Statistics and

Probability
Converting a Normal Random
Variable to a Standard Normal
Variable and Vice-versa
Statistics and Probability
Converting a Normal Random Variable to a Standard Normal Variable and Vice-versa
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Dhojie N. Yanto, Elson A. Valencia, and Victor M. Disilio

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Rey Mark R. Queaño and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph

144
What I Need to Know
This module was designed to help you as a learner to converting a normal random
variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa. In this lesson, your acquired
knowledge and skills in formula derivation and rounding off numbers is needed. You
will learn how to convert a normal random variable to standard normal variable
and vice-versa.
In a previous module, you have learned about how to illustrate a normal random
variable and its characteristics. It also discussed how to identify regions under the
normal curve corresponding to different standard normal values. This time, you will
focus on converting Normal Random Variable to Standard Normal Random Variable.
A normal distribution may take any values. These values are called raw scores. Raw
scores came from different sources cannot be compared unless we converted them
to standard scores.
Meanwhile, the knowledge, skills, and attitude you acquired about the previous
modules of normal distribution such as – the mean, standard deviation, raw scores
(x) and z – scores – is very useful to attain the target objectives of this module

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. distinguish a raw score (x) and the standard score (z);
2. express normal random variable (x) as standard normal
variable (z).
3. express standard normal variable (z) as normal random
variable (x).
4. apply the concepts of normal random and standard normal
variables in solving real-life problems.
What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Please
answer all questions with all your best and utmost honesty so that we can clearly
gauge your learning of the target competency of this lesson. Let’s get started.
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the
best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is the measure of the number of standard
deviations (σ) a particular data value is away from the mean (μ)?
A. Standardization
B. Random Normal Variable
C. Standard Normal Variable
D. Probability Distribution
2. Given: x = 35 ; µ = 15 ; σ = 4. Find the z score.
A. -5
B. 5
C. 10
D. 15
3. Given: z = - 2.25 ; µ = 60 ; σ = 8. Find the value of x
A. 18
B. 42
C. 78
D. 102
For questions number 4 and 5
Suppose the provincial health officer of Quezon reported that the average COVID 19
positive for 30 days is 8 patients with the standard deviation of 4 patients.

145
 4. What is the z score of 15 patients?
A. -5.75
B. -1.75
C. 1.75
D. 5.75
5. What is the z score of 4 patients?
A. – 1
B. -0.5
C. 0.5
D. 1
6. The mean score of the students on pre-assessment is 10 and the
standard deviation is 2. What was Elson’s raw score if his z – score
is 3?
A. 4
B. 12
C. 16
D. 20
7. Some DepEd public and private schools administered National
Achievement Test for Grade 6 and Grade 10. Suppose the test for
Grade 10 has a mean score of 110 and a standard deviation of 15. If
Juan, a Grade 10 student, has obtain a z-score of 1.27, what was
his score on the test?
A. 91
B. 92
C. 129
D. 130
For questions number 8-10
The Enhance Community Quarantine (ECQ) on some places was lifted by our
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte last May 15, 2020. Suppose that after the said ECQ,
one of the dieticians of well-known company conducted the survey about the effect
of home quarantine on the health of the Filipino people. He found out that average
weight for women is 60 kg with a standard deviation of 4 kg.
8.If the weights are normally distributed, what is the z-score of a woman with a
weight of 70.
A. -2.5
B. -1.5
C. 1.5
D. 2.5
9. What is the z score of a woman with a weight of 50 kg?
A. -2.5
B. -1.5
C. 1.5
D. 2.5
10. How many kilograms will be corresponds to the z score of 0.5 of the
weight of woman?
A. 56kg
B. 58kg
C. 60 kg
D. 62 kg

