Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a decision-making

process for evaluating claims about the
population. In this process, the researcher
must :
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Select the significance level,
3. Determine the critical value and the rejection
region/s.
4. State the decision rule.
5. Compute the test statistics.
6. Make a decision, whether to reject or not to reject
the null hypothesis.
 Hypothesis Testing

There are two specific statistical tests for

hypothesis testing on means:
1. z test
2. t test

On the other hand, the chi-square test is used for

testing the standard deviation.
 Hypothesis Testing

A statistical hypothesis is an inference

about a population parameter.
Null hypothesis, symbolized H0 , states that
there is no difference between a parameter and a specific
value.
Alternative hypothesis, symbolized
Ha , states a specific difference between a
parameter and a specific value.
 Hypothesis Testing

In order to state the hypothesis correctly,

the researcher must translate correctly the claim
into mathematical symbols. There are three
possible sets of statistical hypotheses.
Ho : parameter = specific value
Ha : parameter ≠ specific value This is a two-tailed test

Ho : parameter = specific value This is a left-tailed test

Ha : parameter < specific value

Ho : parameter = specific value This is a right-tailed test

Ha : parameter > specific value
 Hypothesis Testing

In the hypothesis testing, there are four

possible outcomes as shown in the table. In
reality, the null hypothesis may or may not be
true. The decision to reject or not to reject is on
the basis of the data obtained from the sample of
the population.
Reject Ho Do not reject Ho
Ho is true TYPE 1 ERROR Correct Decision
Ho is false Correct Decision TYPE II ERROR
 Hypothesis Testing

A TYPE 1 ERROR occurs if one rejects the

null hypothesis when it is true.
A TYPE 1I ERROR occurs if one does
not reject the null hypothesis when it is
false.
 Hypothesis Testing

The level of significance is the maximum

probability of committing type 1 error. This
probability is symbolized by α. That is, P(type I
error) = α.
The probability of type II error is
symbolized by β. That is, P(type II error) = β.
 Hypothesis Testing

Problem: The researcher wants to know if

online learning has significantly increased the
average GPA of students in XYZ College from
the known GPA which is 80. The GPA of 200
randomly selected students was found to be 83.

Ho :μ = 80; The average GPA of students in XYZ College is equal to 80.

Ha : μ > 80; The average GPA of students in XYZ College is greater than 80.
 Hypothesis Testing

Problem: The manager of ONB wants to know

if there is a significant difference on the job
satisfaction level of employees before and after
the new compensation package is introduced.
Ho :μafter = μbefore ; The is no significant difference between the level of job
satisfaction of employees in ONB before and after the new compensation
package is introduced.
Ha : μafter ≠ μbefore ; The is a significant difference between the level of job
satisfaction of employees in ONB before and after the new compensation
package is introduced.
 Hypothesis Testing
Problem: Boys of a certain age are known to have a mean
weight of . A complaint is made that the boys living in a
municipal children’s home are underfed. As one bit of evidence,
25 boys (of the same age) are weighed and found to have a mean
weight of 80.94 pounds. It is known that the population standard
deviation is 11.6 pounds.

Ho:
Ha:
 Hypothesis Testing
Problem: A manufacturer claims that the thickness of the
spearmint gum it produces is 7.5 one-hundredths of an inch. A
quality control specialist regularly checks this claim. On one
production run, he took a random sample of 10 pieces of gum and
measured their thickness

Ho:
Ha:
 Hypothesis Testing
Problem: A biologist was interested in determining whether
sunflower seedlings treated with an extract from Vinca minor
roots resulted in a lower average height of sunflower seedlings
than the standard height of 15.7 cm. The biologist treated a
random sample of 33 seedlings with the extract.

Ho:
Ha:
 An engineer measured the Brinell hardness of
25 pieces of ductile subcritically annealed . The
resulting data were:
170 167 174 179 179 156 163 156 187 156
183 179 174 179 170 156 187 179 183 174
187 167 159 170 179
The engineer hypothesized that the mean
Brinell hardness of all such ductile iron pieces is
greater than 170. The average Brinell hardness of
the 25 pieces of ductile was 172.52 with standard
deviation of 10.31. The engineer set his significance
level at 0.05. Ho:
Ha:
Using the z-table, find the critical value/s for each and
illustrate.
Two-tailed test

1. α = 0.01
2. α = 0.05
3. α = 0.10
Left-tailed test

right-tailed test
The z test is a statistical test for the
mean of a population. It can be used
when the sample size is greater than
30 (n ≥ 30), or when the population is
normally distributed and σ is known.

