Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Basic Concepts in Hypothesis
Testing
 What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c) level of
significance; (d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing.
M11/12SP-IVa-1
2. Identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem. M11/12SP-IVa-
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3. Formulates the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis on a population
mean. M11/12SP-IVb-1

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 What I Know

DIRECTION: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

A. Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the best
answer.

1. It is a tentative statement or explanation of a phenomenon.

A. Decision
B. Guess
C. Hypothesis
D. Test

2. If the assumed hypothesis is tested for rejection considering it to be true

is called?
A. Composite Hypothesis
B. Simple Hypothesis
C. Statistical Hypothesis
D. Null Hypothesis

3. Which of the following statement whose validity is tested based on a

sample?
A. Composite Hypothesis
B. Simple Hypothesis
C. Statistical Hypothesis
D. Null Hypothesis

4. If the null hypothesis is false, then which of the following is accepted?

A. Null Hypothesis
B. Positive Hypothesis
C. Negative Hypothesis
D. Alternative Hypothesis

5. If a Null Hypothesis is accepted, then the value of Test statistic lies in

what region?
A. Acceptance Region
B. Rejection Region
C. Critical Region
D. Sample Region

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B. Write Ho if the statement is a null hypothesis and Ha if it an
alternative hypothesis.

1. The average age of Grade 11 students is 13 years old.

2. The mean content of citric acid in a bottle of juice drinks is greater than
2ml.
3. The average monthly salary of Filipino teachers is less than ₱16,000.
4. The mean of weight of newborn babies is at least 0.5kg.
5. The average IQ of Grade 11 students is less than 110.

C. Locate the acceptance and rejection regions in each of the

following situations.

(illustration, normal curve)

1. Ho: µ = 25
Ha: µ ≠ 25

(illustration, normal curve)

2. Ho: µ = 33.2
Ha: µ < 33.2

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 Lesson
Basic Concepts in
1 Hypothesis Testing
You have learned in your past lessons about mean and standard deviation as
descriptions of a set of numerical data. You have also learned in the earlier lessons
about the importance of random sampling as well as the properties of the normal
curve and how to compute the proportions of areas under it.

In this lesson, you will explore and understand the basic concepts in
hypothesis testing.

Before we discuss hypothesis testing, it is necessary to learn the basic

concepts that are necessary in conducting hypothesis testing. Try to do the next
activity to prepare you for this lesson.

What’s In

Direction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Match

each symbol in Column B with the correct term in Column A.

Column A Column B

1. Population mean A. 𝑋̅
2. Sample standard B. s
deviation C. N
3. Population standard D. µ
deviation E. n
4. Sample size F. σ
5. Population size
6. Sample mean

Notes to the Teacher

This part aims to assess if the students have prior
knowledge about the topic. Also, it prepares the students to
absorb the lesson.

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 What’s New

Everyday we are making decisions. Some of these are important while others
are not. In decision making, we usually follow certain procedures: weigh alternatives,
collect evidence, and decide. After a decision was made, an appropriate interpretation
is undertaken. We follow these basic processes in testing hypothesis in Statistics.

Definitions of Statistical Hypothesis

A premise or claim that we want to test.

A statement about the numerical value of a population parameter.
A statement or tentative assertion which aims to explain facts about the
phenomenon.

Two Kinds of Hypothesis

1. Null Hypothesis (Ho)
- A statement that there is no difference between a parameter and a
specific value. The null statement must always contain some form of
equality (=, ≤ or ≥)
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
- Is the opposite or negation of the null hypothesis. It contains not equal,
less than or greater than symbols, i.e., (≠, <, or > ).

For example, if the null hypothesis is equal to some value, the alternative must be
not equal to that value. See the given table below.
Table 1
Presentation of the Various Hypotheses in Relevant Pairs

Null Hypothesis (Ho) Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

equal (=) not equal (≠)
greater than or equal to (≥) less than (<)
less than or equal to (≤) greater than (>)

Note: As a mathematical convention Ho always has a symbol with an equal in it. Ha

never has a symbol with an equal in it. The choice of symbol depends on the wording
of the hypothesis test.

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Study the following examples.