146
 11. If the scores in a Probability and Statistics test are normally
distributed with a mean of 25 and standard deviation of 3.5. What is the
z-score for a score of 30?
A. 1.43
B. 1.06
C. 0.72
D. -1.43
12. Gracia, an ALS student, obtained a z-score of 2.35 in an achievement
test that is normally distributed with a mean grade of 83 and standard
deviation of 5. What was Gracia’s grade in the achievement test?
A. 71.25
B. 80.65
C. 85.35
D. 94.75
13. In a normal distribution with a mean of 69 and standard deviation of 15,
what does a z-score of -2 indicates?
A. It indicates that the score is equal to 39.
B. It indicates that the score is above the mean.
C. It indicates that the score is 39 less than the mean
D. It indicates that the difference between the score and the
mean is 39.
14. Francis Leo and Romy who are best friends took a college entrance
examination. The mean score and standard deviation of the
examination are 115 and 12, respectively. If Francis Leo and
Romy obtained z-scores of 1.5 and -0.95 respectively, what was
their scores in the examination?
A. 132 and 104
B. 133 and 104
C. 132.75 and 104
D. 133.75 and 103.6
15. The velocities of cars in express way are normally distributed with
a mean of 80 km/hr and standard deviation of 8 km/hr. Jessie’s
velocity has a z-score of 2.5, what was his velocity?
A. 100 km/hr
B. 105 km/hr
C. 110 km/hr
D. 115 km/hr
How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms, symbols and notation? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the
last part of this module.

If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and immediately move to the
next module. While in the event you missed a point, please proceed on the module
as it will enrich your knowledge in normal distribution, especially in illustrating the
normal random variables and its characteristics
Lesson 1 Converting a Normal Random
Variable to a Standard Normal
Variable and Vice-versa
Did you take your National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) on your Grade
9? How about the National Achievement Test on your Grade 6 and 10? Have you ever
wondered why there are corresponding percentiles in the test result such as 86, 95

147
or even 99+? If not, this lesson will teach you on how to appreciate the importance
of knowing the answer in those questions?
What’s In
Let’s review. Solve for x in terms of another variable.
1. ax = b
2. x + y =1
3. y = mx + b
4. =1

5. z =
Answers:
1. x = b/a 2. x = 1-y 3. x = 4. x = a + b 5. x = zσ + μ

What’s New
Fill Me Up
Complete the table below by filling in the correct value of the required variable. Use
this formula = and solve.

z x

___ 23 18 4

-1.17 ___ 125 30

___ 515 475 100

0.565 ___ 15.5 5.5

This time, you need to reflect on the following questions. Answer the following
questions:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. How were you able to find the value of z? x?
3. Can you derive the formula in finding the value of x?
4. Do you think it is possible to solve for the μ and σ given the value of x and z?
What is It
Was the activity fun and interesting? How did you manage to derive the
formula? Are you successful in completing the table?
The activity allows you to manipulate the given data and the missing value
through derivation. In this case, you convert the raw score (x) into the standard score
(z) using the formula = . You substitute the given values and uses properties
of equality and algebraic rules to obtain the needed data
In solving real-life problems involving the normal curve, it is particularly
important to convert a random variable x to a standard normal variable or z-score.
This procedure is known as “standardizing” or “standardization” of a random
variable, where a standardized value is called a z-score. A z-score is a measure of the
number of standard deviations (σ) a particular data value is away from the mean (μ).

148
 Suppose your score on a test in Probability and Statistics is 39 and the scores
are normally distributed with a mean of 33 and standard deviation of 3, then your
score is exactly 2 standard deviations above the mean. If you scored 30, then it is
exactly 1 standard deviation below the mean. All values that are above the mean
have positive z-scores and all values that are below the mean have negative z-scores.
If you obtained a z-score of -3, this means that your score is 3 standard deviations
below the mean, that is, 33 – 3(3) = 33 – 9 = 24.
Given any value x from a normal distribution with mean μ and standard
deviation σ, to convert x to a z-score (standard normal score), you need to;
(a) Subtract the mean μ from x.
(b) Divide this quantity, – , by the standard deviation σ.
The formula used in converting a random variable x to a standard normal
variable z is:
−
=

where: – standard normal score or z – score

– any data value in a normal distribution
- mean
- standard deviation

Example 1.
Suppose IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and standard
deviation of 10. If your IQ is 85, what is your z-score? (Round off your answer to the
nearest hundredths)
Solution:
The z-score can be computed using the formula; =

