RESEARCH 3

Quarter 3
Aidee E. Escañela
Teacher
HYPOTHESI
S TESTING
 HYPOTHESIS
 Is a prediction based on a body of knowledge,
scientific theory, or observation.
 In hypothesis testing, we test our prediction about
one or more of the population parameters (or
characteristics) that will either be accepted or
rejected on the basis of the information obtained
from the sample.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 Deals with the problem of testing specific
assertions about the population regarding the value
of the unknown parameter or the distributional
properties of the population .
 The assertion is stated in the form of a hypothesis
and the statistical tool used to decide whether or
not to reject said assertion is a test of hypothesis.
 DEFINITIONS:
1.A statistical hypothesis is an assertion or conjecture
concerning one or more populations.
2.The null hypothesis (Ho) is the hypothesis that is
being tested; it represents what the experimenter
doubts to be true.
3.The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is the operational
statement of the theory that the experimenter
believes to be true and wishes to prove.
4. The Type I error is the error made by rejecting
the null hypothesis when it is true. The probability
of a Type I error is .
5. The Type II error is the error made by accepting
(not rejecting) the null hypothesis when it is false.
The probability of a Type II error is denoted by β.
6. The level of significance, , is the maximum
probability of Type I error the researcher is
willing to commit.
NOTE:
1.The null hypothesis is usually expressed in terms
of equality or no difference.
2.The null hypothesis is evaluated on the basis of a
random sample data.
3.Ideally, the probabilities of committing the two
types of error must be zero. However, since
decisions are based only on representative sample
from the population, this is not possible.
4. The chance of committing two types of error
can be made smaller by increasing the sample
size.

5. For fixed sample size, the chance of

committing one type of error can be made
smaller at the risk of increasing the chance of
committing the other type.
Definition: A one-tailed test of hypothesis is a test
where the alternative hypothesis specifies a non-
directional difference for the parameter of interest.
EXAMPLES:
1. Ho: μ = 87 vs. Ha: μ > 87
2. Ho: μ = 87 vs. Ha: μ < 87
3. Ho: μx = μy vs. Ha: μx > μy
4. Ho: μx= μy vs. Ha: μx < μy
Definition: A two-tailed test of hypothesis is a test
where the alternative hypothesis does not specify a
directional difference for the parameter of interest.

EXAMPLES:
1. Ho: μ = 87 vs. Ha: μ ≠ 87
2. Ho: μx = μy vs. Ha: μx ≠ μy
 Definition:
A test statistic is a statistic whose
value is calculated from sample
measurements and on which the
statistical decision will be based.
Definition:
The critical region or rejection region is set of
values of the test statistic for which the null
hypothesis will be rejected. The acceptance
region is the set of values of the test statistic for
which the null hypothesis will not be rejected.
The acceptance and rejection regions are
separated by a critical value of the test statistic.
 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1.State the null hypothesis (Ho)and alternative hypothesis
(Ha).
2.Choose the level of significance .
3.Select the appropriate test statistic and establish the
critical region.
4.Collect the data and compute the value of the test
statistic from the sample data.
5.Make the decision. Reject Ho if the value of the test
statistic is in the critical region. Otherwise, do not reject
Examples:
For each of the problems below, do the following:

-Define the variables that you are going to use to

represent information.

-Formulate the appropriate null hypothesis (Ho)

and the appropriate alternative hypothesis (Ha).
1. The soft drink dispenser of a fast-food center was
just adjusted. The manager, wanting to know if the
dispenser is really in good condition, got a sample of
50 cups filled by the dispenser. She would only classify
the dispenser as “in good condition” (and therefore it
need not be readjusted again) if the average fill per cup
of the dispenser is 8 ounces.
Solution:

i) The variable that will represent the information is

X = fill per cup of the dispenser

ii)Ho: μ = 8 ounces (The dispenser is “in good condition”)

