In frequency hopping systems, the transmitter changes the carrier frequency according to a certain

"hopping" pattern . The advantage is that the signal sees a different channel and a different set of
interfering signals during each hop.

Can I use a BCCH carrier frequency as a hopping frequency?

This plan needs to be done very carefully as the system monitors cells based on the BCCH frequency
only. Since BCCH carrier radiates continuously without downlink power control, frequencies used for
BCCH on one cell should not be used as hopping frequencies on other cell. The reason is to avoid
continuous interference from BCCH carriers.

900+1800 combined using diplexer for frequencies that are far apart

900 tx/rx or 1800 tx/rx combined using duplexer to use same port ,

isolation and insertion loss are important parameters

S/I (signal over interference) ratio =12dB ideal for GSM system

below are two important parameters of duplexer/diplexer

insertion loss = -10log(p2/p1)

Insertion loss is defined as a ratio of the signal level in a test configuration without the filter
installed (|V 1 |) to the signal level with the filter installed (|V 2 |). This ratio is described in dB
by the following equation:

isolation = -10log(p3/p1) = -70dB or less is better for

Antenna to antenna isolation is a measure of how tightly coupled antennas are. Typically,
antenna isolation is measured for antennas on the same product - that is, the isolation
between a smartphone gps and wifi antenna, for instance. When specified in this manner,
the isolation should be as large as possible.

Tightly coupled array (TCA) antenna has become a hot topic of research recently, due to its

potential of enabling one single antenna array to operate over an extremely wide frequency
range.

What is frequency hopping in GSM?

The frequency hopping helps to improve interference diversity and frequency diversity. There are
two types of frequency hopping based on use of RF carrier frequencies for the RF transceivers for
burst transmission in GSM.

Slow FH types used in GSM: BBH (TRX=#freqs) and Synthesizer FH AKA RF FH (TRX!=#freqs)
FH parameters include MA list(MAL) range 0-63, HSN range 0-63, MAIO range 0 upto N-1 where N is
#freqs in MAL

BSIC=NCC+BCC

In GSM system, each BTS is allocated with a color code, which is called BSIC.
MS can identify two cells with the same BCCH by the help of BSIC.

Half power beam width

What is VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) ,,,,

When a transmission line (cable) is terminated by an impedance that does not

match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, not all of the
power is absorbed by the termination. Part of the power is reflected back
down the transmission line. The forward (or incident) signal mixes with the
reverse (or reflected) signal to cause a voltage standing wave pattern on the
transmission line. The ratio of the maximum to minimum voltage is known as
VSWR, or Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.
what is the ideal value 1:1 means no power being reflected back to port,,, In the real world, a
VSWR of 1.2:1 (or simply 1.2) is considered excellent in most cases.