A development of brake shoe and brake pads trainer mockup for sedan cars

System: Evaluation of Learners Psychomotor Skills Remarks and

Performance Rating

Introduction

Mockup trainer is used in a variety of school and industries, including software

development. The primary goal is to build a prototype or model that depicts how the
final product will look once completed. Researcher and designers can make
modifications to their plan or strategy based on the model provided by the mockup tool
so that they receive the final output they want. It allows one to evaluate the skills a
prototype without having to spending a large amount of money on its creation (Gratton
2019).

However in automotive technology, brake was made as a mechanical device that

stops motion by absorbing energy from a moving system, typically through friction. It is
used to slow or stop a moving vehicle, including its wheels, axles, and other
components. The braking system is a complicated gadget with a lot of moving
components, although it appears to be quite simple to operate (Student Lesson 2019).
Both pads and shoes in the same car are use one for emergency braking and the other
for ordinary braking. Most modern cars include a brake shoe, or a combined brake
shoe, in their emergency system, which is generally thought to be safer than pads since
it produces a more consistent stop (Palange 2017). It extend in human safety in driving
the vehicle.

Meanwhile, students are trained in dedicated trade workshops and learning

spaces that are fully equipped with tools, technology, machinery, and vehicles to help
them get the most out of their time on campus. Using brake shoe and brake pad trainer
mockups to learn basic automotive skills in inspecting mechanical components in
breaking systems of vehicles. Learners needs to perform a ranged of task related to
servicing and repairing using brake shoe and brake pads trainer mockup in order to
equipped the knowledge related to automotive business.

This study encourages researchers to create a brake pad and brake shoe
mockup trainer. The purpose of this study is to assess the students' psychomotor skills
in terms of perception , set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response,
adaptation, origination. Determine the automotive learner’s performance of experimental
class with pretest and post-test results using the trainer mockup. Most of all,
researchers will also find the correlation ship between psychomotor skills and students
performance in learning the trainer mockup.
Statement of the Problem

This study has a general problem regarding the development of mockup trainer for
break shoe and brake pad for automotive students. This study is specified with three
problems:

1. What is the preferred psychomotor skills of automotive student in handling brake

shoe and brake pads trainer mockup for sedan cars in terms?

a. Perception

b. Set

c. Guided Response

d. Mechanism

e. Complex overt response

f. Adaptation

g. Origination

2. What is the automotive learner’s performance rating in learning the trainer mockup?

3. What is the correlation ship between psychomotor skills remarks and student’s
performance rating in learning the trainer mockup?
Objectives of the Study

This study has a general objectives regarding the development of mockup trainer
for break shoe and brake pad for automotive students. This study is specified with three
objectives:

1. Assess the preferred psychomotor skills of automotive student in handling brake

shoe and brake pads trainer mockup for sedan cars in terms:

a. Perception

b. Set

c. Guided Response

d. Mechanism

e. Complex overt response

f. Adaptation

g. Origination

2. Determine the automotive learner’s performance in learning the trainer mockup.

3. Find the correlation ship between psychomotor skills and students performance in
learning the trainer mockup.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on Developing Mockup Trainer for Brake Shoe and Brake
Pads in Bukidnon States University. The needed number of participants was 30
participants from Bachelor of Science in Automotive Technology in school year 2021-
2021. The student performance is based on the rating from psychomotor test of brake
shoe and brake pads trainer mockup for sedan cars. The researcher focus on
assessment of psychomotor skills of the student at its correlationship to the
performance.

Significance of the Study

In this circumstance, our school does not have a mockup for a break shoe or a
break pad. For automotive students, the researcher will create a mockup. As a result,
the following will benefit from this research:

Automotive Students- The study may aid automotive students by allowing them
to use a replica trainer to learn about the brake shoe and brake pad.

Teachers in Automotive- These studies may be beneficial to them in terms of

having a teaching tool for their pupils. They engage with students on a daily basis and
must demonstrate and allow the student to execute the brake shoe and brake pad set-
up.

Future Researcher- These research may be of used to the future automotive

researchers for reference.

