order toGuimarães,
4800-058 accommodate students, belonging to a music sector from a
Portugal
specific faculty, in their teaching activity. bUnochapecó,
The main objective
89809-000of a musicSC,practice
Brazil classroom is to establish a proper sound
specific faculty, in their teaching activity. The main objective ofChapecó,
a music practice classroom is to establish a proper sound
communication between students and teacher. Unfortunately in most of the faculties with musical profile, a current problem
communication between students and teacher. Unfortunately in most of the faculties with musical profile, a current problem
faced by students is the lack of adequate musical practice classrooms. Most of the rooms practice conditions do not ensure an
faced by students is the lack of adequate musical practice classrooms. Most of the rooms practice conditions do not ensure an
optimal acoustic comfort, their sound performance being inadequate for music education facilities. More often the existing
optimal acoustic comfort, their sound performance being inadequate for music education facilities. More often the existing
practice classrooms are expected to be too reverberant in order to ensure an intelligible environment for the occupant. This paper
Abstract
practice classrooms are expected to be too reverberant in order to ensure an intelligible environment for the occupant. This paper
presents an acoustic study made in one of the existing practice classrooms of The Faculty of Orthodox Theology from Alba-Iulia.
presents an acoustic study made in one of the existing practice classrooms of The Faculty of Orthodox Theology from Alba-Iulia.
Various the
Under methods of determining
concept the reverberation
of "Industry time areprocesses
4.0", production discussed in the be
will paper. Acoustic
pushed to bemeasurements of reverberation
increasingly time
interconnected,
Various methods of determining the reverberation time are discussed in the paper. Acoustic measurements of reverberation time
were developed
information according
based on a to the
real timeexisting
basis norms.
and, Also empirical
necessarily, formulae
much more were used in
efficient. In the reverberation
this context, time calculation.
capacity The
optimization
were developed according to the existing norms. Also empirical formulae were used in the reverberation time calculation. The
obtained
goes results
beyond thewere compared
traditional aimwith
of the admissible
capacity limits provided
maximization, by the current
contributing also legislation.
for In order profitability
organization’s to fit the obtained
and values
value.
obtained results were compared with the admissible limits provided by the current legislation. In order to fit the obtained values
of the reverberation time between the admissible limits some acoustic solutions were proposed.
Indeed, lean management
of the reverberation andthecontinuous
time between improvement
admissible limits approaches
some acoustic suggest
solutions were capacity optimization instead of
proposed.
maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves
©
© 2018
2019 The Authors. Published
The Authors. Published byby Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
© 2018 The
contributionsAuthors.both
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an openfrom theunder
access article practical
the CCand theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical
BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an
model foropen accessmanagement
capacity article under the CC BY-NC-ND
based on different license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12thcosting models
International (ABC and
Conference TDABC). A in
Interdisciplinarity generic model has been
Engineering.
Selection and
developed andpeer-review
it was used under responsibility
to analyze of the 12th
idle capacity andInternational Conference
to design strategies Interdisciplinarity
towards in Engineering.
the maximization of organization’s
value. The
Keywords: trade-off
music capacity reverberation
practice classroom; maximization time;vs operational
acoustic efficiency
measurements; isformula;
Sabine’s highlighted
acousticand it is shown that capacity
rehabilitation.
Keywords: music practice classroom; reverberation time; acoustic measurements; Sabine’s formula; acoustic rehabilitation.
optimization might hide operational inefficiency.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
1. Introduction
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference
1. Introduction
2017.
Classrooms for music practice are important acoustically prepared spaces needed in the students’ education.
Classrooms
Keywords: for music
Cost Models; practice
ABC; TDABC; are important
Capacity Management;acoustically
Idle Capacity; prepared
Operational spaces
Efficiencyneeded
in the students’ education.
Proficient music performance is considered by many musicians and teachers to be dependent on effective
Proficient music performance is considered by many musicians and teachers to be dependent on effective

1. Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.:+40 743 841201.
* The
Corresponding
cost author.
of idle Tel.:+40is743
capacity 841201.
a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance
E-mail address: roxana.tibrea@cif.utcluj.ro
E-mail address: roxana.tibrea@cif.utcluj.ro
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured
in several©ways:
2351-9789 tons
2018 The of production,
Authors. available
Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity
2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is anAfonso.
* Paulo open access
Tel.:article under
+351 253 510the761;
CC BY-NC-ND
+351 253license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC fax:
BY-NC-ND 604 741
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
E-mail and peer-review
address: under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
psafonso@dps.uminho.pt
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review
2351-9789 © under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of the scientificbycommittee
Published Elsevier of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.198
168 Daniela-Roxana Tămaş-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 167–170
2 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

practice [1]. As music students can spend up to 40 hours per week in music practice and rehearsal rooms, these
rooms are very important interior spaces in the daily music activity of a school [2]. Good room acoustics in a small
music room enable a music teacher to more effectively teach subtle concepts such as intonation, articulation,
balance, dynamics and tone production while a poor acoustical environment can adversely affect the development of
basic musical skills of a music student [3]. An important parameter used in the practice classrooms acoustic
evaluation is reverberation time. It is defined as the time in seconds needed for the sound pressure level to decay 60
dB from its initial level after a sound source is switched off. This paper presents the evaluation made on the
reverberation time parameter into an existing music practice classroom in term of measurements and theoretical
aspects. The studied room was found unsatisfactory for the music activities performance, therefore acoustic solutions
were proposed in order to achieve proper conditions for music classes.

2. Case study

2.1. Space description

A music practice classroom from The Faculty of Orthodox Theology, Alba-Iulia was chosen for this study
(Fig. 1). The geometrical dimensions of the room are 9.05mx6.50mx3.90m (LxWxH) and the volume is V=222 m3.
The walls and the ceiling are plastered and painted in light colors. The floor is covered with a durable and easy to
maintain linoleum. The door and the windows profiles are made of PVC. The benches and the chairs disposed in
three rows are made by wood.

Fig. 1. Music practice classroom interior view.

2.2. Reverberation time

In order to investigate the interior acoustic conditions of the studied room, reverberation time evaluations using
acoustic measurements and theoretical formulae, were made.
Acoustic measurements, using a Bruel&Kjaer equipment, were carried out according to the International
Standard (ISO 3382) [4], in an empty occupancy condition. An omnidirectional sound source was placed at the
center of the speaker’s area and six receiver points were distributed uniformly in the seating area (Fig 2).

Fig. 2. Sound source and microphones position.

 Daniela-Roxana Tămaş-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 167–170 169
Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 3

The sound source was disposed at a height of 1.5 m above the floor and at a minimum distance of 1.5 m away
from any microphone position [4].
The height of the microphones was establish at 1.2 m above the floor, corresponding to the students ear height in
typical chairs with a distribution chosen in order to cover all the audience seating area. Microphone positions were
disposed at least half a wavelength apart and the distance from any microphone position to the nearest reflecting
surface, including the floor, were chosen at least a quarter of a wavelength [4].
Theoretical determinations of reverberation time values were made according to Sabine formula [5]:

V
T = 0.163 (1)
A

where: T – reverberation time, [s];

V – volume of the studied classroom, [m3];
A –∑Si⋅αi is the equivalent absorption area, Si is the area of each material and αi is the absorption
coefficient of these materials as function of frequency, [m2].

2.3. Results

The obtained results, through measurements and theoretical calculations, recorded minor differences (Tab. 1).

Table 1. Reverberation time results.

125Hz 250Hz 500Hz 1000Hz 2000Hz 4000Hz
Theoretical determinations 3.88 2.88 2.41 2.06 1.91 1.84
Acoustic measurements 3.55 2.63 2.30 1.84 1.62 1.23

The reverberation time results were compared with the admissible limits by respecting the requirements provided
in STAS 9783/0-84 [6]. According to [6], a mean reverberation time Tm of 0.9 seconds for chamber music
performances was used in reverberation time evaluation.
The ratio between the calculated reverberation time values and the mean reverberation time for unoccupied, 50%
and 100% occupied room should respect the limits presented in STAS 9783/0-83 [6].