Ho: μ ≠ 8 ounces (The dispenser is not “in good condition”)
2. Jenny suspects that male DLSU-D students spend
less time studying compared to their female
counterpart. She decided to conduct a study regarding
the study habits of both male and female DLSU-D
students. She intends to find out if the average time
per day that a male DLSU-D student spends doing his
schoolwork is less than the average time per day a
female DLSU-D student spends doing her
schoolwork.
Solution:
i) The variables that will represent the information are:
X = time spent by male DLSU-D students in doing
schoolwork
Y = time spent by female DLSU-D students in doing
schoolwork
ii)Ho: μx = μy (The average time spent by male DLSU-D students in
doing schoolwork is the same with the female DLSU-D students.)
Ha: μx < μy (The average time spent by male DLSU-D students in
doing schoolwork is less than the female DLSU-D students.)
3. A fitness buff reads about a new diet program.
He wants to adopt it but unfortunately, following
the new diet program required buying nutritious,
low calorie yet expensive food. He thus randomly
selected some of his friends who adopt the new
diet only if the percentage of people who claim
that the new diet program works is greater than
60%.
Solution:
i) The variable that will represent the information is:
p = percentage of people who claimed that the new
diet program works
ii)Ho: p= 60 %(The percentage of people who
claim that the new diet program works is 60%.)
Ha: p> 60 %(The percentage of people who claim
that the new diet program works greater than 60%.)
4. The manufacturer of a patent
medicine claimed that it was at least
90% effective in relieving an allergy
for a period of 8 hours. One would like
to test if the manufacturer’s claim is
legitimate.
Solution:

i) The variable that will represent the information is:

p = probability of obtaining relief from allergy by using the

medicine.

ii)Ho: p= 0.9 The manufacturer’s claim is correct.

Ha: p< 0.9 The manufacturer’s claim is not correct.
5. In one part of a test developed by a psychologist, the test subject
is asked to form a word by unscrambling the letters “ciiatttsss” (Try
it yourself.) Given below are the times (in seconds) required by 15
randomly selected persons to unscramble the letters. At the =0.05
level of significance, the psychologist would like to test the claim
that the average time required to unscramble the letters is equal to
60 seconds. Data set: time (in seconds) to unscramble the letters
68.7 27.4 26.0 60.5 34.6 61.1
68.6 48.4 43.6 39.5 85.3 26.3
43.4 83.7 68.9
Solution:

i) The variable that will represent the information is:

X = time (in seconds) to unscramble the letters “ciatttsss”

ii)Ho: μx = 60 seconds (The average time required to unscramble the
letters of “ciatttsss” is 60 seconds)

ii)Ha: μx ≠ 60 seconds (The average time required to unscramble

the letters of “ciatttsss” is not 60 seconds)
 Activity 1: Identify the variables and state the null and the
alternative hypotheses in symbolic form for each of the
problems.
1. The heights of adults in a certain town have a mean of 65.42 inches
with a standard deviation 0f 2.32 inches. A random sample of 144
adults living in the slum district is found to have a mean height of
64.821 inches. Does this indicate that the residents of the slums are
significantly retarded in growth at 0.05 level of significance?
ANSWER:
X:
Y:
Ho:
Ha:
 2. Twelve different tablets from each of two competing
cold medicines are randomly selected and tested for the
amount of acetaminophen each contains, and the results
(in milligrams follow)

Dozenol 472 487 506 512 489 503 511 501 495 504 494 462

Niteze 562 512 523 528 554 513 516 510 524 510 524 508
At 0.05 level of significance, test the claim that the mean
amount of acetaminophen is the same in each brand.
ANSWER:
X:
Y:
Ho:
Ha:
 3. It is claimed that a new diet will reduce a person’s weight by
4.5 kilograms on the average in a period of 2 weeks. The
weights of 7 women who followed this diet were recorded
before and after a two- week period:

Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Weight Before 58.5 60.3 61.7 69.0 64.0 62.6 56.7

Weight After 60.0 54.9 58.1 62.1 58.5 59.9 54.4

At 0.05 level of significance, test if the new diet is really
effective.
ANSWER:
X:
Y:
Ho:
Ha: