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COURSE DESCRIPTION: Prevention and control of common animal pests.

Prerequisite: An. Sci. 21/22

5 hrs. a week (2 lec., 3 lao.) Credit: 3 units

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. To have a working knowledge of the nature, symptoms and general preventive measures in the control
of animal diseases.
2. To be acquainted with prevention and control of common livestock and poultry diseases, including
parasites.

TOPICAL OUTLINE:

1. Understanding the Nature of Disease

1.1. Diseases vs. Health
1.2. Classification of Animal Diseases
1.2.1. General classification
1.2.2. Acc. to the duration of the disease
1.2.3. Acc. to area and number of animals affected
1.2.4. Acc. to country of origin
1.3. Important Aspects of Disease
1.4. Glossary of Terms
2. The Animals and its Environment
2.1. Environmental variables affecting animal health
2.2. Importance of animal diseases to the national economy
2.3. Ten commandments of animal health
3. Etiology of Diseases
3.1. Predisposing factors
3.1.1. Extrinsic factors
3.1.2. Intrinsic factors
3.2. Actual causes
3.2.1. Physical agencies
3.2.2. Chemical substances
3.2.3. Living organisms
4. Transmission of Infectious Diseases
4.1. Mode of Transmission
4.2. Atria of Infection
4.3. Normal Protective Mechanisms of the Animal Body
5. Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
5.1. Importance of Diagnosis
5.2. Basis of Diagnosis
5.3. Field Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
5.4. Laboratory Diagnosis of Diseases
6. General Preventive Measures
6.1. Cleanliness
6.2. Disinfection
6.2.1. Common disinfectants used
6.2.2. Desirable properties of disinfectants
 6.2.3. Methods of applying chemical disinfectants
6.3. Quarantine
6.3.1. Definition
6.3.2. Principle involved
6.3.3. Quarantine practices
6.4. Pasture Rotation
6.4.1. Importance
6.4.2. Procedure
6.5. Vaccination
6.5.1. Importance
6.5.2. Biologic used
6.5.3. General rules and precautions in the use of vaccines
6.5.4. Vaccination/immunologic procedures
6.5.5. Principles of immunity
6.6. Destroying Ailing Animals, and Disposal of Carcasses
6.6.1. When to destroy ailing animals
6.6.2. Methods of carcass disposal
6.6.3. Precautions in the disposal of animal carcasses
7. Rules and Regulations Governing the Handling of Communicable Animals Diseases
8. Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases
8.1. Poultry diseases
8.1.1. Classification of poultry diseases
8.1.2. Poultry diseases, their prevention and control
8.2. Swine Diseases
8.2.1. Classification of swine diseases
8.2.2. Diseases of hogs, their prevention and control
8.3. Cattle and Other Ruminants Diseases
8.3.1. Classification of ruminants diseases
8.3.2. Diseases of ruminants, their prevention and control.

REFERENCES:

1. Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals by Hagan and Bruner.

2. Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals by I.A. Merchant and R.D. Barner
3. Animal Pathology by Russell A. Runnells.
4. Animal Sanitation and Diseases Control, EM 871, War Department Education Manual.
5. Veterinary Manual by Merck, Sharp and Dohme.
6. Animal Health Handbook published by Pfizer.
7. Book of Farmers. Stock Diseases published by Farben-fabriken Bayer AG.

Prepared by:

W.F. Floresca
Professor
 TOPIC 1. UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF DESEASE

At the end of the topic, the student should be able to:

1. Distinguish between health and disease, i.e., draw a demarcation line between the two.
2. Give the various classification of animal disease, citing specific example of each.
3. Understand and explain the basic aspects of the study of animal diseases.

A. Disease vs. Health

Disease is defined as (a) any deviation from the normal functioning of any or all of tissues and organs of the
body; (b) any alteration, interruption disturbance of the body function; (c) any deviation or departure from health.

Health on the other hand, is the state of well being; it is the condition of the body in which the organ or the
tissues are normal and the body fluids balanced such that the body function in a complete state of harmony.

Frequently one cannot say with accuracy that a state of health ceases at a certain point and that a condition of
disease begins. To illustrate the difficulty which may exist in making a distinction between health and disease,
consider the amount of serous fluid which normally is present in the pericardial sac. A certain quantity of it is
physiologic for the lubrication of the pericardial surfaces. Just when does an increase in its amount constitute a
pathologic state? Obviously if a lesion is present which would readily account for the increase of the fluid the
answer is easy to give. Take another example. Normally a variable amount of fat is stored in the fat depots of the
body. Just when, in an animal being fattened, in a well-nourished pregnant female, or in a well-fed brooding hen,
can the amount of fat stored be said to be within physiologic limits and when can it be said to pass over into a
pathologic state? Viewed from this standpoint disease, at times at least, may be an exaggeration of the normal
condition.

To complicate the problem of differentiating between health and disease from the clinical standpoint the fact
arises that altered structure of organs and deviations of the chemical composition of the body fluids do not always
disturb body functions to the extent that delectable signs appear. This absence of symptoms is due to the vast
functional reserve that many organs possess. For instance, the structure of a portion of an organ such as the liver
may be so severely damaged that the function of this part is impaired or completely lost. The animal may show no
visible evidence of the pathological condition because the remaining healthy portion of its own function. In the case
of paired organs, the sound structure may carry on the function of both organs without visible manifestations of
disease appearing.

Furthermore, the making of a distinction between health and disease by clinical observation alone is
sometimes made difficult because some physiologic states may, to a degree at least, simulate pathologic conditions.
For example, abdominal enlargement due to pregnancy may resemble bloat or perhaps ascites. The temporary
elevation of temperature in a severely exercised animal or one confined to a hot stable may resemble that of fever.

The question as to when the presence of external or internal parasites does change the condition of the host
from a state of health to disease is another for which there is often no absolute answer. One might think that the
number of parasites present would be the guide, but this cannot be depended upon because a resistant host may
harbor a large number of parasites without showing clinical evidences of infestation.
 B. Classification of Diseases

a. General Classification

1. Infectious disease – that which is caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi an parasite.
The word infection is derived from Latin “inficere” meaning “to put into”. The more presence of
organisms in the body does not constitute infection. Infection is said to have occurred when
microorganism have successfully invaded the body, have multiplied, and have caused disease.

Infectious disease is at times used interchangeably with contagious disease. But not all infectious
disease is contagious like Tetanus and Botulism. The difference between the two is that: infectious
disease defines the cause of the disease, while contiguous disease defines the ease and method of
transmission of the disease.

2. Non-infectious disease – is a disease caused by nonliving agents other than microorganisms. These my
include physical as well as chemical factors (nutritional deficiency, metabolic disorders, trauma, toxic
materials, and congenital defects) which will be discussed later in the study of the etiology of disease.

b. Classification According to Duration of the disease

1. Acute disease – a disease is said to be acute when it is short lasting, that is causes death within a short
period of time if it does not lead to recovery. It may even cause sudden or instantaneous death as in
per acute disease.

2. Chronic disease – is a lingering disease or one which takes a long course such as Tuberculosis, Chronic
Respiratory Disease or CRD, Chronic Hog Cholera, etc.

c. Classification According to the Area and Number of Animals Affected

1. Endemic disease – localized disease; that which is confined within a limited are in the country.
2. Epidemic disease – that which is widely spread all over the country, affecting the large portion of the
animal population.
3. Pandemic disease – a disease of worldwide distribution such Newcastle disease or NCD, Acquired
immunity deficiency syndrome or AIDS, etc.

d. Classification According to Country of Origin

1. Exotic disease – disease which is not present in the country but is likely to be introduced here; in other
words, it is of foreign origin.
Ex. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia or cattle.
2. Enzootic disease – that which is present in the country causing disease every now and then.
Ex. Hemorrhagic septicemia, Hog cholera, Newcastle disease, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.

C. Important Aspects of Disease

In the study of diseases, it is important to know the various aspects of disease that will help understand
what it is all about and how it can be effectively controlled. These include the following:
 1. Nature of the disease – treats of the origin or distribution of the disease, its infectious nature, species
commonly affected, and also mode of transmission.
2. Etiology – the study or theory of the causation of the disease. Physical and chemical agencies and
parasitic forms of plants and animals constitute this disease-producing factors. This may include the
pre-disposing causes or factors that contribute to the production of the disease.
3. Symptomatology –the study of the external or clinical manifestation of disease. Certain symptoms of
the specific infectious diseases or pathognomonic or diagnostic in many instances. Ex. High fever and
red blotches in the belly, thighs and ears in hog cholera; blood focus in coccidiosis; blood oozing out in
external and orifices of cattle infected with anthrax, etc.
4. Pathology – the scientific study of diseases or diseased organs. The word is derived from the Greek
word “phatos” which means “diseases” or “suffering” and “logos” meaning “science or discourse”. The
study of the development of symptoms and lesion of the disease is tensed of occurrence from the time
of contact or entrance of the etiological agent until recovery or death takes places.
5. Diagnosis – the procedure in arriving at the actual sickness of the animal based on the history of the
disease, etiology, symptoms and lesions, and biologic reaction to certain tests.
6. Prognosis – the outcome of the disease, that is, whether favorable or unfavorable depending upon the
gravity of the diseases. A favorable prognosis means that there is a big chance for the animal to recover.
The effect of the disease whether treatable or non-treatable or curable/non curable.
7. Control – this include both the prevention and curative treatment of the disease. The control of
infectious disease is based mainly on two methods namely; (1) by preventing the spread or the infected
agent virus, (2) by immunizing the susceptible animals against the infection.
 Prophylaxis – treatment which prevent this disease. Rx in the medicine.

D. Glossary of Terms

A clear understanding of the definition of common terms in the study or diseases facilitates the learning
process and remove the ambiguity and or confusion that may exist in the study of diseases.

1. Acute disease – short lasting fatal disease; when the disease causes sudden or instantaneous death, it is
said to be per acute.
2. Allergy – a severe reaction which occurs in some individuals fallowing introductions of certain antigens
into their bodies.
3. Anaphylaxis – acute, shock-like allergic reaction.
4. Anthelmintic – a product which remove worm parasites from the gastro intestinal tracts or other
organs of the body.
5. Antibiotic – a chemical substance produce by the microorganism which has the ability to inhabit the
growth of, or to destroy, other organism.
6. Antibody – specific substance produce by, and in the body as a protective reaction to antigen.
7. Antigen - any foreign protein introduce into the body which stimulate formation of protective anti-
bodies. Ex. Agglutinins, anti-enzymes, opsonin, precipitins.
8. Antiseptic – a compound that inhibits the growth of microorganisms, which is usually applied to the
skin.
9. Auto-intoxication – a disease condition brought about by the absorption or waste products or
autogenous poisons.
10. Bacteria – a uni-cellular (one called) microorganisms which is devoid of chlorophyll and is capable of
producing disease.
11. Bactericide – a product which kills bacteria.
12. Bacteriostat – a products which retards the growth of bacteria.
13. Broad-spectrum antibiotic - an antibiotic which attacks both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria, and may also show some activity against other disease organisms or agents.
14. Chronic disease – a disease of long duration that is it runs a long course.
15. Culture – the propagation of microorganisms or of living tissue cells, in special media conducive to
their growth.
16. Dermatitis – inflammation of the skin.
17. Disinfectant – a product which at certain concentration will kill on contact a wide ramge of disease
organisms.
18. Endemic – a localized disease that which is confined to a limited area.
19. Epidemic – a widespread disease affecting a large portion of the animal population.
20. Epidemiology – the study of medicine which treats of the origin, nature, pathology, and prevention of
epidemic disease.
21. Etiology – the study of the cause/s of disease or their origin.
22. Fungi - certain vegetable organism of a low order of development, including molds, mushrooms and
toadstools.
23. Gram-negative bacteria – bacteria which are decolorized by acetone or alcohol and therefore have a
pink appearance when counterstained with safranine.
24. Gram-positive bacteria – bacterial species which are able to retain a crystal violet color when exposed
to alcohol or acetone.
25. Hypersensitivity – a state in which the body reacts to a foreign agents more strongly than normal.
26. Infection – the word is derived from Latin word “inficere” which means “to put into”. It is defined as the
successful invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms wher they multiply and caused disease.
27. Infestation – the invasion of the body externally by parasites particularly or even protozoa.
28. In vitro – observable on a test tube.
29. In vivo – observable within the living body.
30. Morbidity – refers to the sick rate or animals affected by the disease.
31. Mortality – refers to death rate or the number of animals that die to a given disease.
32. Narrow-spectrum antibiotic – antibiotic whose activity is restricted to either Gram-negative or Gram-
positive bacteria.
33. Pathogenic – disease-producing organisms.
34. Pathogenesis – the study of the development of lesions and symptoms of a disease.
35. Prevention – means first and foremost simply the avoidance of disease by cleanliness.
36. Prognosis – the outcome of the disease, whether favorable or un-favorable.
37. Prophylaxis – treatment which prevent disease.
38. Protozoa – single-celled microorganisms which produce typically by splitting in half. They are found
largely in water and include many parasite forms.
39. Pyemia – the presence of pus-forming organisms in the blood as a result of the presence of an abscess
in the body.
40. Sapremia – the poisoning of the body due to accumulation in the blood of toxic production of
putrefaction.
41. Secondary invaders – infective agents which attack after a primary causative organism has established
an infection.
42. Septicemia – the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins in the blood.
43. Sulfa drug or sulfonamide – synthetic organic compound which has the ability to inhibit the growth of
or to destroy microorganisms.
44. Supportive treatment – treatment of individual symptoms of a disease where diagnosis is obscure or
where a specific treatment has not been established.
45. Therapy - the method of treating disease.
46. Toxemia – the presence of toxic or obnoxious substance in the blood leading to production of disease.
47. Virus – the smallest living microorganisms not visible under ordinary microscope, which lives
parasitically upon plants and animals and sometimes caused disease.
 TOPIC 2. THE ANIMAL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

