Republic of the Philippines

Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

College of Public Administration and Criminology 1

Crime rates of Juvenile During Pandemic versus Before Pandemic: The Comparative
Study of Juvenile Delinquent and it’s factors During Pandemic versus

Before pandemic in Tondo, Manila

By:

Geradela, Arod

Nahil, Jhasmin R.

Padua, Justine A.

Pilapil, Angelica V.

2021
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 2

Chapter 1

The Problem and It’s Background

Introduction

Juvenile Delinquency is a term used to describe illegal actions of a minor, this term
include everything from minor violations like skipping school to more severe crimes
such as burglary and violent actions. According to Walter Reckless (1957) the term
Juvenile Delinquency applies to the violation of criminal code and pursuit in certain
pattern of behaviour.

Risk of factors In juvenile delinquency has a four (4) category; (1) individual (2) family
(3) peer (4) school and family.

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 is one of the most significant world-wide events
in recent history, it has an impact in culture, government operations, crime, economics,
politics, and social interactions for the future. One unique aspect of this crisis is the
governmental response of issuing legal stay-at-home orders to attempt to slow the
spread of the virus. While these orders varied, both in degree and timing, between
countries and states, they generally began with strong encouragement for persons to
isolate themselves voluntarily. The COVID-19 pandemic radically changed the nature
of social interaction and economic activity in all regions across the world. On April
2020, more than half of the global population was under on a lockdown. In the
following months, the countries was enforced a broad spectrum of restrictions. These
ongoing changes affecting all aspects of life, with crime being no exception.

Young people are particularly vulnerable to the disruptions the COVID-19 pandemic
has caused, with many at risk of being left behind in education, economic opportunities,
and health and well being during a crucial stage of their life development. Many
affected by school closures, and poverty and unemployment rates due to COVID-19
have increased dramatically.
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 3

In Criminological Theory suggest that lockdown measures could activate causal

mechanisms for both reduction and an increase in crime, in particular violent and
property crime, with some types of crime more likely to increase and others to
decrease.

Based on the statistics crime committed by juvenile is hard to assemble, classify and
obtain, and mostly unreported. The Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC)
reported that more than 52,000 Filipino children from 1995-2000 were in “conflict with
the law”. The Data from Social welfare said that form 2001 to 2010 close to 64,000
offenders were detained by the government. Ma. Raquel Tubale of Manila Department
of Social Welfare (MDSW) said that the rate of crimes involving children mostly from
a poor families in the Manila district.

The aim of this study is to compare the crime rates done by the juvenile before the
COVID-19 pandemic and during pandemic, it is to identify the crime rates done by
juvenile in Tondo, Manila.
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 4

Setting of the Study

The setting of the study was focused on the Crime rates of Juvenile During
Pandemic versus Before the Pandemic in Tondo, Manila. Tondo has the highest crime
rates in the country, most common crime commited in Tondo is related to drugs and a
murder in a week. Tondo, Manila.

The Figure shows the map of Tondo, Manila where the study was conducted.

Figure 1. Map of Tondo, Manila

 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 5

Theoretical framework

This study was anchored on the Differential Opportunity Theory by Richard

Cloward and Lloyd Ohin and Containment Theory by Walter Reckless, Strain Theory
by Siegel.

Differential Opportunity Theory developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohin in

1960, they believes that opportunity plays a role in juvenile delinquency, this theory
combines learning, subculture, anomie and social disorganization theories and expand
them to include the recognition for criminal behaviour.

Containment Theory, introduced by Walter Reckless he stated that the inner and outer
containment help prevent juvenile offending. The inner containment include of positive
self- concept, tolerance for frustration and an ability to set realistic goals. Outer
Containment include institutions such as family. Containment mean the forces within
and outside the individual that has the power to influence his action, such as whether to
commit or not to commit crime. Strain theory, refers to the individual frustration, anger,
and resentment. These negative feelings are brought about by their inability to have,
possess and achieve their desires in life, whether material or non material things. The
poor by reason of their poverty, are deprived of even the most basic needs and wants in
life. This deprivation is the source of the strain, because of this they are pushed into
doing illegal activities, such as the crime of robbery, theft, drug pushing and other
similar crimes for the purpose of earning money.
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 6

