ASTRID GABRIELA HASSAN

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Session 2 Numerical Descriptive Measure

Please read Chapter 3 in Levine’s book, and Chapter 3 in Bowerman’s book.
1. The following set of data is collected from a sample of n=20.
75, 69, 84, 112, 74, 104, 81, 90, 94, 144,
79, 97, 108, 84, 99, 65, 91, 84, 115, 97
Data = 65, 69,74,75,79,81,84,84,84, 90,91,94,97,97,99,104,108,112,115,144
65 → | 81 → | 97 → || 115 → |
69 → | 84 → ||| 99 → | 144 → |
74 → | 90 → | 104 → |
75 → | 91 → | 108 → |
79 → | 94 → | 112 → |
a. Calculate the mean, median, and mode.
𝟔𝟓+𝟔𝟗+𝟕𝟒+𝟕𝟓+𝟕𝟗+𝟖𝟏+𝟖𝟒+𝟖𝟒+𝟖𝟒+𝟗𝟎+𝟗𝟏+𝟗𝟒+𝟗𝟕+𝟗𝟕+𝟗𝟗+𝟏𝟎𝟒+𝟏𝟎𝟖+𝟏𝟏𝟐+𝟏𝟏𝟓+𝟏𝟒𝟒
̅)=
Mean(𝒙 𝟐𝟎

= 92.3
𝟗𝟎+𝟗𝟏
Median = = 90.5
𝟐

Modus = 84
b. Calculate the range, variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation.
Range = 𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒂𝒓 - 𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒍 = 144 – 65 = 79
∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
̅)
Variansi 𝒔̅ = 𝒏−𝟏
(𝟔𝟓−𝟗𝟐,𝟑)𝟐 +(𝟔𝟗−𝟗𝟐,𝟑)𝟐 + (𝟕𝟒−𝟗𝟐,𝟑)𝟐 +...…+ (𝟏𝟒𝟒−𝟗𝟐,𝟑)𝟐
𝒔̅ = = 341.6947
𝟏𝟗

𝟐 ∑𝒏 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
̅)
Standar deviasi S = √ 𝒊=𝟏
= 𝟐√𝟑𝟒𝟏, 𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟕 = 18.4849
𝒏−𝟏
𝒔 𝟏𝟖,𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟗
CV = 𝒙̅ = = 0,2002 = 20%
𝟗𝟐,𝟑
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c. Calculate the Z-scores. Are there any outliers?
Z = (𝒙 - µ) / 𝝈
Data Z score
65 -1.47687 Nilai z-score < -3 dan > +3 dikategorikan sebagai
69 -1.26048 outlier. Pada hasil perhitungan z-score tidak
74 -0.98999 terdapat nilai <3 dan > 3 (tidak ada outlier).
75 -0.93589
79 -0.7195
81 -0.61131
84 -0.44901
90 -0.12443
91 -0.07033
94 0.091967
97 0.25426
99 0.362456
104 0.632946
108 0.849338
112 1.06573
115 1.228024
144 2.796864
d. Describe the shape of the data set, especially the skewness.

Data

65 -20346.417
69 -12649.337
74 -6128.487
75 -5177.717
79 -2352.637
81 -1442.897
84 -571.787
84 -571.787
84 -571.787
90 -12.167
91 -2.197
94 4.913
97 103.823
97 103.823
99 300.763
104 1601.613
108 3869.893
112 7645.373
115 11697.083
144 138188.41
Total 113688.48
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𝒏 ̅ )𝟑
(𝒙𝒊 −𝒙 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟑,𝟔𝟖𝟖.𝟒𝟖
Skewness = (𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐) ∑ = 𝟏𝟗 𝐱 𝟏𝟖 x = 1.0525
𝒔𝟑 𝟔,𝟑𝟏𝟔.𝟐𝟐

Berdasarkan data di atas nilai Mean > Median, maka bentuk distribusinya adalah
right skewed dimana mean berada di sebelah kanan median. Nilai skewness
adalah +1.0525 yang berarti memiliki kemiringan positif.
2. A set of data has a mean of 69 and standard deviation of 12.
a. Use the Chebyshev’s theorem to calculate the percentage of data within the
range of 51 to 87.
69-51 = 18 poin di bawah rata-rata ; 87-69 = 18 poin di atas rata-rata
Proporsi data yang ada di antara 18/12 = 1.5 standar derivasi dari rata-rata
1 1
Persentasi nilai di antara 1.5 standar derivasi = 1 - 𝑘 2 = 1 - 1,52 = 0.5556 = 55.56%