After having read this topic, the student should be able to:

1. Explain how the different environmental variables could affect the health of the animal.
2. Discuss how losses due to diseases and other causes could affect the national economy.
3. Give the ten basic guidelines to follow in keeping a healthy herd or flocks.

A. Environmental Variables Affecting Animal Health

Therefore, is an interplay between the animal and its environment (sum total of all the forces affecting the
individual) to keep the former in good state of health. When environmental condition is poor, the health of the
animal suffers. Some of these environmental variables which contribute to the production or causation of
disease are as follows:

1. Soil – uneven soil topography may result in the formation of swamps. The swamps serve as breeding place
for mosquitoes which are transmitters of some diseases like fowl pox, malaria, leucocytozoonosis, etc. On
the other hand, warm soil hastens the germination of coccidial cocysts and swine ascarid ova so that the
infective stage of these parasites is reached sooner. This favors the completion of an increase number of life
cycles of these parasites during a given season.
2. Air – humid air in poorly ventilated houses or sheds may contain droplet of expiratory exudates which are
teeming with pathogenic bacteria and filterable virus. This contribute to the cause of respiratory infections
in animals and also some other infections carried by the air, the so-called air-boomed diseases.
3. Sunlight – is a natural disinfectant. Is also essential of the wellbeing of the body as the source of vitamin.
The absence of sunlight, however, inactivate vitamin D and thus predisposes to the young animal to rickets
characterize by swelling or enlargements of the joins.
4. Weather – poor implement weather conditions predisposes the animal to some respiratory diseases like
swine influenza and cold, and also suckling anemia in young pigs.
5. Feed and Water – the quantity and quality of feed may contribute to the cause of gastro-intestinal
inflammation, distention and even rupture of the hallow organs such us the stomach and intestine. Also, the
drinking insufficient water aids in the accumulation of course dry feed in the gastro-intestinal tract leading
to constipation in animals.

B. The Importance of Animal Disease to the Economy

Healthy livestock is fundamental to the welfare of the nation. It provides adequate food supplies and also
produces a stable agricultural industrial economy.

On the other hand, losses due to diseases are real economic factors which could affects not only the family
income but also the national economy in general. Wide spread epidemic in an area is a threat to the livestock
population, not to mention, the large cause of controlling or suppressing the diseases. Besides causing large
mortality, disease outbreaks could decrease animal productivity and also produce inferior quality products.

Losses due to various cause also affect the national economy. These losses my include the following: (a) death
of animals during transit; (b) faulty nutrition: (c) poor breeding practices (d) poor husbandry, abuse, and
carelessness; (e) parasitism; (f) sterility and abortion; (g) unnecessary caused of feeds additives; (h) fake remedies
used by owners; and (i) quarantine and embargoes of animals.
 C. Ten Commandments of Animal Health

The basic guidelines of animal health management apply in keeping all classes of livestock and poultry healthy
unprofitable. These guidelines include:

1. Always be alert for signs of disease and conditions which might produce stress and strain to animals.
2. Get an accurate diagnosis immediately by calling a veterinarian or diagnostic laboratory technician.
3. Buy disease free stock from clean herds and flocks where you can check on the health background of the
animals.
4. Be careful with visitors and strangers who might “track-in” disease around your buildings and yard.
5. Follow a rigid vaccination program with the advice of your veterinarian or guidance from animal
technician.
6. Provide good ventilation and plenty of sunlight for animals raised in confinement.
7. Always keep confined animals in clean, disinfected quarters that are dry and free from drafts.
8. Make certain all animals get a well balance feed to meet their individual nutritional needs for health
growth.
9. Get rid of all dead animals immediately by burning the carcass or burying it deeply with quicklime.
10. Thoroughly clean and disinfect all quarters where disease existed before bringing a healthy animal.
 TOPIC 3. ETIOLOGY OF DISEASES

At the end of the topic, the student should be able to

1. Expound on the factors that contribute to the causation of diseases.

2. Discuss the actual cause of (etiology) of diseases, citing some specific examples

A. Predisposing Causes

This are causes of disease which open up or prepare the way for specific diseases. These can be group into
two: (1) extrinsic or environmental factors, and (2) intrinsic or internal factors.

a. Extrinsic Factors
1. Soil of the Pasture, feedlots, corrals, and yards.
2. Air of the stable houses
3. Water and feed
4. Sunlight
5. Weather, seasons, climate
6. Method of husbandry

[N.B. Refer to environmental variables affecting health for discussion]

b. Intrinsic Factors

The internal factors which contribute to the tendency of an animal to become subject to a particular disease
are:

1. Species – There is a tendency for some species to become affected with certain diseases which
do not occur in other species under natural conditions. The reason for this phenomenon has not
yet been determined. Examples of such conditions are: Strangles and infectious
encephalomyelitis in horses: rinderpest in castle: cholera of hogs; canine distemper of dogs; and
fowl leukosis of poultry.

2. Age – Occasionally in a given species age is a factor in the tendency for animals to become
subject to a disease. Lack of immunity for animals to become subject to a disease. Lack of
immunity in the young, deficiencies in diet at an age when growth is rapid and faulty methods
of husbandry are reasons for this age-predisposition. Diseases belonging in the group are navel
or joint-ill in colts, strangles and influenza in young horses, white scours or infectious diarrhea
in calves, blackleg in cattle 6 to 18 months of age, rickets in young animals, neuro-
lymphomatosis in pullets and cockerels, and tuberculosis in old hens and roosters.

3. Sex – It would be reasonable to suppose that sex would be a predisposing element in disease as
exemplified by the following: carcinoma (tumor) of the penis and prepuce in stallion and
geldings, brucellosis and mastitis in cows, vulvo vagina

4. Color – Even color at times is a factor which predisposes an animal to disease as evidenced by
the following: malignant melanoma in while and gray horses, photosensitization in white-
skinned animals of several species, and “seedy bellios” (malanosis) in black and red breeds of
sows.
 5. Heredity – Susceptibility and resistance to specific bacterial and virus diseases and to
malignant tumors are at least partly attributable to heritable factors. Cold-blood animals
possess a natural immunity toward many of those of mammals. Among mammals there is a
specificity of certain diseases for a species.

B. Actual Causes of Disease

The causes of disease lie in the realms of physics, chemistry, and biology. That is, the actual causes of
pathological processes in the body are either physical agencies, chemical substances, vegetable or animal forms
ranging in magnitude from protozoa to those much higher in the zoological kingdom.

Physical Influences

1) Mechanical injuries caused by:

(1) Forceful or violent contact with surfaces or objects

1 – Contusion = without break in the continuity of skin
2 – Abrasion = circumscribed removal of epidermis of skin
3 – Incision = smooth wound produced by cut of sharp object
4 – Laceration = tearing/stretching of the soft tissues
5 – Perforation = puncture of soft tissues with pointed object
6 – Rupture = Undue stretching of hollow or tubular organ, or severe crushing of solid
organs like liver
7 – Concussion + jarring of brain due to terrific blow upon the head
8 – Sprain = joint injury caused by wrenching; stretching and possibly partial rupture of
ligaments and tendons but no dislocation of fracture of bone
9 – Luxation/dislocation = disarrangement of normal relationship of the bones which
enter into the formation of the joint
10 – Fracture = Break in the continuity of the bones, cartilage, tooth, hoof, horn, or claw.

(2) Physical force which may act gently and continuously, or violently and for a short period
causing compression of the tissues.
1 – Decubitus ulcers or bed sores

(3) Obstruction to passage of the contents through the organ

1. - Hairballs in the intestines

2. - Lungworms in the bronchi
3. - Liver flukes in the bile duct
4. - Accidental swallow of foreign objects like apple

(4) Displacement of an organ or acquired malposition

1. Prolapsed – appearance of an organ or part at a natural or artificial opening.

2. Hernia – protrusion of a loop of intestine or portion of an organ through an

abnormal opening.
 3. Eversion – turning outward of a part such as the lower eyelid; or turning of an
organ inside out such as eversion of the uterus and bladder.

4. Ptosis – falling of an organ, especially of the upper eyelid as the result of paralysis
of the levator palpebrae muscles, the weight of tumor, etc.

2.) Injuries Due to Temperature Influences

(1) Heat – heat produces varying degrees of injury to the tissues depending upon its intensity and duration.
A lesion produce by heat is designated to burn. Burn are graded according to the extent of damage produce

1. – First Degree Burn ->one showing simply reddening of the skin due to an exist of blood in the
capillaries (hyperemia or erythema ). In it there is mild inflammation of the epidermis which subsides in a
day or two and is followed later by a slight peeling of the supper facial layer of the skin.

2. – Second Degree Burn -> characterized by the formation of the vesicle. The heat causes the
epidermis to die and appear coagulated and also gives rise to an inflammation in which so much limp is
poured out into the tissue that a blisters result. There is much destruction of epidermal cell in the area of
the vesicle but, living cell around and beneath it are the source of new cells which feel the gap
(regeneration), so that complete recovery soon occurs.

3. – Third Degree Burn -> there is complete necrosis, and severe inflammation, and the dead tissue
sloughs living an ulcer which heals slowly by the formation of the connected tissue rich in blood vessel
(granulation tissue) which later shrinks, becoming less vascular and very dense (scar tissue).

4. –Fourth Degree Burn ->the tissue is blacken and charred; it is carbonize.

(2) Heat and Sun stroke – under certain environmental condition of temperature, humidity, wind velocity,
and movement of air, usually but not always coupled with strenuous muscular exercise, retention of body heat may
occur. This called heat stroke or sun stroke.

Sign of heat stroke: the stroke usually occurs at the time of over heating but may be postponed a few hours.
The early symptoms are dullness and depression, staggering, palpitation of the heart, rapid and weak pulse,
difficult respiration, redden mucous membrane, and a moderate elevation of temperature . soon the mucus
membrane became pale, even blue, and the temperature rises. The animal trembles, later falls, and dies in
convulsion.