Statement of the Problem

In a wider perspective, this research seeks to compare the Crime Rates of Juvenile
before Pandemic versus During Pandemic and It’s Factors in Tondo, Manila.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic profile of juvenile that most commonly engage in crime in
terms of the following variables:

1.1 age

1.2 gender preference

1.3 Socio- economic status

1.4 highest educational attainment

2. What are the factors that the juvenile was engage in crimes in terms of the following
variables:

1.1 Financial Unstable

1.2 Family Problem

1.3 Peer Pressure

1.4 Poor Education

3. Is there is any significant between crime rates in Tondo Manila before and during
pandemic?

4. What are the categories of crime committed by juvenile delinquent before pandemic
versus during pandemic in Tondo, Manila?

5. What is the proposed action for juvenile delinquency prevention?

 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 7

Hypothesis

The Researcher hypothesized that there is a different on crime rates committed by the
juvenile before and during pandemic. The crime rates during pandemic was get higher
compare before pandemic.

Significance of the Study

The information that was gathered in this study was deemed beneficial to the following;

Department of Social Workers and Development - This topic may use by the organization to
refine then develop platforms, reforms and program dealing with current issue.

Local Police Offices- Data from the study is statistically computed and treated so it is ready to
serve as a basis for studies and evaluation of the juvenile delinquency situation in Tondo,
Manila

Department of Education and Teachers- Educators may use the findings of this study to
create intervention and program that will serve as an awareness and correction to students so
they would avoid delinquency and crime in the future

Citizen- the citizen will be knowledgeable about the statistics of juvenile delinquency in
Tondo, Manila and would be motivated to create action and programs that may help lessen
juvenile delinquency rates.

Youth- the youth would benefit in this study so that they would also have the knowledge about
juvenile delinquency.

Future Researchers- This study is one of the ample good references for the future research
about the crime rates of juvenile before and during pandemic.

Government- This research is beneficial for the authorities for better project a good action
concerning the same issue.

Local Government Officials- This study also implores the importance of coordination
between LGU’s and local police in attaining goals such as crime-free environment.
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 8

Parents/ Family- the output produce of this research will help the parents, most especially to the
family to be more attach to their children.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The subject of this study is to determine if there was any changes regarding to crime
rates of past and present days particularly before and during pandemic of COVID 19.
This topic anchored to sought answer of what are the effects of following variables and
why the child came to be delinquent because of this variables : family problems, peer
pressure, financial unstable, and poor education that was perceived by 50 police and 50
juvenile age bracket15 to 18 years old from Tondo, Manila in year 2016 to 2021 a
comparative study.
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 9

Definition of Terms

Chapter 2
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 10

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies anchored from
foreign and local sources. These are deemed relevant since these will substantiate the
results of the study to be conducted.

Foreign Literature

According to Gogua ( 2020 ) The factors causing the crime are complex.It
comprises psychological and social circumstances that interact with each other, causing
particular behavior. Most respondents consider family relationships to cause a crime
committed by a minor. Most juvenile delinquents lack parental care. Children with
parents abroad sometimes find themselves in the wrong environment and "go astray,".
Children who live on the streets, lacking a home, consider being at risk. Childhood
psychological trauma, violence, imitation of criminal authorities, etc, are also cited as
reasons for juvenile delinquency, according to a survey conducted in Kutaisi. The survey
was conducted by Georgia's Ministry of Education and Culture.

A family, particularly guardians, assumes a major part in the advancement of the

youngster/juvenile. Issues related with family can be one of the danger factors. These
issues can be financial, social, etc. In Georgia, with the expanding number of outsiders
rises the quantity of minors left without a parent. For grandparents or different
guardians, now and then it is trying to focus and regulate these youngsters.
Inappropriate environmental factors may push a kid/young adult to carry out a crime.