Table 2. Comparing the reverberation time values with the admissible limits.
125Hz 250Hz 500Hz 1000Hz 2000Hz 4000Hz
Tmin 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Tf/Tm 4.32 3.20 2.67 2.29 2.13 2.04
Tf(50%)/Tm 3.65 2.76 2.36 2.05 1.92 1.85
Tf(100%)/Tm 3.16 2.43 2.11 1.86 1.75 1.69
Tmax 1.41 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Based on Table 2, the reverberation time values exceed the required admissible limits [6].

2.4. Acoustic optimisation

Improved sound characteristics measures consisting in lowering the reverberation time values through sound
absorbing materials were proposed.
Recently, search for new acoustic performance materials at affordable costs has been expanded, as a result of the
increasing environmental awareness. Several wastes were used on developing new types of composite materials with
sound absorbing properties. Since the alternative to recycling is disposal, which is connected to both costs and
environmental impact, building materials need to be chosen so that can be fully recycled after use [7-10].
170 Daniela-Roxana Tămaş-Gavrea et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 167–170
4 Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea et al./ Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000

Commercial perforated panels [7], made by gypsum which can be fully recycled into the manufacturing of new
products, with 6% perforated surface and the background airspace filled with porous absorption material, were
chosen to be place on 58 m2 of the walls surface. The application of the absorptive material solution on the
delimiting walls of the room was made such as no untreated wall to be faced opposite each other.
The new results of the reverberation time obtained after the acoustic rehabilitation, for unoccupied, 50% and
100% occupied room [6], were within the norms required limits (Fig 3).
1.60

1.41
1.40

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20
1.19

1.17
1.13

1.10
1.07

1.07
1.20
Reverberation time [s]

1.04
1.04
1.02

0.98
0.98

0.94

0.94
0.92

0.90
1.00 0.88

0.86
0.84
0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80
0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz
Frequencies [Hz]
Tmin Tf/Tm Tf(50%)/Tm Tf(100%)/Tm Tmax

Fig. 3. Comparing the reverberation time values with the admissible limits after acoustic rehabilitation.

3. Conclusions

Most of the education institutions dedicated to music performance activities aren’t equipped with adequate spaces
in order to ensure good acoustic practice environments. The academic progress of the students is related to the time
spent in proper acoustic conditions during the teaching classes.
An acoustic rehabilitation solution to match the norm’s requirements for a music practice classroom of The
Faculty of Orthodox Theology from Alba-Iulia was presented in the paper. The proposed solutions were chosen in
order to obtain the needed acoustic environment with implications in the used of some commercial renewable
materials in order to avoid the overexploitation of the environment in the context of sustainable development.

References

[1] John M. Geringer, Marilyn J. Kostka, An analysis of practice room behavior of college music students, Contributions to Music Education, No.
11, (1984) 24-27.
[2] Lamberty, D.C., Music Practice Rooms, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.60, No.1, (1980) 149-155.
[3] McCue, E., Rehearsal Room Acoustics, Acoustical Design of Music Education Facilities, E.McCue & R.H.Talaske Editors, Acoustical
Society of America, New York, (1990) 36 - 41.
[4] SR EN ISO 3382-1:2009 – Acoustics. Measurement of room acoustic parameters. Part 1: Performance Spaces.
[5] C 125-2013, Norms related to the acoustics in construction and in urban zones.
[6] STAS 9783/0-84, Parameters for the acoustic design and control of public audition rooms.
[7] Gyptone Activ'Air brochure.
[8] Borlea (Tiuc) A., Rusu T., Ionescu S., Nemeş, O., Determination of sound absorption properties of some new composite materials obtained
from wastes, Romanian Journal of Materials, vol.42, nr.4, pp. 405-414, 2012.
[9] Borlea (Tiuc) A., Rusu T., Vasile O., Using particles of recycled rubber when making some soundproofing materials, Materiale Plastice, vol.
49, nr.4, pp. 275-278, 2012.
[10] Tiuc A.E., Vasile O, Vermeşan H., Acoustic Performance of Composite Materials Made from Textile Waste, Journal of Acoustics and
Vibration, Volume XII, issue 2, pp.111-115, 2015.