3) Cold- The local effect of low temperature various according to the duration and degree of cold. The
tissue changes in some respects resemble those produced by heat. At first there is a construction of the blood
vessels ( local anemia),followed and later by a paralysis so that they become dilated with blood (hyperemia). If at
this point heat loss is prevented ,the area returns to normal. If the area is not protected and the temperature of the
tissues remains for a short time slightly under the freezing point, the vessel walls suffer injury and inflammation of
the tissue (swelling and redness of the skin) develops. If the temperatures falls still lower, The blood and lymph
stop circulating and the tissue dies. The dead or necrotic areas are sharply demarcated from the healthy tissue.
This dead tissue may later become dehydrated or my putrefy from bacterial infection (gangrene).

3.) Injury Due to the Light

1. Short light waves (ultraviolet rays) Can act as an irritant to the body by producing sunburn,
but the skin can be protected against their action by the format of a pigment, melanin, in the
 epithelial cells. Animals with un-pigmented skin are much more sensitive to light than those
with colored skins.
2. Photosensitization – There are several substances called florescent or photosensitizing
agents which, when present in the body make the tissues more sensitive to light. They cause
the tissue to absorb the chemically active ultraviolet rays to a greater degree. Those of
importance in animal pathology are porphyrins which are derived from the chlorophyll and
certain other pigments found in plants such as buckwheat, some clovers, some wees, and,
during certain years, in Sudan grass and possibly in related grasses. When white-skinned
animals eat these plants, If the weather is cloudy or if they are in the shade, no deleterious
effects occur, but if the animals are allowed to run in strong sunlight, a condition sometimes
called “light sickness” results. It is manifested at times only by a reddening of the skin but at
other times by a severe continuous inflammation, by falling of the hair, by subcutaneous
edema, and skin necrosis. Animals usually recover if place again in the shade.

4.) Injuries Due to Electricity

(1) Electrocution- strong electrical current from artificial sources or from lightning cause burns
or result in death (electrocution). An animal produces a short circuit with his body between
two conductors whether the electricity is artificially produce or is a discharge of lightning
from a cloud to the earth.

The effects of artificially produced electrical current and lightning are the same,
except that in the latter there are usually so-called lightning figures which are tree-shape,
branching, reddish or reddish-blue strangles on the skin.

5.) Injuries Due to Ionizing Radiation

1. The types of nuclear radiation includes: (a) particles designated alpha, Beta, (electron), protein and
neutron, and (b) rays called gamma, x-rays (roent on rays) do not ordinate in the nucleus but arise when atoms are
bombarded by in go-speed electrons. All of these forms of radiation cause ionization in the tissues only if “absorb”.

Injury due to radiation is not always immediately apparent either at the site of primary injury or elsewhere
in the body. Some latent period must elapse before changes becomes visible although tissue alteration must
obviously begin at the moment when the radiation is absorbed. It may be days, weeks, months, or even years
before the height of the reaction is reach.

2. Chemical Agents

Life depends upon chemical reaction, but in these reactions the chemical substances must be
beneficial to the cells. If injurious chemicals substances combine with the protoplasm of cells. So as to
produce structural and functional changes in them, the condition is called poisoning, intoxication, or
toxicosis.

1. Exogenous poisons which enter the body from the exterior. This may include (a)inorganic acids,
bases, and salts such as sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, and mercuric chloride; (b) organic
poisons derived from flowering plants, molds, fungi, and bacteria, and from certain parasitic
and venomous animals. The effects of these toxic agents upon tissues almost a varied as the
substances themselves, e.g., (1) they exert corrosive or caustic action; (2) they produce
 degenerative changes in the lever, kidneys, and heart; (3) they excite depress or paralyze the
nervous system and heart or, (4) they alter the blood.

2. Endogenous poison – those arising from within. The nature of endogenous poisons is not to
well known as that of the exogenous ones. It is known, however, that toxic substances
originated within the body wherever there is disintegrating necrotic tissue such as occurs in
severe burns, in area of gangrene, and in regions of the body affected by extensive intravital
blood-clot formation in the vessels. Endogenous intoxication also occurs as a result suppressed
function of organs as occurs in the condition called uremia. Or it is sometime associated with
perverted metabolisms of the cells which exist in disturbances of some of the glands of internal
secretion. An example is the formation of the toxic beta-oxybutyric acid in diabetes mellitus.

Injuries due to deficiencies of chemical substances in the diet: for the growth, production, and health of
animals a complete diet must contain six classes of chemical substances: carbohydrates, fats, protein, water,
minerals and vitamins. Lack of certain of these materials in the diet may affected the well-being of animals, but as a
cause of serious pathological disturbances, the deficiency of minerals is of most.

3.Plant and Animal Life

1.)Low forms of plant life

The low forms of plant life to include bacteria, viruses, fungi/molds and rickettsias, cause injury to
the cells and tissues in two ways: (a) by producing mechanical injury, and (b) by exerting a toxic action. To
be more explicit, the mechanical injury and the toxic effects of microorganisms results in the following
disease condition in the body:

1. Anemia. General anemia is the result of the invasion of the blood stream by bacteria
which posses a toxic agents that destroy erythrocytes. Clamps of bacteria or
intravascular clots produced by then may construct small vessels and cause local
anemia.
2. Hemorrhage. Bacterial toxin or by- products damage the capillary endothelium which
permit the blood to escape into the tissues.
3. Swelling of the spleen. In the spleen, bacterial toxins may cause (1) an increase in
leukocyte-forming cells, (2) an increase in reticulo-endothelial cells which function in
anti body production, and (3) an accumulation of the remnants of destroyed
erythrocytes in hemolytic infections.
4. Inflammation. The most frequent change produce by microorganisms is local
inflammation which may be associated with more widespread conditions.
5. Infhysema . Some bacteria, particularly the clostridia which are anaerobes , form gas by
fermentation of the tissue they destroy. The presence of this gas under the skin and in
the tissues of the effected area is designated as in emphysema.
6. Nerve-cell. Degeneration. Neurotoxins produce by some bacteria (Closetredium tetani)
cause cells degeneration by combining with the protoplasm of nerve cell.

2. )Lower Forms of Animal Life

Lower forms of animal life which infest higher animals lives either on the surface or the
interior of the body. These include the external parasites like the insects and arachnids, and the
internal parasite belonging to trematodes and cestodes (plathyhelminthes ), nematodes
(nemathelminthes ), and coccidia, leukocytozoa, trypanosomes, etc. (protozoa). These animal
parasites cause lesions in such the same manner as do the lower forms of plant life, i.e., by
mechanical injury by their toxins. The injuries they produce in the body can be grouped
similarly as those resultant from bacterial and virus infection.
 TOPIC 4. TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:

1. Explain what constitutes an infection.

2. Give the atria by which disease organisms may enter the body.
3. State and explain the various ways by which pathogens may be transmitted from one animal to another or
from animal to man and vice versa.
4. Understand how the body may be able to protect itself from infection.

A. What is Infection?

Infection refers to the successful invasion of the body by microorganisms where they multiply and produce
the disease. By this definition means that the mere presence of microorganisms in or on the body does not
constitute infection. Infection is said to have occurred only when the microorganisms have multiplied in the body
and caused physiological disturbance of the body functions.

B. Atria of Infection

The avenue through which an organism gains entrance to the body is called its portal of entry or atrium of
infection. The atria of infection may include the following:

1. Exogenous infection - This refers to infection arising from contact with infective external objects. Infection
frequently occurs through a break in the continuity of the skin or mucous membranes caused by wounds,
bites of animals, blood-sucking parasites, etc. Ordinarily, the intact skin is an efficient barrier against
infection but microorganisms occasionally enter through the glands or hair follicles. Some bacteria, such as
the diphtheria bacillus, injure the unbroken mucous membrane to gain entrance into the body.

2. Endogenous infection - This is an infection caused by organisms constantly or normally present in the body
or on it. Normally the microorganisms (saprophytic) do not cause disturbance to body functions unless the
resistance of the animal has been weakened.

3. Cryptogenic infection - This is a type of infection in which it is impossible to determine the atrium of
infection. In some cases of Tetanus, for example, careful search may fail to reveal the channel thru which
the organism reaches the deeper tissues where toxin is liberated.

The path by which the microorganisms enter the body of the host usually determine the type of infection
which results. As a general rule, microorganisms show a marked specificity, or affinity, for certain types of tissues.
For example, the typhoid bacillus infects intestinal tissue and pneumococcas infects the pulmonary tissues.

These organisms, therefore, cause the typical disease when they gain access directly to the susceptible tissue:
neither is dangerous when entrance is made through scratches in the skin. The reverse is true of tetanus which
most frequently results from the penetration of the skin by sharp objects which introduce the spores of the
organism, however ,the organism can be isolated from the intestines and feces of normal animals. A few species of
bacteria produce disease when entering by any or all of the infection atria, for example, the organism causes
infection when it enters scratches in the skin, wounds caused by insect bites, the conjunctiva of the eye, the lungs,
or dust particle or the air, and when taken into the intestinal tract in infected food. Some bacteria produce no
lesions at the site of entry by localized at distant points. The Bang's disease organism enters through the digestive
tract but most frequently involves the uterine and mammary tissues.
 C. Transmission of Infectious Agents

Pathogenic organisms are transmitted from infected to susceptible animals in a variety of ways:

1. Direct or immediate contact with a diseased individual. This involves actual contact between a diseased
and a normal surface, such as when a cow licks the external genitals of another animals and thus picks up the
organism of Bang's disease or Brucellosis, when ringworm is contracted by an animal's rubbing against the
affected skin of another, or when venereal infections are transferred through sexual contact.

2. Contact through fomites . Formites are inanimate (non-living) objects that may serve to carry infections
from one animal to another, such as a bran sack which may convey dried discharge of an aborting cow to another
cow, perhaps in a different herd: a motor truck that has not been properly cleaned and disinfected after carrying
diseased stock.

3. Contact with disease carriers. A disease carrier may infect others either directly or indirectly just as is
done by a frankly diseased individual. This can be an animal that is convalescing or has recovered from a
contagious disease, another species of animal not susceptible to the disease, or an immune animal which has been
exposed to infection.

4. Infection from the soil. Certain spore-bearing organisms which live in soil are able to produce disease in
animals if chance carries them into the tissues, usually through wounds in the skin. Blackleg of cattle and tetanus
and gas gangrene infections are of this type.

5. Infections from food and water. Serious infections derived from food and water are more common, in man
than in animals since animals do not suffer from typhoid and dysentery organisms which are principal menaces to
man. Infections through these avenues can still occurs in animals as confirmed in the following causes: anthrax is
conveyed to animals through hay and straw raised in lowland which are infected with anthrax spores; similarly,
water is often suspected as spreading animal diseases from one pasture to another which small stream flow
between the, and occasionally the suspicion has been confirmed; leptospirosis is also transmitted in this way.

6. Air-borne infection. Disease organisms do not spread very far through the air, though it was formerly
believed they did. When individuals are close together and specially when indoors, droplets of moisture sneezed
and coughed from the upper air passages often convey the organisms of the respiratory tract in man, influenzal
infections of man.

7. Infections from blood-sucking arthropods . Some diseases of man and animals are normally transmitted
trough the bites of flies, fleas, mosquitoes, lice or ticks. Malaria and yellow fever are good example of such disease
of man, and anaplasmosis, trypanosomiasis and babesiosis re examples in animals.

8. Infections from organisms normally carried. Pathogenic streptococci , pneumococci, pasteurella, and some
other organisms can often be found on the mucous membranes of the head of apparently normal individuals. It is
believed that infections sometimes occur from such organisms when the normal defensive forces of the body and
weakened in any way.

9. Infections acquired in the laboratory. These usually appear in those who work with highly virulent and
infectious microorganisms such as Brucella melitensis, pasteurella tularensis, etc.

