THE BHAKTI MOVEMENT o ‘Reality is twofold – independent & dependent

 Bhakti means love of God (according to things – the lord Vishnu is the only
Shvestashavtara Upanishad). independent thing.’ – Madhava.
 The Bhakti movement originated in Southern India. o The Doctrine Dvaita:
 The movement started with Nayanars & Alvars.  Epistemology – Pratyaksha, Anumana &
 Nayanars – Shaivites. ‘Tirumurai’ contains devotional Shabda.
poetry by 63 saints. Karraikkal Ammaiyar was a female  Dualism – Twofold reality.
Nayanar.  Ishvara – Svatantra Tatva (independent
 Alvars – Vaishnavites. They were influential in reality).
propagating Bhagwatism & epics like Ramayana,  Jiva & Jada – Asvantantra Tatva (dependent
Mahabharata, etc. ‘Nalayira Divya Prabandham’ was reality).
compiled by Nathamuni. It contains works of 13 Alvar o Prescribed Bhakti for moksha.
poets. Andal was the only female Alvar saint. o Vishnu, according to Madhava, is the
 These Bhakti cults were successful in spreading their Brahman.
propaganda because of their use of regional o Rejected the ‘Tat Tvam Asi’ Mahavakya & gave
languages. ‘Atat Tvam Asi’ (Thou aren’t that).
o Believed that liberation was different for
Philosophers of the Bhakti Age: different souls.
 Adi Shankaracharya (8th century): o Works:
o His critics call him a crypto-Buddhist.  Bhagvata Tatparya Nirnaya.
o Works of Shankara:  Anu-Vyakhyana.
 Brahmasutra Bhashya.  Nimbarka (12th century):
 Upadesha Sahasri. o Dvaitavada philosophy.
 Viveka Chudamani. o Radha-Krishna worship.
 Atma Bodh.  Vallabhacharya (1479-1531):
 Sarva Darshana Sidhant Sangraha. o A Telugu Brahmin born at Champaran.
 Shankravijayam by different scholars. o Established the Pushtimarga sect.
o The doctrine of Advaita Vedanta: o Works:
 Advaita – Only unchanging Brahman is  Anubhashya.
real, while changing entities don’t have  Tatva Deep Nibandh.
absolute existence.  Subodhini.
 Jiva Mukti – Self-realization.  Shodashgrantha.
o Established 4 maths: o Estd. the Nath Sampradaya.
 Ramanujan (1017-1134):  Surdas (16th century):
o Born in Sriperumbuddur, Tamil Nadu. o A Braj poet.
o Student of Yadva Prakash, the Advaitist. o His disciples are called Ashtachap.
o Discarded the Advaita theory & joined the cult o A Krishna worshipper.
of Alvars. o Composed ‘Sursagar’, ‘Sur Saravali’ & ‘Sahitya
o Proposed the concept of Vishishta Advaita Lahari’ in Vrij Bhasha.
(Verified-Nondualism). o His poems are involved in the Guru Granth
o Proposed that the Vedic literature mention Sahib of Sikhs.
both duality & nonduality (Saguna Brahman).  Mirabhai (16th century):
o Prescribed Prabhaktimarga or surrender to o A Bhakti poetess of Rajasthani language.
God for liberation. o Wife of Bhoj Raja, daughter-in-law of Rana
o His mummified body is preserved at the Sanga & daughter of Ratan Singh.
Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam. o Composed ‘Payo ji meme Ram Rattan dhan
o Philosophical works: payo’.
 Shri Bhashya.  Tulsidas (16th century):
 Vedarthasangraha. o Varanasi & Ajodhya.
 Gita Bhashyam. o Sanskrit, Awadhi & Braj.
 Vedantadipa. o Works in Awadhi:
 Vedantasara.
 Ramcharitamanas.
 Gadya Traya.
 Barvai Ramayan.
 Madhav Acharya (1238-1317):  Parvati Mangal.
o Aka Purna Prajna or Ananda Tirtha.  Janaki Mangal.
o Born at Pajaka, Karnataka.  Ramagya Mangla.
 Ram Lala Nahachu.
 o Works in Braj:  Guru Amar Das: He compose Anand Sahib, introduced
 Krishna Gitavali. Anand Karz marriage system & abolished the Sati
 Sahitya Ratna. ritual among the Sikhs.