Example 1

Claim: The average monthly income of Filipino families who belong to

low-income bracket is ₱ 7,500
Ho: The average monthly income of Filipino families who belong to
low-income bracket is ₱ 7,500 (µ = 7,500)
Ha: The average monthly income of Filipino families who belong to
low-income bracket is not equal to ₱ 7,500 (µ ≠ 7,500)

Notice that the null hypothesis is expressed using the “equal” symbol while the
alternative hypothesis is expressed by “not equal” symbol because the claim or
conjecture does not specify any direction.

Example 2

Claim: The average number of hours that a person who develop a COVID-
19 symptom improve without treatment is more than 2 weeks.
Ho: The average number of hours that a person who develop a COVID-
19 symptom improve without treatment is 2 weeks. (µ = 2)
Ha: The average number of hours that a person who develop a COVID-
19 symptom improve without treatment is more than 2 weeks. (µ
> 2)

Observe that the alternative hypothesis is expressed with > symbol because the
claim or conjecture specifies to use the “more than/greater than” symbol.

Example 3

Claim: The average number of hours that side effects of COVID-19

vaccines last is less than 48 hours.
Ho: The average number of hours that side effects of COVID-19
vaccines last is 48 hours. (µ = 48)
Ha: The average number of hours that side effects of COVID-19
vaccines last is less than 48 hours. (µ < 48)

Observe that the alternative hypothesis is expressed with < symbol because the
claim or conjecture specifies to use the “less than” symbol.

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Example 4

Claim: No more than 60% of the registered voters in Bataan voted in the
local election.
Ho: No more than 60% of the registered voters in Bataan voted in the
local election. (µ ≤ 60)
Ha: More than 60% of the registered voters in Bataan voted in the
local election. (µ > 60)

Observe that the alternative hypothesis is expressed with > symbol because the
claim or conjecture specifies to use the “less than or equal to” symbol.

Example 5

Claim: No more than 60% of the registered voters in Bataan voted in the
local election.
Ho: No more than 60% of the registered voters in Bataan voted in the
local election. (µ ≤ 60)
Ha: More than 60% of the registered voters in Bataan voted in the
local election. (µ > 60)

Based on the five examples, the null hypothesis is always expressed with
“equal” symbol. It is always a statement that a parameter is equal to a specific value
according to its definition as stated in the previous page. In contrast, the alternative
hypothesis is expressed with ≠, >, or < symbols, depending on the given conjecture
or claim.

Types of Tests
A statistical test may either be directional (one tailed) or nondirectional (two-
tailed). We can determine whether a test is directional or nondirectional by looking
at how the alternative hypothesis is expressed.

Directional Test
A test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is expressed
using less than (<) or greater than (>) since the critical or rejection region lies entirely
in one tail of the sampling distribution.

Nondirectional Test
A test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is written
with not equal sign (≠) since there is no assertion made on the direction of the
difference. The rejection region is split into two equal parts, one in each tail of the
sampling distribution.

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These are the graphical representations of two-tailed test and one-tailed test.

Directional
(One-tailed, Left tail) (Insert illustration 1)

The probability is found at the left tail

of the distribution

Directional
(One-tailed, Right tail)

The probability is found at the right tail (Insert illustration 2)

of the distribution

Nondirectional
(Two-tailed)
(Insert illustration 3)
The probability is found on both tails of
the distribution

Study the following examples.

Example 6

Claim: The average daily allowance of college students is less than ₱200.

The average daily allowance of

Ho:
college students is ₱200. (µ = 200)
(insert illustration 4)

The average daily allowance of

Ha: college students is less than ₱200.
(µ < 200)

This is directional test or one-tailed test. Specifically, this is left-tailed test

because “less than” symbol was used in expressing the alternative hypothesis. Thus,
the critical region or the rejection region lies only in the left tail of the sampling
distribution.

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Example 7

The average daily allowance of college students is greater than

Claim:
₱200.

The average daily allowance of

Ho:
college students is ₱200. (µ = 200) (insert illustration 5)

The average daily allowance of

Ha: college students is greater than
₱200. (µ > 200)

Same with Example 4, This is also a directional test or one-tailed test.