D. Normal Protective Mechanisms of the Animal Body

A discussion of the relationship of microorganisms to disease would not be complete without a brief
description of the normal mechanisms which all animals are protected against infection. That these mechanisms is
an efficient one is apparent when one conceders all of the possibilities of infection which animals encounter in
their daily life; in fact, it is only when this natural protection fails to function that infections result. The type of
tissue, the nature of secretions and their drainage, acidity and alkality all functions in normal protection against
infection.

1. Skin. The hair coat of mammals and the feather of birds serve to protect the skin the layer of epithelial cells
of the normal skin constitute and effective barrier against bacterial invasion. The skin of animals is
constantly covered with bacteria which are potentially disease-producing when they invade the
subcutaneous tissues. Many bacteria though penetrate into the crypts of sweat glance and into hair follicles
from which they inter into deeper tissues. Even under such conditions, they encounter an additional
protective- the tissue phagocytes.
2. Mucous membranes. The epithelial covering the mucous membranes also constitute an effective barrier
against bacteria. These tissue is constantly but in mucous which prevents bacteria from becoming establish
in crypts and folds. The mucous membranes of the eyes are continually wash by lacrical secretion and those
of the external genitalia and the urinary tract are periodically flushed with urine which prevents the
lodgement of bacteria.
3. Lungs. The mucous membranes, the mucous and the tortuous characteristics of the nasal cavity protect the
upper air passages against infection and also prevent the passage of dust particles into the lower part of the
pulmonary system. The trachea is line with mucous membrane, and in the bronchi dilated epithelium tends
to sweep foreign particles outward; however, when bacteria surmount these barriers and reach the
bronchioles and alveolae, infections results if they are in sufficient numbers to overcome the humoral and
cellular defence of these tissues. They act of coughing makes it possible for bacteria to be carried outward
in the mucous in which they have been entrapped.
4. Intestinal tract. The epithelial and mucous cells are most valuable barriers against infection throughout the
digestive canal. Various secretion, however, have a protective function in addition to being primarily
concerned with the digestion of food. Saliva as a feeble germicidal power and, in addition, keeps the mouths
and oesophagus bathe. Gastric juice is definitely inhibitory to many kinds of bacteria and their toxins
because of the high hydrogen-ion concentration. The peristaltic movement of the intestinal tract prevents
the lodgement of bacteria, and accumulated masses of bacteria are dispersed by the constant mixing of the
intestinal contents.
5. Cenito-urinary tract. Previous mention has been made of the protective value of epithelium, mucous
secretion, and urine lavage to the urinary tract and external genitalia. These factors prevent the
establishment of infection such tissues unless there has been massive contamination. The function of the
urinary bladder has a collecting reservoir for urine prevents except in rare cases, the ascent of bacteria into
the ureters. The vital reproductive glands, testis and ovaries, are protected from external contamination by
tortuous tubes, which connect them with external parts. In the female, the ciliated epithelium of the
fallopian tubes serve as a noteworthy obstacle to bacteria. In the pregnant animal the cervix is sealed with
a tenacious substance which is most effective protection for the developing embryo.
6. Eyes and Ears. The eyelashes and eyelids protect the eyes against for an objects which maybe contaminated
with bacteria. The voluntary response of lachrymal glands when foreign particles do reach the eye aids in
diluting the invading substance, and if it is not too heavy or does not become lodged, it will washed it away.
The delicate mechanism of hearing is protected by the seal of the ear, the ear hairs and ear wax. The
invasion of the ear by bacteria from the exterior is extremely rare.
 TOPIC 5. DIQGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

At the end of the topic, the student should be able to:

1. Explain in his own words the importance of making an accurate diagnosis of a disease.
2. Give and discuss the bases in making diagnosis of diseases.
3. Explain the different diagnostic procedures or tests that may be undertaken in the laboratory to clinch the
diagnosis of a disease

A. Importance of Accurate Diagnosis in the Control of Diseases

Diagnosis refers to the art or act of discriminating between diseases and of distinguishing them by their
characteristic symptoms. To do this, one must have a good grasp of what the disease is, its cause, pathognomonic
symptoms and also lesions, and biological tests to confirm earlier findings.

Accurate diagnosis of a disease offers many exceedingly complex problems. The knowledge regarding the
normal animal and the animal in ill-health has during the latest decades been enormously increased. With it has
come the realization that there can be no animal disease control until the exact nature of the problem is
understood. Paradoxical as it may seem, increased knowledge has caused greater difficulty in arriving at a precise
diagnosis, though it cannot be disputed that this has resulted in a much better final solution and handling of the
problems.

B. Bases of Diagnosing Diseases

The diagnosis of an infectious disease is based on the following:

1. History and symptoms - Infectious diseases have a definite series of symptoms, some of them being
pathognomonic and thus, permitting of a more or less accurate diagnosis. The history many times would lead one
to conclude or at least, suspect the existence of an epizootic disease in the locality. Symptoms of an infectious
disease may however , be obscured by complications or secondary infections and these should be taken into
account before a diagnosis is made.

2. Etiology - The cause of an infectious disease is always specific and in determining the cause, Koch's
postulates should be followed, as closely as, possible. Exceptions to this rules, however, occur and proper
allowance for them should be made.

In order to prove the relationship of an organism to a disease Koch proposed rules which must be fulfilled
namely:

1. The organism must be found in each case of the disease.

2. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

3. The organism must reproduce the disease in the susceptible animal or in a suitable experimental animal.

4. The organism must be isolated from the tissues of the experimental animal in pure culture.

In some cases it has been found difficult to satisfy each of the requirements, and exceptions based on the
following reasons has been acknowledge:
a. Organisms which have grown on artificial media for some time may dissociate to such an extent that
virulence is lost. They are no longer able to reproduce the disease. Some strains of bacteria may be
isolated directly from the infected animal and not be able to reproduce the disease until they have been
increased in virulence by serial passage through experimental animals.

b. One organism may be most effective in the presence of another one. This synergistic action has been
proven in this relationship of the virus of swine influenza and the organism Hemophilus suis.
 c. In some cases the filterable viruses cannot be grown on artificial media, but when the media, living
tissues, on which viruses will multiply are used, even this rule can be fulfilled.

3. Lesions or Morbid Anatomy - Infectious disease shows on autopsy of a number of cadavers certain specific
lesions which are pathognomonic of the disease, e.g. turkey egg kidneys in hog cholera, the presence of flukes in
the gall bladder and liver of ruminants infected with fascioliasis.

4. Biological Reaction - Biologic test such as the tuberculin and mallein tests are very valuable in the diagnosis
of an infectious disease like tuberculosis and , respectively . In fact, positive reaction to these tests is sufficient
basis for condemnation of the carcass.
C. Field Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
While it is recognized that diagnosis of the disease by a layman is rather difficult, field diagnosis can be made
based on the following:
1. History, symptoms, and/or lesions of the disease.
2. Epizootiology or the distribution, transmission and susceptibility of the host to the disease.
3. Post-mortem lesions.
D. Laboratory Diagnosis of Diseases

Many of the facilities for the making of refined diagnoses are usually available only in the laboratories. It is
therefore natural that the aid of these laboratories and their staffs are caught when unusual difficulties arise in
diagnosing the disease.

A brief statement about some of the special diagnostic methods are given below:

1. Biopsy - This signifies a detailed examination of tissues, normal or diseased, excised from the living body. It
is a method frequently used for diagnosis of tumours and other tissues that are easily accessible for surgical
removal.

2. Autopsy or necropsy - This is an examination of the internal organs of a dead body for a purpose of
determining the cause of death, or of studying the abnormal conditions that may be present. In the diagnosis of
animal ailment it is very generally resorted to because the life of the individual is not of as great value as that of the
flock or herd: therefore , it is not uncommon to kill a sick animal for autopsy purposes in order that the lives of the
group may be safeguarded.

It is never safe the uninformed to open an animal carcass if the general nature of the deceased is not
understood. It may be a method of spreading highly contagious diseases, or the operator may expose himself to a
dangerous infection.

3. Chemical tests - These are frequently resorted to for the diagnosis of a large variety of animal diseases. In
cases of suspected chemical poisoning, the stomach contents may be analyzed, or for that matter any tissue in
which the poison is likely to be deposited. Urine, ketones, and other evidences of disease that are likely to manifest
themselves there. Blood is frequently subjected to a chemical analyses to determine its mineral composition,
especially in phosphorus and calcium. A chemical test of saliva of racehorses to determine if they have been
"dopped " previous to racing is available.

4. Animal inoculation tests - In this tests some diseased animal tissue is injected into a test animal such as
guinea pig, rabbit, pigeon, white mice, etc. The purpose is an attempt to reproduce the suspected disease in the test
animal. The diseased tissues or material is injected into the test animal either intravenously, intracranially or intra-
ocularly , and other routes. Its chief disadvantage is the delay occasioned by the time it requires for the disease to
develop in the test animal. It is therefore not in many instances a practical method.

5. Allergic reaction tests - These are exemplified by the tuberculin test and mullein test used in the diagnosis
of diagnosis of tuberculosis and glanders, respectively. These are highly accurate tests.
 6. Feeding tests - It frequently happens that animals become ill and may even die, because of the consumption
of suspected animal foods. In these instances it is not possible in the comparatively brief time at the disposal of the
person handling the investigation to conduct a detailed examination that would lead to the disclosure of the exact
substance in the feed that is harmful. Under the circumstances the best that can be done is to feed the suspected
material en masse to some laboratory animals, or better still to some animals of the same species as those that
originally sickened (that is, if the animal is not costly). The suspected feed should be fed under the same conditions
and in the same daily amounts as that suspected of causing the trouble in the beginning. It must usually be
continued for 10 days or two weeks, and during this period the suspected feed must not be consumed by other
valuable animals.

7. Blood tests - These may include the following:

a .) Agglutination test - This is one in which a small graduated quantity of either whole blood or blood serum
derived from an animal suspected of being affected with certain disease has added to it a definite amount of
reagent known as an antigen. This reagent consists of a suspension of homogenous nature of the specific germ
causing the disease for the diagnosis of which the test is to be conducted. A reaction consists in loss of motility,
aggregation, agglutination or clumping of the specific germs. The test is generally used in the diagnosis of Bang's
disease, Pullorum disease of fowl, etc.

b.) Precipitation test - This consists in bringing together a specially prepared antigen or bacterial reagent and
the suspected serum. Different types of reactions occur such as the suspected serum. Different types of reactions
occur such as the formation of a cloudy zone at the point of contact of the two fluids, or uniform turbidity of the
fluids, the formation of a precipitate or deposit in the bottom of the test tube . The best is sometimes used in the
diagnosis of anthrax, glanders, and swine erysipelas.

c.) Complement-fixation test - This is much more complicated than the agglutination test, and is therefore less
frequently employed in the diagnosis of animal diseases.

8. Other laboratory methods:

1.) Isolation and identification of the organism from the affected organ or organs, e.g. spleen, liver, heart,
brain, etc.

2.) Direct blood smear - This is important in making differential blood count and examination for blood
parasites, e.g. trypanosomes, prioplasma sp., filaria, etc. A small blood drop is placed on one end of the slide and
this is drawn out in a thin layer by means of a cover glass or slide inclined at an angle of 45 degree. The smear is
then examined under the microscope.
 TOPIC 6. GENERAL PREVENTIVE MESURES IN CONTROLLING ANIMAL DISEASE

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1. Expand on the varicose measures use in controlling animal diseases.
2. Develop a diseases preventive program for livestock and poultry.

In the control of infectious disease, prevention in the most important procedure. The healthy must be
segregated from the sick, and this is best to accomplish by removing the healthy animals from the infected ones
rather than vice versa. In some cases, distraction of the infected animals is imperative as tuberculosis, contiguous
pleura-pneumonia and foot-and-mouth diseases of cattle.

Below are some methods of disease control which one can adopt toward off infection and/or prevent the
spread of infection:

1. Cleanliness

Cleanliness is recognize as the antithesis of filth and the later is intimately related to disease development.
Cleanliness should therefore be practical in the farm at all times, e.g., sweeping and scrubbing the dirty floor and
disinfecting it before occupancy, washing the hands with soup and water, cleaning and sterilizing the needles and
syringe before using them, etc. Cleanliness precedes disinfection.

2. Disinfection

Disinfection refers to the destruction of microorganisms either by physical or chemical means. The former
method is often called sterilization, while the latter is termed disinfection; this is not a set role, however, for the
alternate action which kills and the organisms may be the same when either a physical or a chemical method is
employed.

The physical methods of disinfection include the use of the following:

1. Sunlight - light is probably the most effective germicide of the universe. It is deadly to germs and their
spores if it own reach them. In other words, the germ-destroying rays (ultraviolet rays) of the sun are
effective only against surface infections since they do not penetrate material behind which germs may
be screened such as mucus, stable manure, dirt, and comparable materials.
2. Heat – heat is deadly to all forms of light including there of animal parasite and germ, if applied in
situations concentration such as that produce by fire. It is also highly effective in the form of steam
under pressure and scolding water.
3. Electricity – by its generating ability or by its power to free elements from chemical combination such
as chlorine from common salt or possibly from the direct action of the electrical current, is in a measure
destructive to germ life.
4. Other rays and waves – the action of roentgen rays (x-rays) upon bacteria has been subjected to much
study, but the report which have been made are too contradictory to conclude that such rays are
detrimental to bacteria or are practical significance. The same is true of cathode rays, radium, sonic,
and supersonic waves.
5. Refrigeration – This is of no value as a sanitary measure accepting that germs active during warm
weather may be come inactive during the colder season and during this time other destructive agencies
may prove lethal to them. Refrigeration from the continues period of not less than 20 days at a
temperature not higher than 5 degree Fahrenheit will destroy the small parasite trichina import so that
it is safe for human food.
 On other hand, the destruction of microorganism by chemical means is most important to anyone
wishing to control the growth of bacteria and other microorganism. Chemical disinfection cates back
the time of lister. The chemicals commonly use as disinfectants may include the following:
1. Soap – is cleaning and tends to dissolve the natural, protective, greasy coating of the skin, and other
surfaces. This permits amore penetrating action by subsequently applied antiseptic agents.
2. Lye – chemically this is hydroxide of soda or hydroxide of potash or a mixture of the two. It is rated
highly as a disinfectant against viruses and some bacteria, e.g. Anthrax bacilli, Brucella, abortus, etc.
But are of no practical value against tube role bacilli and also gram-positive organisms.
3. Lime – chemically this is oxide of lime, etc. burned lime, stone lime, quicklime and others. Lime is to
weak t exert any great influence as an antiseptic but it seal up smaller cracks of wood o as to
imprison infectious material thus lingering such material more sanitary as well as more attractive
in a appearance. It is a good disinfectant on manure and other animal discharges.
4. Carbolic acid or phenol – this is coal-tar derivative. It is use to measure the efficiency of other
disinfectants. It is effective as a disinfectant against all germs, and if permitted to act long enough
( at least 24 hrs) against h highly resistance pores. It is, however, extremely poisonous and is unsafe
to have it in the premises.
5. Formaldehyde – is a powerful disinfectant when use under proper condition of heat and moisture.
It is probably the only generally applicable fumigant.

Ideal disinfectant has not been discovered and probably never well be, because of the varying conditions
under which they are ask to operate. Some of the desirable feature of a disinfectant are as follows:

a. It should posses high germicidal power, that is, it should kill bacteria in dilute solution.
b. It should relatively stable in the presence of organic matter.
c. It should be homogeneous in composition. Many of the commercial disinfectants, particularly those
prepared from coal tar, may vary considerably in there composition from time to time and
consequently in their germicidal value.
d. It should dissolve in all proportions in water. Carbolic acid in certain delusions when added to
water, droplets of the practically pure acid will remain of the surface of the water and when used on
living tissues may result in severe injury.
e. It is non-poisonous to man and to the higher animals .
f. It should be non-corrosive, that is, it should not attacks metals, endure fabrics, leave stains, or
bleach color.
g. It should be able to penetrate materials to be sterilized rapidly an efficiently.
h. It should be low in cost. Cost must not be judged by volume but its killing power.
i. It should have the power to dissolve or remove grease and all kinds of dirt.
j. It can combine with the destroy malodorous substances; it does not have a disagreeable odor.

Methods of applying chemical disinfectants: methods vary depending upon the region or area, as well as
upon the material to be disinfected.

1. By mean of spray pump – this is use in applying liquid disinfectant to woodwork. This not only result in
surface treatment but also forced the disinfectant into cracks and crevices which are the harbouring
places of any germs.
2. By use of large whitewash brush – this lacks are efficiency of the spray-pump method. It is quite
wasteful of material.
3. By continuous irrigation – when wounds are badly infected and specially if these are deep, continuous
irrigation ma be found to be the desirable method of applying an antiseptic . however, only the mildest
antiseptic should be used for this purpose.
 4. By wiping off the badly infected wound – this must be done carefully to avoid unnecessary irritation,
and without inducing bleeding period. Long-fiber absorbent cotton is almost an ideal agent for this
method of wound handling.
5. Use of antiseptic-impregnated gauzes – usually this is sterilize cheese clothe which has its meshes a
definite percentage of a dry antiseptic. If it is desired to have a gauze antiseptic dressing somewhat
moist, a small amount of glycerine is added. These antiseptic gauzes, either dry or moist, are very
valuable as protective dressing on aseptic or only mildly infected wounds.
6. Applied in the form of dry powder – examples are applied freshly hydrated lime by scattering it on the
floors of barns, though this is a practise having limited value, applying fluoride of soda as disinfectant to
lousy fowl, and applying veterinary antiseptic dusting powders to wounds.
7. By fumigation – fumigation or gaseous disinfections of rooms and their contents is frequently attempts
by means of the gas formaldehyde or the gas chlorine.

3. Quarantine

The word quarantine is derived from the Italian word QUARANTA meaning “forty”, because originally hips
and there passengers coming from a port where smallpox or other infectious diseases prevailed where they tend
for a period of forty days. Today the word in general means the isolation of a person or an animal sick with a
contagious disease, or it also refers to a place where the sick are detained away other animals until the danger of
spread of contagious disease has disappeared. In its wilder application, the quarantine may be in force against an
individual animal, against all the animals, or all animals of the same species, in a town, province, or region and
against those in a foreign country.

The principles governing an affective quarantine are similar in general for individuals or for groups of
animals. There must be no direct or indirect contact between the animal in quarantine and those not so restrained.
It has it variations depending upon the contagiousness of the disease or upon volatility of its causative factor.

Theoretically, the quarantine animals should have separate attendants, their own drinking vessel and other
utensils, as well as the usual equipment . If a separate attendant is not available, then the common attendant
should take care of the sick group last and when he is through with them he must clean his foot wear by thoroughly
rubbing them on a mat saturated with a disinfectant, as well as washing his hands.

4. Pasture Rotation

This is a practical and an important method of control, not only for some of the communicable diseases but
for the prevention of parasite infections as well.

Parasite infections of livestock may very generally be controlled by a system of pasture Rotation. Burning
off pastures has some merit, but does not possess the efficiency with which it is usually credited as these parasites
and there eggs that are in or close to ground may escape destruction. In general, permanent pastures used
regularly by recognized host species are to be regarded as highly dangerous for profitable livestock production and
a system of change of land areas from pasturage to crop production is commendable, In the case of parasites, as
well as for germs, it is fortunate that some of them are specific for certain hosts. For example, some of the
roundworms ( the strongyles) of the horses will not in infest cattle, sheep, and swine, and the stomach worm of
sheep are not dangerous to swine and horses, do in general sheep, goats and cattle are susceptible to the same
parasites. This fact suggests the safe use of pastures for some species, though unsafe for others.

5. Vaccination

Vaccination is an important adjunct in the control of many livestock diseases, but the immunity in relative
and maybe overcome by massive exposure, or moderate exposure to a highly virulent strain of the infecting agent.
It must be supplemented with good sanitary measures to prevent the introduction of infection, and vaccination
should not be considered panacea for controlling a disease. When an effective immunizing agent is injected, the
tissue react to form immune bodies against the agent. The reaction may be accompanied by symptoms by distress,
and this symptoms maybe exaggerated if the animal was not in a state of good health when vaccinated. If a live
vaccine is employed in an unhealthy animal, it may actually produce the disease it was intended to prevent.

Effective active immunization can be accomplished by vaccines that are high in specific antigen content, or
in the case of passive immunization, serum rich in antibody. Improved methods for virus culture, particularly on
the chick embryo, have resulted in vaccines that contain a high concentration of antigen. Newer methods of
attenuation have further improved the virus vaccines, the important of these being the decreased virulence by
passage through an unnatural host.

6. Destroying Ailing Animals and Disposal of Carcasses

Destroying deceased animals having a low value, or those chronically and incurable ill is a sanitary
precaution worthy of the widest application. Fowls, especially, have such a comparatively low value that it is good
insurance to get rid of ailing birds rather than jeopardize the health of the remainder of the flock by permitting
what may possibly be a "Living reservoir" of disease to associate with others. In the larger an more valuable
animals this principle does not such a wide application, and it may be necessary to limit the sanitary steps to a
quarantine of the ailing.

Disposal of animal carcasses in a proper manner is an important step in animal disease prevention. The
suggested cautions are:

1. Don't dispose of a carcass by depositing it in or near a stream of flowing water, because carry infections to points
down stream.

2. Don't use carcasses for animal feeds because there is too much danger that an infection in responsible for the
death and by using it for animal feed it may infection the litter.

3. Don't permit an animal dead of a contagious disease to remain so that biting insects can reach it as these animals
are usually leaded with infection.

4. Don't open a carcass for an autopsy or other purpose unless this has the approval of a graduate veterinarian. The
blood or other tissues of animals that died of contagious disease are rich in the causative germ, hence the opening
of the carcass would likely result in a more or less permanent infection of the premises.

5. The most sanitary method of destroying carcasses is to burn then, preferably close to the sight of their death,
without dragging them anymore than is absolutely necessary and then only a wheeled vehicle or a sled, because of
danger of ground contamination.

6. The most common method of carcass disposal is by burial. This reasonably safe method if than deeply enough
and in soil from which is there is no drainage neighboring places. Deep is necessary to prevent worms from
carrying spurs to the surface. The highest part of the carcass must me at least 4 feet below the level of the
surrounding terrain.

After the carcass is in its grave, and in order to make it unpalatable to marauding animals, it may be
"denatured by drenching it with kerosene, crude carbolic acid, or a comparable odor cause and bad tasting
substance the grave is then filled with and top with some rocks to still further circumvent marauders.
7. In the larger centers of population, rendering plant is usually available for the industrial utilization of dead
animals.
 SUPPLEMNTARY READING

Principles of immunity

Infectious diseases are the result of the coming together of two factors, a virulent organs and a susceptible
hose. Variability in the susceptibility of the host to violent microorganisms has been a fascinating study since the
germ theory of disease was established. Different species of animals vary in resistance to a given microorganisms,
and individual animals within the species also show the same type of resistance.

A. Immunity Defined

The terms immunity is used to express relative resistance to disease. It is defined more exactly as follows:
immunity is a condition in which an individual, or species of animal, exhibited unusual or complete resistance to
an infection for which other individuals, or other species, show a greater degree of susceptibility.

B. Types of Immunity

Immunity is decided into two types:

1. Natural immunity - this refers to the non-susceptibility of certain individuals to diseases, this is
congenital or the result of normal growth. Natural immunity is subdivided into:

a. Species immunity - the disease resistance is exhibited by certain species. Most species of animals are
immune to any diseases which are found in other species. Typically examples are: horses are immune to
the virus of hog cholera; swine are immune to equine encephalomyelitis; men is immune to canine
distemper.

b. Individual immunity - in certain instances, individuals within the same species appear to be more
resistance to a particular diseases from others. In an outbreak of hog cholera in a herd of pigs, some never
show marked symptoms of the disease. This is known as individual immunity, and it is explained by the fact
that slight cases of the disease may have occurred without detection. This explanation is considered more
valid when the presence of some degree of immunity is revealed by the inoculation of hog cholera virus.