According to Bernard (1992) An early assessment of the effect of COVID-19 on

adolescent misconduct and adolescent equity in America, this audit gives beginning
grant to quickly advancing spaces of examination. As post-pandemic examinations on
adolescent conduct and equity multiply, we encourage cautious thought regarding how
they may impact cultural and the framework reactions to young people's wrongdoing.
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 11

The general motivation behind the examination was to investigate the connection
between different bloods related components and wrongdoing. The investigation
additionally endeavored to find out whether those components can go about as causative
specialists for "adolescent misconduct". The investigation hypothesized that in spite of
the fact that there are various variables that effect on the improvement of youngster
character, the family assumes a focal part in kid advancement and importantly affecting
on the personality of a kid. To basically break down the theory of study, the paper looked
into the ideas of adolescent wrongdoing and family. Albeit the paper fixated on the
family factors impacting misconduct, it similarly appended premium on the non-family
factors affecting degrees of adolescent wrongdoing. The investigation discovered that
there are a few remarkable blood related elements that effect on kid wrongdoing. These
incorporate parental perspectives, the level of family attachment, actual brutality, and
uninvolved nurturing. There are additionally non-family factors that sway on adolescent
wrongdoing, which incorporate the disappointment of the adolescent equity framework,
neediness, an absence of admittance to instruction, drug misuse and hereditary issues.
(Mwangangi, 2019)

Foreign Studies

According Pezella, Thornberry and Smith (2016) this study used life-course data
from the Rochester Youth Development Study, and overrepresented females in order to
better control for gender. They found authoritative parenting was significantly and
negatively associated with delinquency in both White and African American high
schoolers of different socioeconomic strata.

Tompsett, Veits, and Amrhein (2016) findings on collective efficacy, showing that this

variable serves as a protective factor only from neighborhood delinquent associations.

Association with deviant peers outside the realm of the neighborhood and collective

efficacy circle still remained a significant risk factor for a youth’s own delinquent
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 12

behavior- one that often outweighed these protections.

Walters (2020) found that prior parental support buffered against the

delinquency-promoting effects of delinquent peer association in early adolescent youth.

Using data from the longitudinal section of the Gang Resistance Education Training

study, Walters developed a path analysis to study these variables. He confirmed that the

effects of supportive parenting (which he defined similarly to this paper’s “authoritative

parenting”) precede the effects of delinquent associations, and that the former can endure

to protect against the latter and its negative implications.

Rathinabalan&Naaraayan (2017) found that factors in the family like the age, education,
employment of parents, single parent or being single child, smoking, alcoholism, criminal
behavior by parents play a vital role in increasing delinquent behave in the child and punitive
parenthood worked as a protective factor . The General Strain Theory states that strain or stress
enhances hostility and annoyance which the person tries to decrease by taking steps in some
illegal and criminal ways. Criminal activity can work as a catharsis to dissolve or reduce anxiety
and frustration .

Child physical maltreatment is increasingly becoming a more acceptable strategy to

discipline the children. There are many factors associated with physical child
maltreatment that are concealed within our societies (Lakhdir et al., 2019 ).

It is now widely recognized that early life stress (ELS) in the form of child abuse or

neglect can generate sustained, life-long effects that contribute to major psychiatric and
medical

disorders in adulthood. ELS results from childhood experiences of sexual, physical, or

emotional

abuse and/or neglect (Targum & Nemeroff, 2019).

Thus justifying the view that childhood exposure of parental abuse and violence results

into persistent traumatic stress which may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 13

symptoms in adolescence(Ashraf, Niazi, Masood, & Malik, 2019 ). According to WHO

report in 2002, 73 million boys and 150 million girls had exposed to different forms of
CSA. A metaanalysis was conducted in 2009 analysed 65 studies in 22 countries reported
the global

prevalence of CSA was highest in Africa (34.4%) followed by Asia (23.9%), United
States (10.1%), and Europe (9.2%) (Almuneef, 2019).Comparatively though, in Pakistan
like in 10 Uganda, it was observed that, unlike the Western world, no studies had been
conducted locally so far examining post traumatic stress disorder symptoms specifically
in relation to child abuse(Ashraf et al., 2019). Although PTSD and dissociation are
relatively well characterized in

adults, less is understood about epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of

these

trauma-related phenomena for adolescents, particularly in relation to maltreatment(Choi

et al.,

2019). In India for example, in a study on ‘A narrative review of the psychological

condition of a

juvenile inmates’, found that too many teenagers grow up in unhealthy circumstances,
they are

faced with many life challenges such as family, economy, and education that contribute
to

criminal behaviour (Fikri, 2019 )

Adolescence is the epoch of physical, emotional, and social transformation from a playful

childhood to a mature adulthood (Lakhdir et al., 2019). The latter add that adolescents are
18%

of world’s population and are commonly studied for research. In developing countries,
parents 18

seem to choose physical maltreatment as the first choice when it comes to disciplining
their

children (Lakhdir et al., 2019).