Specifically, this is right-tailed test because “greater than” symbol was used in
expressing the alternative hypothesis. Thus, the critical region or the rejection region
lies only in the right tail of the sampling distribution.
Example 8

Claim: The average daily allowance of college students is ₱200.

The average daily allowance of

Ho:
college students is ₱200. (µ = 200) (insert illustration 6)

The average daily allowance of

Ha: college students is not ₱200. (µ ≠
200)

Observe that the alternative hypothesis expressed is using “not equal” symbol, thus,
the test is two-tailed.

What is It

In decision-making, we sometimes make a wrong decision. Likewise, when we

test a hypothesis, there is a possibility that we shall also commit an error of accepting
or rejecting the hypothesis. There are two types of errors: the Type I error and the
Type II error.

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 Type I error occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when it is true. It is also
called as alpha error (α error).

Type II error occurs when we accept null hypothesis when it is false. It is also
called as beta error (β error).

Level of Significance
Level of Significance is the probability of committing Type I error. It is denoted
by the Greek alphabet alpha (α). The value of alpha (α) tells us the probability of
making an error in rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. It is the choice of
the researcher to determine what value of level of significance will be used. This
depends on the risk or degree of confidence of the researcher is willing to take in
committing Type I error. 0.05 and 0.01 are the commonly used level of significance.
The level of significance should be set before testing the hypothesis.

Level of Significance Error Confidence Level

0.01 1% 99%
A 0.01 level of significance means that a researcher is willing to take 1% error
in deciding. It also implies that the researcher is 99% confident to make a right decision.

Level of Significance Error Confidence Level

0.05 5% 95%
Likewise, a 0.05 level of significance means that a researcher is willing to take
5% error in deciding. It also implies that the researcher is 95% confident to make a right
decision.
Steps in Testing the Hypothesis
Step 1: Identify the claim and formulate the null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative
hypothesis.
Step 2: Set the level of significance and determine whether the test is one-tailed
or two-tailed by looking at how the alternative hypothesis is expressed.
Decide on the test statistic to be used and find the critical value for the
test. Draw or illustrate the rejection region.
Step 3: Compute the test value, using test statistic or formula of the test.
Step 4: Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Formulate a conclusion by answering the research question.

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Accepting or Rejecting the Null Hypothesis
Follow these steps on how to decide on accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis.
1. Determine the critical value, using appropriate statistical tables.
2. Draw the rejection region and the critical value.
3. If the test value or the computed value falls in the rejection region, then reject
the null hypothesis; otherwise, accept the null hypothesis.

Study the following examples.

Hypotheses Rejection Region Decision

Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ ≠ 100
Accept Ho
Test Value: 1.55
Critical Value: ±1.96

(Insert illustration 7)

Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ ≠ 100
Accept Ho
Test Value: 1.75
Critical Value: ±1.96

(Insert illustration 8)

Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ ≠ 100
Reject Ho
Test Value: -2.25
Critical Value: ±1.96

(Insert illustration 9)

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Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ > 100
Accept Ho
Test Value: 1.82
Critical Value: 1.96

(Insert illustration 10)

Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ > 100
Reject Ho
Test Value: 1.97
Critical Value: 1.65

(Insert illustration 11)

Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ < 100
Accept Ho
Test Value: -2.05
Critical Value: -2.53

(Insert illustration 12)

(Insert illustrat

Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ < 100
Reject Ho
Test Value: -2.24
Critical Value: -1.96

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 What’s More

Direction: Complete the crossword. Use the given clues on the right.

Across:
1. Probability of
committing Type I
error.
3. It is also known as
one-tailed test.
4. It is committed
when null hypothesis
is rejected when it is
false.
5. It is the opposite or
negation of the null
hypothesis.
6. It is a premise or
claim that we want to
test.
7. It is committed
when null hypothesis
is rejected when it is
true.
8. When “>” symbol is used in expressing Ha.
10. It is the Greek alphabet used to denote “level of significance”.

Down:
2. It is also known as two-tailed test.
11. It is a statement that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific
value.

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 What I Have Learned

Direction: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Based on your understanding, answer the following in 2-3 sentences only.