Chapter 2
Theoretical Framework

This chapter presents the preview of related literature and studies that are
relevant to the study. It includes also the conceptual framework, research paradigm and
hypothesis of the study.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Sedan Cars

A sedan is still defined as a passenger vehicle with four doors and a separate
trunk, as it has traditionally been. The rear seatback and the immovable package tray
below the rear window divide the trunk from the passenger compartment. Many sedans
include a fold-down rear seatback that offers up a pass-through for heavy items that
wouldn't fit in the trunk otherwise. The trunk, however, is shut off from access and
prying eyes when the seatback is in the upright position (Witzenburg and Ceppos 2019)

History of Brake Pad Materials

Most brake materials are composites of multiple materials, rather than single
elements or compounds, in order to attain the qualities required by brakes. Commercial
brake components now use over 2,000 different materials and their variants. Herbert
Frood is credited with creating the first eight brake lining materials in 1897, according to
Nicholson (1995). It was a cotton-based textile that was saturated with bitumen solution
and used in wagon wheels and early vehicles. His idea led to the establishment of the
Ferodo Company, which continues to supply brake lining materials today. The initial
brake lining materials were woven, but by the 1920s, molded materials containing
crysotile asbestos fibers, a common mineral, had supplanted them. In the 1950s, resin-
bonded metallic linings were introduced, and by the 1960s, so-called "semi-mets" with a
higher proportion of metal additions had been produced (Good Year 2021).

Components of Brake Pads

According to (Ales 2020) in Columbia Auto cares, that sacrificial friction

substance is attached to a metal backing plate in brake pads. A small amount of that
material wears away each time in applying brakes. The amount of wear is determined
by a number of factors. Aggressive braking, repeated abrupt stops, and "riding the
brakes," for example, all cause your brake pads to wear out faster. Driving on dirt roads
or in other adverse situations has the same effect. How soon your brake pads wear out
is also influenced by the composition of the friction compound.

Organic Brake Pads

 Organic brake pads are made of a mixture of common materials like rubber,
carbon, glass/fiberglass and others, secured together by resin. These brake pads are
suitable for everyday driving of non-performance vehicles and don’t produce much heat
with stopping. These pads are often known as Non-Asbestos Organic (ADVICS 2021).

Semi-metallic Brake Pads

The final type of brake pad is the semi metallic brake pad. Semi metallic brake
pads are different from fully metal brake pads in that they use fillers to create the pad
compound instead of using 100% metal. Full metal brake pads are typically reserved for
truly extreme braking requirements. Semi metallic brake pads are between 30% and
70% metal, including copper, iron, steel, and other composite alloys. These various
metals are combined with graphite lubricant and other fillers to complete the brake pad.
The metallic brake pad compounds available vary, each type offering their own
advantages for everything from daily commutes to track racing (Bridgestone 2021)

Ceramic Brake Pads

By way of contrast, ceramic brake pads are usually your most expensive option for
replacement pads. Made from ceramic materials mixed with copper fibers, ceramic pads
were designed for driver comfort. They are the least noisy, produce very little messy
brake dust, and are stable over a wide range of temperatures. And they last the longest.
Ceramic pads also provide a firmer brake pedal than organic pads. They do not perform
quite as well as other pads in extreme cold and are not well-suited to performance use.
But ceramic brake pads are quiet, comfortable, and durable pads, excellent for daily
driving (Alexa 2020).

Mockup Trainer

The mockup is an exact replica of the engine that comes standard on a car, but
it's mounted on a mechanical platform with all of the essential components for starting it
up. The field of automotive engineering education, particularly in the area of internal
combustion engines, necessitates the employment of appropriate technologies capable
of simulating, testing, and obtaining precise data from their operation. Because
automotive engines are so complicated because they combine a variety of technical
disciplines, a "living engine" known as a mockup was designed to aid in their research
( Albaladejo, Carvalho, Morioka, et al 2013)

This type of resource could be made to a certain scale or as a full-size

representation of a newly invented product or equipment. A mockup is not a working
model and is usually built to represent the basic idea of the genuine product. When the
mockup is fully functional, it is called a prototype. As a result, the automotive design can
be fine-tuned by making minor adjustments to the blueprints and physical prototype until
the design is finished. Because the potential for design flaws to occur during assembly
is kept to a minimal, this approach to the production and manufacturing process helps to
prevent a considerable deal of time and money wastage (Tantum 2020).

The studies that mentioned above is related to the present study because it is all
about the breaking system and its history. The present research develop a mockup
trainer for brake shoe and brake pad.

Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored on the concept and theories of Simpson Psychomotor

Domain also known as Simpson Taxonomy. According to (MH Themes 2021), Simpson
made her classification of psychomotor domain that comprised of utilizing motor skills
and coordination of the students. The domain is consist of perception, set, guided
response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, and origination. It focus on
the progress in skills mastery from invention to observation. Automotive students focus
on actual skills in learning the concept of break pad and brake shoe using the mockup
and Simpson Taxonomy is applicable. Hands-on skills can be develop, improved and
applied in real professional world (Latib and Ahmad 2017). This will be the researchers
guide in developing the mockup by using the IV-DV model of research paradigm.

Research Paradigm
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Student psychomotor skills in

Student Performance
Brake pad and Brake shoe mockup

Student Psychomotor
Skills

a. Perception

b. Set

c. Guided Response
Learner’s Scores
d. Mechanism

e. Complex overt
response

f. Adaptation

g. Origination

Research Hypothesis

Based on the conceptual framework and problem of the study, the hypothesis
formulated below will be subject in a development of brake shoe and brake pads trainer
mockup for sedan cars System: Evaluation of Psychomotor Skills and Performance.
Finding the correlation ship between the psychomotor skills and students’ performance
in learning the trainer mockup at 0.05 level of significance.

H1: There is a correlationship between the psychomotor skills and student’s

performance in learning the trainer mockup

HO: There is no correlation between the psychomotor skills and students performance
in learning the trainer mockup.
Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter introduces the methods that will be used to find the correlation ship
between psychomotor skills and student performance using the mockup.

Research Design

This was a quantitative study that employed a descriptive correlational design.

Descriptive research is appropriate when the research goal is to identify characteristics,
frequencies, trends, and categories, according to McCombes (2019). It is descriptive
because it will determine the frequency count and average (learning with instructional
model and learning without instructional model). Correlational research, according to
Blog (2020), identifies variables that have some type of link to the extent that a change
in one causes a change in the other. This was a correlational study because it looked at
the link between the two variables.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted at Bukidnon State University. It is located in

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, on Fortich Street. College of Administration, College of Arts
and Sciences, College of Business, College of Education, College of Law, College of
Nursing, and College of Technology are the seven colleges that make up this private
institution.

The Participants of the Study

The study's participants were 30 automotive students from the Department of

Automotive Technology, as described previously. They will be chosen as participants
since it is expected that they would be able to supply the necessary information for the
study.
Sampling Procedure

The data will be collected using a purposive sampling strategy in this research.
Purposive sampling, according to Arikunto (2010:183), is the practice of selecting
subjects based on a specific aim. A convenience sample is a non-probability sampling
method in which a sample is drawn from a group of people who are easily accessible
(Frey, 2018).

Research Instrument

The Tests are used by the researcher as a research instrument, a method of

assessing an individual's or group's knowledge, skill, feeling, intelligence, or aptitude.
Create numerical scores that can be used to identify, categorize, and assess test takers
(Gay, 1996). The researchers employ the mockup to assess the performance of the
experimental class using pre- and post-test findings. The test can also be used to see if
there is a link between psychomotor skills and student performance.

CHAPTER 4
 PRESENTATION, INTEPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered from the 30 sample respondents of the study. The presentation of the results
is based on the order of the specific problems mentioned in the statement of the
problem.

Preferred Psychomotor Skills of Automotive Students in Learning the Mockup of

Brake Pad and Brake Shoe

Psychomotor Skills play a significant role in automotive learners especially in

performing hands-on test. When students recognize their psychomotor skills, they are
able to pass all the test in automotive. Below is the table of frequency of the
psychomotor skills of the participants.

Table 1: Psychomotor Skills

Psychomotor Frequency Percentage Mean Standard

Skills % Deviation
Perception 15 4 50% 11.59 3.46
Set 13 5 43% 11.23 3.53
Guided Response 17 2 57% 11.32 3.65
Mechanism 13 5 43% 11.5 3.58
Complex overt 15 4 50% 11.18 3.69
response
Adaptation 16 3 53% 11.73 3.31
Origination 20 1 67% 12.05 3.26

Table 1 reveals the seven psychomotor skills, frequencies, percentage, mean

and standard deviation of the automotive students in testing the mockup of brake shoe
and brake pad. The psychomotor skills that has a highest number of learning is
origination. Out of 30 participants 20 or 67% of students shows that they preferred in
origination psychomotor skills with a mean of 12.05. The second highest preferred skills
is Guided Response with a frequency of 17 or 57% which has mean of 11.32. The third
highest skill adaptation with a frequency of 16 or 53% with the mean of 11.73.
Meanwhile, the fourth highest skills is perception and mechanism with a frequency of 15
or 50% but it differs on the mean of 11.59 and 11.18. The least frequency of 13 or 43%
are mechanism and perception with a different mean of 3.58 and 3.46. Result shows
that student learn more on origination psychomotor skills.

Student Performance

Student mean Standard Deviation Description

Performance
Learners Average 80.51 21.8 high
Rating
Legend:
86 to 100 – Very high
71 to 85.99 – High
56 to 70.99 – Medium
41 to 55.99 – Low
<41 – Very L

Source of Degree of Correlation Critical R Decision on Interpretation

Correlation Freedom Coefficient value H0 at 0.05
R
Psychomotor
skills(obtain
mark)
Student 28 1 0.361 Reject null significant
performance hypothesis
(rating)
Note: If the computed R-value is greater than the tabulated value, reject the null
hypothesis.