Although maltreatment may increase the risk of delinquent involvement, analysing

 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 14

potential moderators of this relationship will allow us to understand what exacerbates the
risk for

delinquency in a group of already at-risk youth (Corlis & Damashek, 2019 )

Local Studies

Gulati, 2017 in general teenagers spend more time with peers. Peer pressure is described to have a positive
and negative impact among individuals and even without effect to a person because peer pressure is a

continuous learning. Peer pressure often seems to have various effects toward the student academic
performance in school. It is how their peers affect them whether in a positive or negative way. Teenagers
need to seek comfort from others that they found in the presence of their peers, and they are not even aware
on how their peers influence them academically.

Local Literarture

1, This study was conducted at People Recovery Empowerment Authority

(PREDA) a non-government agency which care for children in conflict with the law.
Study found out that external factors which include the environment outside home, peer
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 15

pressure, and community rule all has been found to a great extent of influence. Mental
health professionals describe delinquency as a pattern of bad or disruptive behavior. Bad
juvenile behavior can have far-reaching ramifications, such as serious bodily injury,
arrest or death. Biological influences specific to the individual child are often factors
leading to bad juvenile behavior. Poverty and living in a dangerous neighborhood can
lead children to engage in criminal activities. If your child has easy access to drugs,
alcohol, cigarettes or weapons, he may turn to risky behavior.
Main respondents of the study were the children in conflict with the law who are
currently under the supervision of Peoples Recovery Empowerment Development of
Authority (PREDA) The key informants were identified to provide the necessary
information pertaining to the Juvenile Delinquent. This sampling technique is useful in
documenting that a particular quality of a substance or phenomenon occurs within a
given sample. All statistical tests were run using the Statistical Package for Social
Science (SPSS). From the total respondents of 27 there were twenty or 74.07 percent on
the age bracket of 15-17 year old. Majority of the respondents' family sized were
composed of 4 members reaching up to 7 and more. Educational attainment of the
respondent showed that fifteen out of 27 or 56% were on elementary level while 9 or
33% of them were in high school level. (Abella, 2016)

2. To deal with youth offenders, some lawmakers are hoping to make children as
young as nine criminally liable. The programmed Get Real investigates what is driving
this proposal. MANILA: On a recent night patrol in his village, where minors loitering in
the evening are known to fall into crime, village council chairman Ernan Perez and his
team busted a drug and sex den. Most of its operators were 12 or 13, even 10-year-olds.
They also had kitchen knives and sharp tools that could be used as weapons. Mr Perez
knows only too well the trouble some children can cause in Barangay San Jose. Gang
riots used to be frequent, with minors throwing bottles at each other. “We’re getting more
scared of children than adults. They have weapons. They carry guns. They aren’t afraid
because we can’t file charges against them,” he said. Offenders aged below 15 are spared
trial and jail in the Philippines. Some say this leniency of the law is making some minors
bolder than ever. The government has a new target for its war on crime: To detain
offenders as young as nine and make them criminally liable. (Lachica, 2019)
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 16

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-020-09546-0?fbclid=IwAR2rELV-
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https://legalresearchph.com/2019/06/16/why-do-juvenile-delinquents-commit-
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https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/07/11/children-on-the-run-a-closer-look-at-child-
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Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin (1960). Delinquency and opportunity: a theory

of delinquent gangs. New York: The Free Press.

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GABRIELLE J. SPENCE DESIRABLE PARENTING, DELINQUENT YOUTH? EXPLORING THE

MODERATING EFFECT OF
 Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology 17

DELINQUENT PEER ASSOCIATIONS ON THE PROTECTION OF AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING

January 2021

Psychosocial profile of Juvenile Delinquents Sneha Mittal1*, Sanjay Kumar2

, Sandeep Singh Rana3 january 2021

Child Abuse, Psychological Distress and Juvenile Delinquency

A Case Study of Street Children in Katanga -Nagawa Evaline February, 2021

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