Artinya, 55.56 % data bernilai antara 51-87

b. Assume that the population follows a bell-shaped distribution. Use the empirical
rule to calculate the percentage of data within the range of 45 to 93.
• – s = 69 – 12 = 57 ; + s = 69 + 12 = 81
68% data bernilai antara 57 dan 81;
• ̅ – 2s = 69 – 2 (12) = 45 ; 𝒙
𝒙 ̅ + 2s = 69 + 2 (12) = 93
95% data bernilai antara 45 dan 93;
• – 3s = 69 – 3 (12) = 33 ; + 3s = 69 + 3 (12) = 105
99.7% data bernilai antara 33 dan 105
3. Use the data set in question (1).
a. Compute the first quartile (Q1), the third quartile (Q3), and the interquartile
range (IQR). Note: There are several methods to calculate Q1 and Q3. Use the
rule in Levine’s book to calculate Q1 and Q3.
Q1 = ¼ (n+1) = ¼ x 21 = 5.25 → data pada urutan 5
Q1 = 79
Q3 = ¾ (n+1) = ¾ x 21 = 15.75 → data pada urutan 16
Q3 = 104
IQR = Q3-Q1 = 104 – 79 = 25
b. List the five-number summary.
Minimum = 65
Q1 = 79
Q2 = 90.5
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Q3 = 104
Maximum = 144
c. Construct a boxplot and describe its shape.

Bentuk grafik di atas adalah right skewed, dimana jarak antara median dan nilai
maksimum lebih besar daripada jarak median dan nilai minimum dan dapat
dilihat juga pada tail/garis sebelah kanan lebih panjang daripada tail/garis
sebelah kiri.
d. Another approach to identify outliers is based upon the values of Q1, Q3 and
IQR. Using this method, we first compute the following lower and upper limits:
Lower limit = Q1 – 1.5(IQR) = 79 – 1.5(25) = 79 – 37.5 = 41.5
Upper limit = Q3 + 1.5(IQR) = 104 + 1.5 (25) = 104 + 37.5 = 141.5
An observation is classified as an outlier if its value is less than the lower limit or
greater than the upper limit.
Based on this method, are there any outliers in the given set of data?
Outlier pada data di atas adalah 144 (> 141.5)
4. The following set of data lists the calories and sugar (in grams) in one serving of eight
breakfast cereals:
Cereal Calories Sugar xi - 𝒙̅ yi - 𝒚̅ Product (xi - 𝒙̅)2 ̅̅̅2
(yi - 𝒚)
(x) (y)
A 80 6 -43.375 0.375 -16.2656 1881.391 0.140625
B 100 2 -23.375 -3.625 84.73438 546.3906 13.14063
C 90 4 -33.375 -1.625 54.23438 1113.891 2.640625
D 110 4 -13.375 -1.625 21.73438 178.8906 2.640625
E 130 5 6.625 -0.625 -4.14063 43.89063 0.390625
F 190 11 66.625 5.375 358.1094 4438.891 28.89063
G 200 10 76.625 4.375 335.2344 5871.391 19.14063
H 87 3 -36.375 -2.625 95.48438 1323.141 6.890625
∑ 987 45 929.125 15397.88 73.875
Mean 123.375 5.625
n 8
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a. Compute the covariance.
∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
̅) (𝒚𝒊 −𝒚
̅) 𝟗𝟐𝟗,𝟏𝟐𝟓
cov (x,y) = = = 132.7321429
𝒏−𝟏 𝟕

b. Compute the coefficient of correlation. Interpret the result.

𝒄𝒐𝒗 (𝒙,𝒚) 𝟏𝟑𝟐.𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟗
r= = (𝟒𝟔.𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟒 ×𝟑.𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟖) = 0.87115414
𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
√∑𝒊=𝟏(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙̅) √∑𝒊=𝟏(𝒚𝒊 − 𝒚̅)
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏

Memiliki hubungan positif yang kuat antara kalori dan gula, semakin tinggi nilai
gula pada sereal maka akan semakin tinggi pula nilai kalori sereal.
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OUTPUT PHSTAT

Variable
Mean 92.3
Median 90.5
Mode 84
Minimum 65
Maximum 144
Range 79
Variance 341.6947
Standard Deviation 18.4850
Coeff. of Variation 20.03%
Skewness 1.0526
Kurtosis 1.8788
Count 20
Standard Error 4.1334

Five-Number
Summary
Minimum 65
First Quartile 77
Median 91
Third Quartile 106
Maximum 144

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.8712
R Square 0.7589
Adjusted R Square 0.7187
Standard Error 1.7229
Observations 8