2. Acquired Immunity - even in susceptible species infectious diseases frequently terminate in recovery and
recovered individuals are to a greater or less extent resistant to future attacks of the same disease. This condition
is called acquired immunity. Acquired immunity is either active or passive:

A.) Active immunity. That phenomenon wherein the Solis of the immunized animal are active in the
producing immune substances or antibodies. It is brought about by various methods, namely:

1.) By ones having a natural case of the disease.

2.) By injection of living organisms (vaccines)

(a.) Non-lethal doses

(b.) Attenuated organisms

1. -by growing upon artificial culture medic.

2. -by growing at temperature greater than normal.

 3. -by heating 56°to 60°C.

4. -by growing in the presence of weak antiseptic.

5. -by animal passage.

3.) By injections of dead organisms (bactirens)

4.) By injections of the products of organisms (filtrate or aggressins )

5.) By injections of unaltered toxins in nonisthal disease doses or toxins which have been subjected
to various attenuating processes ( anatoxins or toxieds)

B. Passive Immunity

Is produced by the introduction of immunizing substance of an actively immune animal into other animals.
This immunity is usually confirmed by the injection of blood-serum from immunized animals, such serum is
carrying with it certain substances which protection is conferred. The immunizing substances of an actively
immunized or a hyper-immunized animals are known as immune bodies or “antibodies”.

Passive immunity is only temporary, not lasting longer than four weeks in most cases. This period may be
long enough, however, to protect the animals or herd through periods of exposure. Immune serum is used in
conjunction with leaving organisms and toxins in producing a more lasting immunity.

D. Formation of Antibodies

To understand the process, a definition of some terms involved in the formation of these immune bodies is
important:

1. Antigens. Those substances which, when introduced into the animal body stimulate certain body cells to
produce modified globulins, called antibodies. It was at first believed that only proteins possessed antigenic
properties. Subsequent investigation have revealed that certain lipids, specially lecithin and cholesterol,
when mixed with antigenic proteins well stimulate the formation of antibodies. Polysaccharides may link
with cell proteins but the nature of the linkage is not known.

All antigens are highly specific. This specificity obviously resides in the structural differences of protein
molecules. It is assumed that only certain part of the molecule determines specificity and it is probable that
the arrangement of amino acid is most important.

2. Antibodies - these are modified globulins produced in the animal body in response to the injection of
antigens and reacting specifically with the antigens which have been injected so that they may be
phagocytized, agglutinated,, precipitated or lysed. These reactions may occur in vivo or they may
demonstrated in vitro by suitable procedures.

Antibody is specific for antigens which stimulated each production, and antibody is produced as the
result of antigen stimulation. One exception to this statement must be emphasized, however, fir in most
animals normal antibodies are detected for many antigens. The relationships of normal antibody to
immune antibody has been an is still relatively unknown. The obvious explanation is that the normal is only
a slight manifestation of the immune.

Formation of antibody: the alternation of globulin, antibody formation, takes place in those cells
which are responsible for the production of globulin. The detection of the cells which are responsible has
 been the subject of much investigation. It was shown, for instance, that antibody is produced by the cells of
the spleen, lymph glance, bone marrow and by reticulo-endothelial cells throughout the body. Harris and
Ehrlich , also Murphy and Sturn, have shown that lymphocytes maybe a significant source of antibodies.

The mechanisms by which antigens stimulates body cells to produce antibody is not entirely solved.
Although untenable in light of present day knowledge, the explanation antibody production by Ehrlich has
served a very useful purpose, for in seeking to this proved it, investigators have contributed much to the
knowledge of the subject. Since Ehrlich’s Lateral chain or side-chain theory of immunity has been of such
interest of the past and is of great historical value, description of it is given here, not , however, with the
assumption that it explains antibody production.

Figure 1. –diagram of Ehrlich is conception of antibodies. A, antibodies of the first order; B, antibodies
of the second order; C, antibodies of the third order.

Ehrlich’s is no longer tenable because it is inconceivable that cells would have on hand the receptors
necessary for the unlimited number of antigens which can be prepared. The cells which are irritated by the antigen
have been shown to be those which, for the greatest part, are not responsible for antibody reproduction. Nerve cell,
for example, do not produce antibody although they are vitally affected by tetanus toxin.

Although Ehrlich’s explanation antibody formation is not altogether true, shadows of it are seen in the
explanation by Breinl and Haurowdtz in 1930. They proposed that the presence of residual valences give the
globulin-forming amino acid a definite polar orientation. If foreign protein, antigen, comes in contact with such
residual valencies, a reorientation of amino acids result, and as a consequence a new antibody-globulin is formed.
Globulin-forming cells are unlimited in the new combinations which ma be formed.

A number of other explaination have been given by deferent authorities. Obviously the exact method by
which antibody is formed is not known. That it is a result of an alteration of serum globulin either by a chemical or
physical action on the globulin-secreting cells by antigens appears fundamental. Satisfactory explanation of this
phenomenon by the scientist of the future will be welcome additions to scientific literature.
 3. The Unitarian Theory

The early conception that the antibodies, agglutinin, precipitin, opinion and aphoceptor had separate and
individual functions has been responsible for much confusion. The similarities between the agglutination and
precipitation reactions tended to make this assumption doubtful and Zinsser clarified the problem by his
“Unitarian hypothesis”

This theory contents that the fundamental process in all immunologic reactions is the union of antibody
with antigen. This process, as previously indicated, is a sensitizing action which prepare the antigens for the
function of various accessory factors: hence, after a given antigen has been sensitized by contact with its
homologous antibody, any of the reaction may occur. If the antigen is toxin neutralization occurs. If the antigen is
suspension of bacterial cells and if an electrolytic is present, agglutination is the result. Precipitation of protein
substances follows in the presence of an electrolyte. Lysis of bacterial cells takes place in presence of normal
serum and phagocytosis of bacteria is brought about if phagocytic body cells are place in contact with the sensitize
bacteria; therefore, it is quite probably, under natural conditions of disease, recovery, and resulting immunity that
all of the factors are present in the body of the animals.

References:

1. Veterinary Bacteriology and Virulogy by I. A. Merchant

2. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Milks
 TOPIC 7. RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE HANDLING COMMUNICABLE ANIMAL
DISEASE

At the end of the topic, you should be able to :

1. Define the words, phrases, names and terms related to animal disease control.
2. Differentiate ezotic from ezootic communicable animal diseases giving examples of each.
3. Expound on the provisions of quarantining of the animals, preventions and control of
dangerous communicable animal diseases.

ANIMAL INDUSTRY ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 5

SUBJECT: Rules and Regulations Governing the Handling of Dangerous Communicable Animal Disease, the Inter-
Provincial Movement of Animal and the Use of Anthrax Prinderpest Serum and Vaccine and Other Biological
Products in the Control, Diagnosis and Treatment of Anthrax, Prinderpest and other Contagious and Infectious
Animal Diseases.

Pursuant to the provisions of section 17/65 (g) of the Revised Administrative Code, as amended by Act No.
3639; and the Acts No. 3119 and No. 3166, the following rules and regulations are hereby promulgated for the
information and guidance of all concerned.

Article I - Title

Section 1 – This Order shall be known as the Animal Disease Control Rules and Regulations.

Article II – Definitions

Section 2 – For the purpose of title order, the following words, phrases, names, and terms herein used shall be
construed to mean as follows:

(a) Veterinarian - A graduate veterinarian under the employ of the Bureau of Animal Industry.
(b) Livestock Inspector – lay inspector under the employ of the Bureau of animal Industry.
(c) Person – any individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company, society, association or other
organized group of any of the foregoing or their agent, representative, officer, employee, livestock
owner, caretaker, etc.
(d) Animals- horses, mules, asses, cattle, carabaos, buffaloes, tamaraws, sheep, goats, swine, poultry,
birds, rabbits, cats, dogs, deer, wild hogs, circus and pet, and those intended to e use for diagnostic
and experimental purposes.
(e) Large Animals – horses, mules, asses, cattle, carabaos, buffaloes, tamaraos, and other domesticated
equine, bovine and bubaline families.
(f) Small Animals – sheep, goats, swine, birds, fowls, poultry, dogs, cats, deer, small circus and pet
animals and those intended for diagnostic and experimental purposes as rabbits, hamster, guinea
pigs, mice, etc
(g) Dangerous Communicable animal diseases – shall apply to and include, all acute or chronic animal
diseases communicable from one animal to another or from animal to human (zoonoses) being or
vice versa, capable of inflecting economic losses or is detrimental to public health, or may cause
mortality of over five per centum during a period of one month or may cause economic losses or the
intrinsic value of the animals affected.
 (h) Positive Case – an animal showing the characteristic clinical symptoms peculiar to the disease and
is confirmed by laboratory test or microscopical examination.
(i) Suspect – an animal/animals that have in contact with the infected animals or animals and those
animals that may not be susceptible to the disease but are capable of spreading the disease
mechanically due to the contact with infected ones and those animals that do not give complete
reaction to the test before or a year after vaccination,
(j) Carrier – an animal convalescing from an infectious disease or naturally harbors the infection but
does not show any signs or symptoms of the infection but climinates the microorganisms and those
spread he disease.
(k) Reactor – non-vaccinated animal that has given positive reaction after test or brucellosis vaccinated
animals those that have given positive reaction 12-18 months after vaccination.
(l) Vaccinate – in brucellosis when used as a noun shall mean a vaccinated animal while with in 6-12
months from vaccination.
(m)Herd or Flock - shall mean any number of cattle, carabaos, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, swine
and poultry, under one management maintained in one promise which are allowed to associate one
another.
(n) Negative Herd or Flock – one in which no reactor or suspect where in the vast test.
(o) Positive Herd or Flock – one in which one or more reactor and suspect where found in the last test.
(p) Suspect Herd or Flock – one in which on more suspect but no reactors where found in the last test.
(q) Branding or marking – all animals found positive or reactor for animal disease that are either
incurable or which menace public health like glanders, tuberculoses, contagious abortion or bang’s
disease shall branded G, TB and B, respectable, on the forehead, usinf hot iron or chemical brands
for identifacation purposes by a representative of the Director of the Animal Industry.
(r) Incurable Disease – those that are not either readily curred, prevented and controlled by medicine
of biologics or which will in danger public like glanders, tuberculosis, rabies and contagious
abortion.

Article III – From The Standpoint Of Disease Control Work, Two Classes Of Dangerous Commicable Animal
Diseases To Be Considered Are The Enzootic Diseases And The Exotic Diseases.

Section 3 – The enzootic disease are those already to prevail in this country, either indigenous or exogenous, such
as :

(a) Those affecting equine family as horses, mules, and asses : surra, glanders, strangles, anthrax,
influenza, epizootic lymphagitis and tetanus.
(b) Those affecting bovine bubaline families as cattle, carabaos, and buffaloes : anthrax,
hemorrhagic sipticehia, foot-and- mouth disease, tuberculoses, contagious abortion or Bang’s
disease, surra and anaplasmosis and piroplasmosis in attle only.
(c) Those affecting swine: hog cholera, swine plague, tuberculoses, foot-and-mouth disease,
contagious abortion, kidney worms, swine erysipelas, swine fox, infections pneumonia, and
infectious diarrhea.
(d) Those affecting sheep and goats : anthrax, hemorrhagic septicemia, tuberculoses, contagious
abortion and pseudo-tuberculoses or cautious lymphadenitis and contagious ecthyma .
(e) Those affecting poultry: avian pest or New Castle Disease, fowl fox, fowl cholera, rout,
coccidiosis, leukosis complex and black head in turkeys.
Section 4 – The exotic diseases are those known to excess in other countries which are likely to be introduced here,
and are as follows: equine encephalomyelitis, equine virus abortion, dourine, infectious anemia in horses;
contagious pleura-pneumonia, rinderpest, infectious anemia, infectious keratitis, leptospirosis, black leg, Johne’s
disease and necrobacillosis in cattle; listerosis or cattle and swine, atrophic rhinitis, vesicular exanthema,
trichinosis and infectious pneumonia in swine; and fowl encephalomyelitis, infectious laryago-tracheitis, pullorum,
fowl typhoid, ear suck or infectious bronchitis of fowls.