𝑋 −𝜇
𝑍 𝑐=
𝜎
√𝑛
 Hypothesis Testing

Problem: A manufacturer claims that the

average lifetime of his light bulbs is 3 years
or 36 months. The standard deviation is 8
months. Fifty bulbs are selected, and the
average lifetime is found to be 32 months.
Should the manufacturer’s statement be
rejected at α = 0.01?
 A test on car braking reaction times for
men between 18 and 30 years old have
produced a mean and standard deviation of
0.610 and 0.123 sec, respectively. When 40
male drivers of this age group were
randomly selected and tested for their
breaking reaction times, a mean of 0.587
second came out. At the α = 0.10 level of
significance, test the claim of the driving
instructor that his graduates had a faster
reaction times.
 Hypothesis Testing

Problem 1: A manufacturer advertises that

its new subcompact models et 47 miles per
gallon (mpg). Let be the mean of the
mileage distribution for these cars. You
assume that the manufacturer will not
underrate the car, but you suspect that the
mileage might be overrated.
 Hypothesis Testing

Problem 2: A company manufactures ball

bearings for precision machines. The
average diameter of a certain type of ball
bearing should be 6.0 mm. To check that the
average diameter is correct, the company
formulates a statistical test.
Test on Small Sample Mean

The t test is a statistical test for the

mean of a population and is used when
the population is normally distributed, σ
is unknown, and n < 30.

𝑋 −𝜇
𝑡 𝑐=
𝑠
√𝑛
𝑑 . 𝑓 =𝑛 −1
 In order to increase customer service, a
muffler repair shop claims its mechanics can
replace a muffler in 12 minutes. A time
management specialist selected six repair
jobs and found their mean time to be 11.6
minutes. The standard deviation of the
sample was 2.1 minutes. At α = 0.025, is
there enough evidence to conclude that the
mean time is changing a muffler is less than
12 minutes?
 An engineer measured the Brinell hardness of
25 pieces of ductile subcritically annealed . The
resulting data were:
170 167 174 179 179 156 163 156 187 156
183 179 174 179 170 156 187 179 183 174
187 167 159 170 179
The engineer hypothesized that the mean
Brinell hardness of all such ductile iron pieces is
greater than 170. The average Brinell hardness of
the 25 pieces of ductile was 172.52 with standard
deviation of 10.31. The engineer set his significance
level at 0.05.
 Suppose a pharmaceutical company must
demonstrate that a prescribed dose of a certain
new drug will result in average increase in
blood pressure of less than 3 points. Assume
that only six patients can be used in the initial
phase of human testing. Result: the six patients
have blood pressure increases of 1.7, 3.0, 0.8,
3.4, 2.7, and 2.1 points. Use the results to
determine if there is evidence that the new drug
satisfies the requirement that the resulting
increase in blood pressure averages less than 3
points.
Boys of a certain age are known to have a
mean weight of 85 pounds. A complaint is
made that the boys living in a municipal
children’s home are underfed. As one bit of
evidence, 25 boys (of the same age) are
weighed and found to have a mean weight of
80.94 pounds. It is known that the
population standard deviation is 11.6
pounds. Based on the available data, what
should be concluded concerning the
complaint?
 A researcher wishes to test the claim
that the average cost of tuition and fees at a
four-year public college is greater than
$5700. She selects a random sample of 36
four-year public colleges and finds the mean
to be $5950. The population standard
deviation is $659. Is there evidence to
support the claim at ∝ =0.05? Use the P-
value method.
 A researcher claims that the average
wind speed in a certain city is 8 miles per
hour. A sample of 32 days has an average
wind speed of 8.2 miles per hour. The
standard deviation of the population is 0.6
mile per hour. At ∝ = 0.05, is there enough
evidence to reject the claim? Use the P-value
method.
 A physician claims that joggers’
maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater
than the average of all adults. A sample of 15
joggers has a mean of 40.6 milliliters per
kilogram (ml/kg) and a standard deviation of
6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is 36.7
ml/kg, is there enough evidence to support
the physician’s claim at ∝=0.05?
Testing the Difference between Two Means using the z-test

ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE Z-TEST TO DETERMINE THE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS

1. Both samples are random samples.

2. The samples must be independent of each other. That is, there can be
no relationship between the subjects in each sample.
3. The standard deviations of both populations must be known, and if the
sample sizes are greater than 30, the populations must be normally or
approximately normally distributed.
Testing the Difference between Two Means using the z-test
Example 1:
A survey found that the average hotel room rate in New
Orleans is $88.42 and the average room rate in Phoenix
is $80.61. Assume that the data were obtained from two
samples of 50 hotels each and that the standard
deviations of the populations are $5.62 and $4.83,
respectively. At ∝ 0.05, can it be concluded that there is
a significant difference in the rates?
Testing the Difference between Two Mean of Independent
Sample: Using the T-test
ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE T-TEST FOR TWO INDEPENDENT
MEANS WHEN σ1 AND σ2 ARE UNKNOWN.

