Paragraph 4.

If a conflict causes 25 deaths or more within a year, you call it an armed conflict. This is especially
common in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Islamic world. A conflict occurs when one
group of people wants power over another group but the other group does not like it.
-International conflicts occur between countries, such as World War II
-Domestic conflicts or civil wars remain within the borders of the country.
When in the listed conflicts other countries get involved it becomes an Internationalized conflict. Like
the conflict in Syria where it started with protest but when the US, Russia, EU countries and
neighbors interfered it became internationalized.
Borders are made by those in power. People sometimes demand independence. This is called
separatism.

Paragraph 4.2
The cold plains of Canada, the steep mountains of Peru, the coastal marshes of Nigeria. On the earth,
some places seem to have little value but mostly they turn out to have good natural resources in the
ground. Unfortunately, the proceeds do not go fairly to the inhabitants and they remain poor.
Extraction creates major economic problems. Because of the gold mine in Peru, the water was
poisoned.
There are many armed conflicts between different cultures and religions. Such as Russians Sunnis
and Shiites in Iraq and Syria. The cause, however, is not religion but usually the unfair distribution of
power and the feeling of disadvantage and poverty. You can see this in the so-called Youth bulge in
the population structure the number of conflicts ran up because of youth unemployment and their
resistance to power lovers.
In conflict areas there is often a dictatorship ( 1 leader or small group ). Like in Saudi Arabia or in
Congo. Sometimes there is a Fragile state, weak state like Iraq or Central African Republic. Here the
government has no control and there is a lot of corruption, crime and economic chaos. Peru is in
between not fragile but also not very good.

Section 4.3

To bring the enemy to their knees, sometimes fear or misery is created on purpose. Bombs,
starvation and mass rapes are examples of war tactics that result in Humanitarian disasters with
many civilian casualties. Even if not Humanitarian, the consequences are still severe. Especially for
health care, psychological suffering itself among the perpetrators. Sometimes the consequences of a
conflict are worse later than at the time.
-Asylum seeker is an alien who seeks protection from danger in another country.
-Unemesis is a refugee who does remain in his own country
-Refugee is someone who has fled from their home area usually due to war to stay alive.
A war costs human lives but also an awful lot of money. And that money cannot be spent on
education, agriculture, or roads. The war cripples the economy, citizens can no longer work, are
injured or become disabled. Traders do make a lot of profit because in a war a lot of drugs,
diamonds, oil and wood are sold. After an armed battle a lot of damage has to be done to housing,
infrastructure, roads, harbors, railroads, bridges, telecommunications and sewage systems. After the
battle in Iraq, $88 billion is needed for reconstruction.
A genocide, is when there is an attempt at destroying a race or group of people. This can be done by
killing, deporting or expelling. When there have been very many victims you can see this in an age
chart, a deep indentation. When there is a very large bump, there was a baby boom.
Section 4.4

The Netherlands has experienced independence struggles in two ways. The Netherlands became
independent is 1581. At that time it was part of the Spanish empire and there was no freedom.
When there was the 80 year rebellion against the Spanish empire all the villages plus their crops
were burned down. In 1600 Dutch merchants reached Indonesia. This brought wealth and power.
Indonesia often revolted. After the second world war there was no overview and in 1949 Indonesia
became independent. The damage was great and the Dutch apology came in 2013.
The constitution states than the Netherlands has a military to defend the kingdom and to support
international law. The Netherlands does this in two ways.
With United Nations peacekeeping operations. The Netherlands does this for humanitarian reasons,
but also out of self-interest, for example to obtain raw materials and to train and strengthen our
army. The UN Security Council decides on peace missions. Other countries also have the right of veto
on this. If one of the countries involved a UN is impossible. This is the case with; Russia in Syria and
China in North Korea.
In the Hague is the International Criminal Court This tries genocide, crimes against humanity and war
crimes. Some powerful countries do not participate in this criminal court, such as the US, Russia and
China. Some African states also choose to try in their own countries.
In 2017, the Netherlands was the seventh largest arms dealer worldwide. Our high-tech components
of aircraft and tanks, among others, went worldwide. Arms exports require a license, which the
Netherlands grants only through deliveries to allies and countries that respect humanitarian law of
war. Therefore, we do not sell an Indonesia because she did not respect human rights. The trade in
military goods brings Dutch companies a lot of money and also provides work opportunity.