ARICLE IV – THE SOPE QUARANTINE, PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANY OF THE DANGEROUS
COMMUNICABLE ANIMAL DISEASE

Section 5 – Reporting and Investigation of Disease

It shall be the duty of the owner, manger, practicing veterinarian , caretaker, agent or employee or in
charge of a her or flock or any other person having knowledge thereof to report to the nearest veterinary office
( Government) or, it its absence, to the barrio/barangay captain without the least delay any case of sickness or
deaths that has come to his knowledge of large animals or small animals owned by him or under his care, who shall
in turn cause the same to be transmitted to the city or municipal mayor as the case may be, giving the same and
address of the owner and some of the apparent symptoms manifested. The mayor shall immediately transmit said
report to veterinarian in charge of the province or his representative and to the provincial governor.

Upon receipt of the report, the investigation should be conducted immediately by the veterinarian himself
on the nature, duration and extent of the infection. If the investigation discloses that the animal died or is suffering
from any of the dangerous communicable animal diseases mentioned herein, like rinderpest, foot-and-mouth
disease and epidemic form or anthrax, hog cholera, etc., a quarantine order under the authority of the director of
animal industry shall be serve in writing to the mayor of the city, municipality or municipal district concerned,
giving the name and nature of the disease and condition of the said quarantine, the barrio or barrios affected. The
veterinarian in-charge shall promptly make special report and recommendation to the director of the animal
industry on the matter, furnishing a copy to the provincial governor for his information.

Section 6- handling suspects and exposed animals:

All animals that have been in contact with infected animal and are susceptible to the particular disease against
which quarantine has been declared, shall be isolated near the place where they are found until it has pasted the
incubation period of two weeks. All small animals which have been in contact with infected animals and maybe
capable of transmitting the disease shall likewise be isolated.

Section 7- Quarantine power of the director of animal industry and his duty authorized representative:

(a) The director of animal industry or his duty authorized representatives are authorized to examine and make
test or treatment as the case maybe, if they have reason to believe that a dangerous communicable animal
disease is in existence there in; to quarantine animals and premises; to require the disposal of the animals by
any reputable method and should any such animal be found to be infected, the director of animal industry or
his duty authorized representative shall have the power to quarantine such animal or animals and all the
premises as the director or his agent may dem proper to prevent the spread of the disease; to requir4e the
slaughter and disposal of any such animal found to be infected with any on the dangerous communicable
animal diseases.
(b) It shall be unlawful for any person to change, remove, conceal, substitute any tag, brands and label or
marked, fixed, fastened or set by the director of animal industry or his agent, upon any animal, place or
premises.
 (c) Upon discovery of dangerous communicable animal diseases in stockyards, orals, vessels, cars and pens, or
any other place, the premises shall immediately be put under quarantine and animals should not be removed
until proper permit is granted by the director of animal industry.
(d) In case of vessels, vehicles, or other form conveyance, the animals concerned shall only be permitted to
unloaded to an isolated place designated by the director of animal industry. Such conveyance should be
thoroughly disinfected at the expense of the owner , operator or agent before clearance can be issued.
(e) Upon the discovery of a dangerous communicable animal disease in a barrio, the said barrio placed under
quarantine by serving written notice to the mayor concerned, who shall execute all terms and conditions
given in the quarantine order. The mayor shall notify the barrio inhabitance concerned through the barrio
captain or any of his agent, the terms and conditions of the order. All animals susceptible to the particular
disease except those which are used for agricultural purposes, as hereinafter provided, must be kept tide up
to 15 meters apart throughout the quarantine period. All the individual corals of the animals shall be
constructed at least one hundred meters away from the nearest house, road or trail, river or creek. Mother
and calf are to be kept together in the same coral this corals shall be kept clean daily, burying the waste and
unused feed in a hole of not less than a meter deep dug for the purpose.
(f) If a case occurs at or near the boundary line of a barrio, one-half to one kilometer radius of the adjoining
barrio as the case may warrant shall be included.
(g) Any animal that may have left the infected barrio within seven days from the date of discovery of the case, is
considered exposed and shall be placed under quarantine where found. However, if in the opinion of the
veterinarian in-charge, it can moved back with safety, each shall be returned to the said barrio.
(h) Small animals such as dogs, hogs, sheep and goats or fowls which are capable of transmitting the disease shall
restrained by their respective owners or caretakers from running at large from or to the quarantine area
during the duration of the quarantine. Any small animal or poultry which by chance has entered the isolation
oral shall be killed and buried.

Section 8 –Vigilance and Surveillance of Animals in Infected and Adjoining Barrios:

During the quarantine period and a few months thereafter, all the animals on the infected barrio found sick
of the disease by the veterinarian, livestock inspectors, municipal policemen or P.C. soldiers assigned there at shall
be sent immediately to the isolation corral. The place shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. The excreta and
urine from the sick animals in transit to the isolation coral must be saturated with disinfectant burned.

The animals in the barrios adjoining infected barrio or barrios shall be tethered to prevent them from
entering the quarantined barrio and facilitate close surveillance by the quarantine officer.

Astray susceptible animals caught in the quarantine zone should be impounded by the municipality in the
quarantine zone until the quarantine is over and their release from quarantine shall be authorized by the Director
of Animal Industry or his authorized representative.

Section 9 – Construction of Isolation coral and its management:

It shall be the duty of the city or Municipal Mayor concerned to cause the construction of isolation coral or
coral in to infected barrio with in the 24 hours after the discovery of the animal disease requiring quarantine.
These corals shall be located in an isolated place, well drained and at least 100 meters away from the nearest
house, road, trail, river, and brook. These corals must be at least 10 meters square, with double fence, 4 meters
apart from each other. The pens must be so made us to prevent the entrance of hog, chicken and small animals. A
hole of not less than 1 meter square and 2 m deep shall be excavated in one of the corners of the inner enclosure, a
meter from the inner pens for the disposal of waste and unused feed materials. A trench not less than 6 decimeter
deep be dug encircling the outer pens so as to catch all drainage from the coral. The trench shall be disinfected
daily the space between the two fences shall be used for varying the dead animal.

Shed shall be provided for each sick animal confined in the coral. All infected animals found in the barrio
must be confined in the inner coral until completely recovered and released by the written order by the Director of
Animal Industry or his authorized agent.

The isolation corals must be under competent caretakers who shall manage the coral under the supervision
of a veterinarian or livestock inspector. The caretaker shall taker of the sick animals, providing the same with feed
and drink ; and shall keep the coral scrupulously clean disinfected and well drained. On leaving he coral, every
person shall thoroughly disinfect his hands and feet with strong solution or chlorine. Cloths use for working inside
the coral shall not be used outside until laundered.

The feed and water for the sick animal shall be deposited 10 m from the coral where the caretaker shall
received them. Ropes, basket and the other cheap articles shall not be taken away from the coral but shall be
burnt. Costly articles maybe moved away after thoroughly disinfected.

Section 10. use of animal in quarantine areas

The use of work animals in a barrio infected with rinderpests food-and-mouth disease, etc. maybe
permitted by the veterinarian in charge when urgently necessary under the conditions as hereinafter provided.
Such permission may be granted by insurance pass which shall bear no definite period and is subjects to
revocation at any time is necessity arises. A recently issued certificate of rendered pests vaccination or
immunization against render pest may be considered as work past in an infected territory.

Section 11- in the insurance of work passes especially in case of the render pest and foot-and-mouth disease, the
following rules shall be observed:

(a) Passes shall be issued only for work animals absolutely necessary for cultivating the land or hauling of
perishable essential articles or for the security of the animals. The past shall be issued only by the
Director of Animal Industry or his duty authorized representative.
(b) The work pass shall be show the following data:
(1) The name of address of the worker
(2) Species and description of the animals to be use, including the document number, and
(3) The nature of work to be done in infected barrio
(c) Any order or caretaker applying for work pass shall first construct an individual corral on or near the
land he works. The oral must be 15 meters apart from the other for each animal granted pass.
(d) Animal is not in use shall be confined in the coral. Animals while working or enroute to the field not be
permitted to come in contact with each other or with the other animals.
(e) Calves shall be confined in the corral while dams (mothers) are used for work.
(f) No animal shall be bathed or allowed to drink in any river, creek, pond or lake.
(g) No pass shall be given to suspects or exposed animals.
(h) No pass be I sawed to any owner or caretaker unless he first submits all his animals for immunization
or comply which the provision of the next preceding section.
(i) Any violation of provision of section 11 shall be considered just cause for the revocation of the pass.

Section 12 Notification of officials in the neighboring provinces:

 Whenever any dangerous communicable animal disease like rinderpest and foot-and mouth diseases,
epidemic form of anthrax and hemorrhagic septicemia and other disease, exist in any municipality, the
veterinarian an having jurisdiction of the infected province notify immediately the veterinarians, Provincial
Governor, the P.C Provincial Commander of the adjoining provinces and the Mayor of the City of municipality
concerned so that they may be guided in taking all the necessary precautionary measures in preventing same from
spreading to their respective territories.

Section 13 - Quarantine of highways:

In the case of infectious diseases, like reinsertion and foot-and-mouth disease in barrios bordering the
publication highways which cannot be closed to traffic without occasioning great Inconveniences to the traveling
public, station shall be established on the highway at least half kilometer distant from either end of the infected
barrios, in which stations all animals affected shall be halted, and thence taken through the said barrio in trans at
fixed hour under proper guard. In passing through the barrio, no stops shall be made. The animals under
quarantine in the infected barrio shall be tied or corraled at least 100 meters distant from either side of the
highway.

Section 14 - Weekly reports:

The municipal Mayor shall keep complete record of all the cases of disease PR of deaths among domestic
animals within his jurisdiction. A copy of the record shall be furnished the provincial Governor and the nearest
Veterinarian of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The following data shall be given:

a. Names of barrios where cases or death occurred

b. Number of cases and deaths in each barrio
c. Number of animals of its species exposed thereto and the total number of each species in
the barrio
d. Behavior of the thick animals
e. Condition of animals - thin , fairly well-fed , or well fed
f. Conspicuous symptoms of the disease such as fever, loss of appetite, feces normal or tinged
with bloody streaks or mucus, redness of the eyes, discharge from the nose to eyes, swelling
or discoloration in any part of the body
g. Average number of days that animals were sick before death occurred
h. Marks and other identification signs
i. Names and resistance of the owners and
j. whether the sick animals are being or have been kept in an isolation corral constructed by
the owners of the animal

Section 15 - In position of carcasses:

Owners or caretaker of animals found dead of ay of the dangerous communicable animal disease or of
undiagnosed or unknown disease shall report the same to the proper authorities who shall cause the carcasses to
be burned or interned properly in a hole of not less than two meters deep and thoroughly covered with earth. The
person participating in burying the carcass as well as all the tools used there in shall be properly disinfected. To
prevent exposure of the buried carcasses, stones or other heavy materials shall be filled over the grave. The burial
of the carcasses of animals or any undiagnosed or unknown disease shall be witnessed by a livestock inspector,
meat inspector or policeman, or the barrio captain to see to it that the disposal is in accordance with the
requirements of this section.