 Dehavali.  Guru Ram Das: laid foundation of Amritsar
 Vairagya Sandipani. (Randarspur or Guru-ki-Chowk & Golden temple.
 Vinaya Patrika.  Arjun Dev compiled the ‘Guru Granth Sahib’. He
 Ramananda (16th century): completed the construction of the Golden temple. It
o Born at Prayagraj. was painted in gold by Ranjit Singh.
o A Brahmin.  Guru Har Govind: The warrior saint. He developed the
o Influenced by Ramanujan. Gatka martial art, militarized the Sikhs & established
o ‘Gyanlila’ &’Yogacharitam’. the Akal Takht.
o 12 disciples – Kabir, Pipa, Raidas, etc.  Guru Har Rai: The tender-hearted Guru. He
 Kabir (15th century): maintained a large army, but stayed away from
o Ramananda’s disciple. violence.
o Was a crypto-Muslim who was trying to  Guru Har Krishan: The youngest guru (5 years old).
convert people to Sufism.  Aurangzeb killed Guru Tegh Bahadur in 1675 because
o Anti-idolatry. the guru refused to convert to Islam. He executed
o The Kabirpanthi cult. Fateh Singh & Zorawar Singh in 1704.
 Chaitnya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534):  Guru Govind Singh, the 10th guru, compiled the ‘Adi
o A Gaudi Vaishnav Brahmin. Grant’ & declared it to be the 11th guru.
o Wrote ‘Shikshashatakam’.  Govind Singh estd. the Khalsa Panth in 1699 & the city
o Attained Nirvana at Puri. of Anandpur in 1790.
 Shankara Deva (1486-1543):
 Misls = 12 tribes of Sikhs.
o An Assamese.  Banda Bahadur: A Sikh warlord. Banda Singh or
Banda Bairagi: Aurangzeb executed him in 1715.
o Started Ekasarana Dharma.
 Jatha – A military unit – Jathedar.
o Composed ‘Bhorgeet’ & ‘Bhatima’ devotional
songs.
BHAKTI MOVEMENTS IN DECCAN
o Developed Sattriya (Sankari) Dance form.
 Maharashtra:
o His poetic works:
 Sant Jnaneshwar (1275-1296):
 Kirtana-ghosha
o Nath Vaishnava sect.
 Harischandra-upakhyana
o Wrote a commentary on Gita – ‘Dnjaheshvari’
 Rukmini-harana
in Marathi. The core text of Virkari sect.
 Ajamilopakhyana
o Wrote ‘Amrutanubhava’.
 Bali-chalana
 Kurukshetra-yatra  Namdeva (1270-1350):
o Vaishnav influence.
 Gopi-uddhava-samvada
 Amrita-manthana o Composed ‘Abhanga’ in Marathi.
 Krishna-prayana-pandava-niryana  Ekanatha (1533-1599):
 Kamajaya o Born in Paithan.
o His philosophical works: o Composed ‘Bhagavata Purana’, ‘Eknathi
 Bhakati-pradipa Bhagavata’ & ‘Bhavarth Ramayana’.
 Anadi-patana  Tukaram (17th century):
 Nimi-navasiddha-samvada o ‘Tukaram Gatha’.
 Bhakti Ratnakara (in Sanskrit) o Composed ‘Abhanga’ poetry in Marathi.
 Gunamala o A devotee of Vithal Vishnu.
 Samartha Ramdas (1608-1681):
THE CULT OF SIKHISM o Composed Marathi poems ‘Dashabodh’ &
 Estd. By Nanak Bhangi in 1469. He was born at ‘Manache Shloka’.
Talwandi in Pakistan & died at Kartarpur. He was the o Was patronized by Shivaji.
son of Tripta & Mehta Kalu.  Other Bhakti Cults:
 Nanak estd. Dera Baba Nanak near Ravi River at o Nath sect – estd. by Adinath (Shiva).
Kartarpur. o Siddha sect.
 Nanak never wanted to establish a new religion. o Yogi sect.
 Angad developed Gurmukhi script, langar & Mal  Gujarat:
Akhara.  Nar Singh Mehta of Gujarat composed ‘Vaishanva
 Jahangir executed Guru Angad (penname Nana) in Janto’.
1604 & Guru Arjun Dev in 1606.