1. The samples are random samples.

2. The samples data are independent of one another.
3. When the sample sizes are less than 30, the populations must be
normally or approximately normally distributed.
Testing the Difference between Two Mean of Independent
Sample: Using the T-test

Example 2:
A physiologist has the hypothesis that hormone X is
important in producing sexual behavior. To investigate
this hypothesis, 20 male rats were randomly sampled
and then randomly assigned to two groups. The animals
in group 1 were injected with hormone X and then
were placed in individual housing with a sexually
receptive female. The animals in group 2 were given
similar treatment except they were injected with a
placebo solution. The number of mating was counted
over a 20-minute period. The results are shown in the
table below. Use ∝= 0.05.
Independent t-test
The independent t-test, also called the
two sample t-test, independent-sample t-test
or student’s t-test, is an inferential statistical
test that determines whether there is
significant difference between the means in
two unrelated groups.
QUIZ
1. A researcher hypothesizes that the
average number of sports that colleges
offer for males is greater than the
average number of sports that colleges
offer for females. A sample of the
number of sports offered by colleges is
shown. At ∝ = 0.10, is there enough
evidence to support the claim? Assume
and = 3.3.
MALES (50)
FEMALES
(50)
QUIZ
2. A physiologist has the hypothesis that hormone X is
important in producing sexual behavior. To investigate
this hypothesis, 20 male rats were randomly sampled
and then randomly assigned to two groups. The
animals in group 1 were injected with hormone X and
then were placed in individual housing with a sexually
receptive female. The animals in group 2 were given
similar treatment except they were injected with a
placebo solution. The number of mating was counted
over a 20-minute period. The results are shown in the
table below. Use ∝= 0.05.

Hormone X
Placebo
Independent t-test
The null hypothesis for the
independent t-test is that the population
means from the two unrelated groups are
equal:

In most cases, we are looking to see if

we can show that we can reject the null
hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis, which is that the population
means are not equal:
Independent t-test
Unrelated groups, also called unpaired
groups or independent groups, are groups in
which the cases (e.g., participants) in each
group are different. Often we are
investigating differences in individuals,
which means that when comparing two
groups, an individual in one group cannot
also be a member of the other group and
vice versa.
Example: Gender.
Dependent t-test
The dependent t-test (also called the
paired t-test or paired-samples t-test)
compares the means of two related groups to
determine whether there is a statistically
significance difference between these
means.
Dependent t-test
A dependent t-test is an example of a
“within-subjects” or “repeated-measures”
statistical test. This indicates that the same
participants are tested more than once.
Thus, in the dependent t-test, “related
groups” indicates that the same participants
are present in both groups. The reason that
it is possible to have the same participants in
each group is because each participant has
been measured on two occasions on the
same dependent variable.
EXAMPLE
1. A sample of nine local banks shows
their deposits (in billions of dollars) 3
years ago and their deposits (in billions
of dollars) today. At ∝ = 0.05, can it be
concluded that the average in deposits
for the banks is greater today than it was
3 years ago?
STEP 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.

STEP 2: Find the critical value.

STEP 3: Compute the test value.

EXAMPLE
A dietician wishes to see if a person’s cholesterol level will
change if the diet is supplemented by a certain mineral. Six subjects
were pretested, and then they took the mineral supplement for a 6-week
period. The results are shown in the table. (Cholesterol level is
measured in milligrams per deciliter) Can it be concluded that the
cholesterol level has been changed at ∝= 0.10? Assume the variable is
approximately normally distributed.
QUIZ
One-way ANOVA
The analysis of variance is a statistical
technique used to analyze multigroup
experiments.
The analysis of variance, or ANOVA,
as it is frequently called, is used in both
independent groups and repeated measures
designs. It is also used when one or more
factors (variables) are investigated in the
same experiment.
One-way ANOVA
The alternative hypothesis used in the
analysis of variance is nondirectional. It
states that one or more of the conditions
have different effects from at least one of the
others on the dependent variable.
The null hypothesis states that the
different conditions are all equally effective,
in which case the scores in each group are
random samples from populations having
the same mean value.
 The different situation situations affect
stress equally.

At least one of the situations affects stress

differently than at least one of the remaining
situations.