Section 16 - Use of the skin, horns, and other parts of deceased animals prohibited;

It shall be unlawful for any person to open or cut carcasses, remove the skin, horns and other parts of
the body of any animals which had died of any undiagnosed or unknown disease, or any of the dangerous
communicable animal diseases, specially rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease. Anthrax, hemorrhagic septicemia,
hog cholera, etc. Except the blood, spleen, ears or other portions that may be taken by a veterinarian for diagnostic
and experimental purposes, provided that the removal of such material shall be affected with all the necessary
precautionary measures. Any officer of the law, including the veterinarians, livestock inspector and meat inspector
of the Bureau of Animal Industry are hereby empowered to seize and destroy such skin, horns or other portions of
the animals known to have died of any of the dangerous communicable or unknown or diagnosed diseases for
proper disposal.

Section 17 - unlawful traffics:

It shall be unlawful for any person to use or allow to be used for human consumption any animals or
part thereof which have died of dangerous communicable disease or any unknown or undiagnosed disease; or to
sell or offer for sale, ship ,transport or export the skin, horns and other portions of animals that died in dangerous
communicable disease or of any unknown or diagnosed disease; or throw away or dispose of the whole carcass or
parts in any place except in accordance with the provision of this order.

Section 18 - Termination of quarantine

The quarantine of a barrio shall be terminated (30) days after the discovery of the last case. The
official lifting of quarantine shall be announced in writing by the veterinarian in-charge upon authorization by the
Director of Animal Industry.

The lifting of the quarantine order for rinderpest or foot-and-mouth disease and other dangerous
communicable animal disease in any infected place shall be issued by the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural
Resources upon the accommodation of the Director of Animal Industry three or more months after the last case.

Section 19 - Mariding or branding of animals found affected with glanders, tuberculosis contagious abortion
(Brucellosis)

The owner or caretaker of any animal found reactor to or affected with glanders, tuberculosis and
contagious abortion (Bang’s disease) by biological test (Mullein, Tuberculin and Agglutination) shall allow or
permit any authorized representative of the Director of Animals Industry to mark, band or tag the said animals on
the forehead with the letter G for glanders, TB for tuberculosis and B for Brucellosis or contagious portion. It shall
be un lawful for any person to refuse, prevent or to obstruct the brandling, marking o tagging or remove or blur
any such brand or mark or remove the identification tag placed by the examining veterinarian as provided here in
until the said animals so marked has been disposed of as prescribed in this Order.
 If for some reason or other, the animals found affected with our reactors to said disease are not disposed of
an required by the veterinarian in-charge, all the exposed animals therein including the premises shall be declared
under quarantine until the owner, manager, proprietor or caretaker complies with the proper disposition of the
same. The owner or the caretaker of the animals shall furnish suitable feed and water during their confident in the
quarantine corral. During the period of quarantine, no milking shall be allowed unless the milk is forth-with
properly pasteurized under the supervision of the veterinarian.

Section 20 - The interprovincial movement of large and small animals whenever a city, municipality, municipal
district, provinces or island is declared under quarantine by the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

The international movement of large and small animals like carabao, buffalos, horses, sheep, and goat's and
dogs from one provinces to another shall be under the supervision and central of the reactor of Animals Industry
or his representative under the authority imposed by law regarding the supervision of communicable diseases.

No person shall transport or ship from one province to another any horse, mule, ass, carabao, cattle,
buffalo, sheep, goat, dog's, deer And circus or pet animals unless some is provided with the following requisites:

a. A health certificate and a recent immunization paper showing the same was recently vaccinated
and not the prevailing disease in the province of origin.
b. That they are free from any dangerous communicable animal disease and have come from a place
free from any livestock disease.
c. That they are not longer fit for work or brooding purposes if intended for slaughter.
d. Veterinary permit hall be issued by a representative of the Director of Animal Industry duty
authorized in writing to do so.

It shall be unlawful for any person or carrier by any conveyance to sove, transfer, ship, bring or drive into
province, city or municipality any livestock for any purpose, except in compliance with the rules and regulations
her in provided.

It shall be the duty of every transportation company carrying livestock to cause every car, host, truck or
other means o transportation used in transporting them to be closed and disinfected at its expense by removing all
the litter, manures from such conveyance after unloading animals.

In case of dairy and breeding animals, shipping permit shall be given only after they have been subjected to
tuberculin and contagious abortion tests and were found negative and not exposed and not exposed to the disease.
In case of hog for fattening and breeding purposes, they should be immunized against hog cholera before shipment.
Dogs for shipment shall be vaccinated against rabies if not vaccinated within six months before the transfer.

Reactors and those intended for immediate slaughter at a specific slaughterhouse may be given the
permit without the other requirements provided that they are found apparently free from any other dangerous
communicable diseases.

Section 21- Disposition of reactors, procedure of control regarding dangerous communicable animal disease
infectious transmittable to human being:

Person or persons who maintain dairy animals like cows, carrabaos, buffalos and goats, the milk of
which is sold to the public, those who maintain commercial or semi-commercial piggery and those maintaining
delivery of horses for rigs or race track, shall submit their animal to tuberculin, brucellosis and mallein tests,
respectively, once ordered by the Director Animal Industry. The test shall be performed by an authorized
representative of the Bureau of Animal Industry under such standard and method prescribed by the Director of
Animal Industry.

The result of the examination or test shall be furnished in writing to the owner or his agent. When
reactor or suspect is found the herd or flock from which they came shall be placed under quarantine. All the
reactors shall be branded or marked TB, B, G, as the case may be or properly identified by others means and
separated from the to at of the herd until disposed of accordingly. All the suspects shall be isolated in another place
apart from the negatives. Retest of the suspects and negatives shall be made from time to time until all positive
cases are eliminated from the herd by slaughter or destruct .

Section 22 - For positive cases of glanders:

a. All horses, mules, or asses found positive by mallein tests using intrapalpebral or ocular
methods should be condemned and destroyed within forty-eigh-48) hrs after the animal have
been declared reactors by a veterinarian.
b. The carcass should be burned, or buried under a meter or more of earth.
c. The feed through and all the equipment as well as the premises or stable used for the said
reactors should be thoroughly disinfected under the supervision of an authorized
representative of Director of Animal Industry
d. The rest of horses in the stable if any should be subjected to a rest after three (3) months.
e. It shall be duty of the owner or caretaker of the horses in the said stable, to report to the
Director of Animal Industry any transfer of said horses to other places so that the animals can
be re-inspected in the new location.

Section 23 - In case of reactors to brucellosis in cattle:

The Director of Animal Industry or his representative may allow the slaughter of positive animals in a
slaughterhouse where a regular meat inspection system is maintained, thereby eliminating the continuous source
of infection. If for some reason or another, the owner there of does not agree to slaughter the investors, the
following measure should be adopted.

A. Reactors should be segregated in an isolated section of the farm observing all sanitary and hygienic
measures.
B. The farm and the animals therein shall be placed under quarantine until such time as may be determined
by the Director of Animal Industry of his representative. No animal shall be permitted to be transferred
except vaccinates and three or note years of age which may be reactors and those that did not react during
the parted quarantine.
C. Compulsory vaccination of calves from four to eight months old using Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine.
D. All calves vaccinated should be tagged, tattooed or branded by either hot iron or chemical brand. The brand
should be placed on the right side the upper portion of the neck just below the nuchal crest. Example: VB-4-
1, meaning "vaccinated brucellosis in April, 1991.
E. No milk coming from brucellosis infected farm shall be sold given or distributed for food useless
pasteurized in a regularly authorized establishment supervised by a veterinarian or health authorities.
F. All bulls found positive for brucelosis should be sent to the slaughterhouse for a slaughter within five (5)
days from the report of the tests. Bulls found to be reactors should immediately be isolated and never used
for breed purpose anymore.
 G. The reactors should be retested(30) days after to determine the condition of the case as to whether the
titer is increasing or diminishing.

Section 24 - In case of Brucellosis reactors in swine:

All hogs found positive for swine brucellosis should be slaughtered within five (5) days after the report has
been received by the owner.

Section 25 - In case of tuberculosis-infected farm:

A. All animals found positive in tuberculin test, using either the intradermal or subcutaneous methods should
be branded with the letters TB and should be sent to the slaughterhouse within five (5) days after the
animal has been declared positive and the owner notified in writing.
B. In the meantime the positive animal should be confined in stall separated from the rest of the herd.
C. The reactor should be sent to slaughterhouse where regular meat inspection is performed.
D. It shall be unlawful for any person to transfer to transfer reactor cattle to any other place except to the
slaughterhouse, without the proper authority to the Director of Animal Industry or his agent.
E. When a reactor died on the farm, the Bureau of Animal Industry authorities should be notified immediately.
F. Cows in advance stage of pregnancy at or about 60 days before delivery, may he retained until ten (10)
days after delivery but the particular cow should be closely confined and segregated from the rest of the
herd.
G. Suspect should be retested 60 days after the first test.

Section 26 - Injection of animals with vaccine, erum, virulent blood and other biological products as in rinderpest,
foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, hemorrhagic septicemia, hog cholera, avian pest and other dangerous
communicant diseases:

Whenever the Director of Animal Industry or his duty authorized representative deems it necessary to
have the carabaos, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, swine and poultry in any municipality or farms vaccinated,
tested or treated against any prevails disease as a preventive and control measure or as prophylactic treatment,
the Provincial Governor of the province concerned about being served by the Director of the Animal Industry or his
agent with a written notice to the effect that a general vaccination, test or treatment of all animals affected by the
existing disease will be performed in the given municipality indicating particularly the barrios or sitios or places,
the date vaccination, treatment or test, shall direct the mayors concerned to take steps as are necessary to facilitate
the vaccination, test or treatment required under circumstance.

In the case of big haciendas, dairy farms, farm schools and colleges and other livestock farms, the owner,
manager, director, president or head of the same shall, upon being notified in writing by the Director of Animal
Industry or his agent the date, place of test, treatment or vaccination against the prevailing animal disease,
cooperate fully to facilitate the vaccination, test or treatment necessary under the circumstance.

The veterinary in-charge, after having received the order of the Director of mass vaccination, treatment or
test, shall advise in writing the Provincial Governor and the Mayor concerned about the necessity of the test,
vaccination or treatment and to fix the program of vaccination, treatment or tests, copies of which should be
furnished the Director of Animal Industry.

The Mayor shall then communicate the vaccination program to the barrio captain concerned who shall
notify all animal owners in his barrio to present their animal vaccination on the date and place donated. The Mayor
shall cause to be constructed such stock, chute, or sheds necessary in the vaccination work before the vaccination
takes place.

Section 27 – Prosecution and penalties:

Any person who shall contravene or violate any of two provisions of this Administrative Order or shall
obstruct or impeded or assist in obstructing or impeding the director of Animal Industry or his duty authorized
representative, the Provincial Governor, City or Municipal Mayor, the Municipal Police men and P.C. soldiers, meat
inspector in the execution of any of the provisions of this Order, or who shall forge, counterfeit, alter or destroy or
remove any of the certificate, pass tag or any legal paper issued by virtue of the provisions of this Order, or who
shall alter or blur the brand, or tattoo made thereat by a representative of the Director of Animal Industry, or who
shall fail to present his animal or animal vaccination, test or treatment on the date and place designated in the
program announced under Section 26 of this Order, shall be liable to prosecution and upon conviction, shall for
each offense, be punished by a fine of not more than One Hundred Pesos (100.00) or the imprisonment of not more
than thirty (30) days or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court.

Section 28 – Repealing provisions and effectivity:

Repealing of provisions – All Orders, rules and regulations inconsistent with the provisions of this order are
hereby repealed.

Date of affectivity –This Administrative Order shall take effect on __________________.

(Sgd) SALVADOR ARANETA

Secretary of Agriculture and
Natural Resources

RECOMMENDED BY: CONCURRED IN:

(Sgd) MANUEL D. SUMULONG ___________________________

Director of Animal Industry Executive Secretary
Office of the President
ENCODED BY:

Doloso, Roger John A.

Espinosa, Ronnie S.

Ginggala, Webb V.

Jomuad, Annale M.

Millares, Charmin C.

Recla, Rowena R.

Sanchez, Joseph Cloyed A.

Suante, Maria Loisa B.

Tabotabo, Jurilyn A.