1. What is hypothesis?

2. What are the types of hypotheses? Explain each.

3. Define hypothesis testing.

4. Explain why the null hypothesis is called null.

5. Explain the usefulness of the normal curve in hypothesis testing.

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 Scoring Rubric

0 1 2 3 4
No answer at Correct Correct Correct Correct
all answer but answer answer answer
not in a written in a written in a written in a
sentence sentence form sentence form sentence form
form. but no with 1 with 2 or
supporting supporting more
details. detail from the supporting
text. detail from
the text.

Did not use Used Used

capitalization capitalization capitalization
and and and
punctuation. punctuation. punctuation.

3 or more 1-2 spelling All words

spelling mistakes. spelled
mistakes. correctly.

What I Can Do

DIRECTION: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Instruction: From the given problems, do the following:
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses in words and in symbols.
b. State whether the test is directional or nondirectional.
Example:

Problem 1: The mean number of years Filipinos work before retiring is 35.
Null: The mean number of years Filipinos work before retiring is 35.
Ho: μ = 35
Alternative: The mean number of years Filipinos work before retiring is not
35.
Ha: μ ≠ 35
Type of Test: Nondirectional

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Problem 1: Filipino employees are entitled to have an average of 5 days paid
incentive leave which can be used for vacation or sick leave.

Null:

Alternative:

Type of Test:

Problem 2: The mean starting salary for ABC University graduates is at least
₱15,000 per month.

Null:

Alternative:

Type of Test:

Problem 3: At most 60% of Filipinos vote in presidential elections.

Null:

Alternative:

Type of Test:

Problem 4: The chance of developing breast cancer is under 11% for women.

Null:

Alternative:

Type of Test:

Problem 5: Over 5% of adults ride the bus to work in Bataan.

Null:

Alternative:

Type of Test:

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 Assessment

DIRECTION: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

A. Identify the type of error (Type I or Type II) if there is any
committed in each following situation.

1. A true null hypothesis is accepted.

2. A false null hypothesis is accepted.
3. A true null hypothesis is rejected.
4. A false null hypothesis is rejected.

B. For each of the following conjecture, state the null (Ho) and
alternative (Ha) hypothesis in symbols.

1. The average time to commute from Hermosa to Balanga City is 20 minutes.

2. The average number of vehicles passing through SCTEX daily is less than
or equal to 19,500.
3. The average daily number of customers in a convenience store is greater
than 950.
4. The mean content of citric acid in a bottle of juice drinks is greater than 2
ml.
5. The average typing speed of a secretary is 23 words per minute.

C. Complete the table. Decide whether the null hypothesis is to be

rejected or accepted, given the test value and critical value of test
statistic. Draw the rejection region.

Hypotheses Rejection Region Decision

(Insert illustration
Ho: µ = 150 normal curve)
Ha: µ ≠ 150
Test Value: 2.55
Critical Value: ±2.33

(Insert illustration
Ho: µ = 10 normal curve)
Ha: µ ≠ 10
Test Value: 1.84
Critical Value: ±1.65

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 (Insert illustration
normal curve)
Ho: µ = 12
Ha: µ > 12
Test Value: 1.55
Critical Value: 2.33

(Insert illustration
normal curve)
Ho: µ = 500
Ha: µ < 500
Test Value: -1.82
Critical Value: -1.96

Additional Activities

DIRECTION: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Determine

whether the test is two-tailed or one-tailed. If it is one-tailed, determine
if it is left-tailed or right-tailed. Sketch the graphical representation of
the test.
1. A nutritionist claims that her developed cookies are fortified with
Vitamin B.
2. A musician believes that listening to classical music affects mood.
3. A seller thinks that time of a day influences sale of ice cream.
4. A mother wants to prove that reading books to children improves their
thinking processes.
5. A certain combination of fruits provides the daily requirement for
Vitamin C.

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References

Books
Belecina, R. R., Baccay, E. S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016).
Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store.
Ocampo, J. J., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond
Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.

Website
OSCRiceUniverisity. (n.d.). opentextbc.ca. Retrieved from Introductory Business
Mathematics:
https://opentextbc.ca/introbusinessstatopenstax/chapter/null-and-
alternative-hypotheses/

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