85 − 100 −15
= = =− .
10 10
Example 2.
On a nationwide placement test that is normally distributed, the mean was
125 and standard deviation was 15. If you scored 149, what was your z-score?
(Round off your answer to the nearest hundredths)
Solution:
Using the formula =
149 − 125
=
15
24
= = 1.60
15
Example 3.
The heights of teachers in Sta. Catalina National High School are normally
distributed with a mean of 150 cm and standard deviation of 15 cm. The height of
Sir Victor has a z-score of 3.25. What is the actual height of Sir Victor? (Round off
your answer to the nearest hundredths)
Solution:
In this example, z-score is given while the normal random variable is
unknown. To solve for the normal random variable x, multiply the z-score (z) by the
standard deviation σ, then add the mean μ.
Therefore;
= +
= 3.25(15 cm) + 150 cm
= 48.75 cm + 150 cm

149
 = 198.75
Example 4.
The time it takes for a cell to divide is normally distributed with an
average of 60 minutes and standard deviation of 5 minutes. How long will it take for
a given cell to divide if its “mitosis” has a z-score of -1.35?
Solution:
= +
= -1.35(5 min) + 60 min
= -6.75 min + 60 min
= .
Example 5.
Suppose you have the population values 40 and 70 and that their
corresponding z – scores are -1 and 2, respectively.
1. Is it possible to determine the population’s mean and standard deviation?
2. If so, what are these values?
Solution:
To begin, let us first identify the given. Let
= 40 = 70
= −2 =1

Use these given and substitute to the formula (12-2), we have

= + = +
40 = −2 + 70 = 1 +
Note: In this example, we do not have and , and and since we are describing
a single population. Thus, = = and = = .
Furthermore, we need to review our algebra specifically on systems of linear
equation. So,
40 = −2 + equation 1
70 = 1 + equation 2
Subtract equation 1 from equation 2, we have
40 = −2 + equation 1
70 = 1 + equation 2
30 = 1 − (−2 )
30 = 3 the difference
(30 = 3 ) multiply by
10 = simplify
The standard deviation of the population is 10. To obtain the mean, substitute it to
either equation 1 or 2.
40 = −2 + ⇒ 40 = −2(10) + ⇒ 60 =
70 = 1 + ⇒ 70 = 1(10) + ⇒ 60 =
Both agrees that the mean of the population is 60.
Therefore,
1. It is possible to determine the population’s mean and standard deviation
given only the raw score (x) and its corresponding standard score (z).
2. The mean and standard deviation of the population is 60 and 10,
respectively.

150
What’s More
Independent Activity
Find Me
Supply the needed information by solving the missing value.
1. x = 25, µ= 40, σ = 6, z = ?
2. z = -2.25, µ= 218, σ = 36, x = ?
3. x = 39, µ= 30, σ = 3, z = ?
4. x = 125, µ= 105, σ = 8, z = ?
5. z = 1.11, µ= 145, σ = 20, x =?
Independent Assessment
Solve Me
Solve the following problems.
1. The mean number of hours a Filipino worker spends on the computer is
3.1 hours per workday. Assume the standard deviation is 0.5 hour and is
normally distributed, how long does a worker spend on the computer if his
z-score is 1.2?
2. Each month, a Filipino household generates an average of 28 pounds of
newspaper for garbage or recycling. Assume the standard deviation is 2
pounds. Determine the z-score of a household that generates 22 pounds
of newspaper.
3. The Candelaria Automobile Association reports that the average time it
takes to respond to an emergency call is 30 minutes. Assume the variable
is normally distributed and the standard deviation is 4.5 minutes. How
long will a call be responded if it has a z-score of 0.75?
4. The average monthly salary for newly – hired teachers is P21,945. If the
distribution is approximately normal with a standard deviation of P3250.
How much will a teacher earn in a month if his salary has a z-score of
1.15?
What I Have Learned
Complete the statements below by filling in what you have learned from this module.
I believe you can do this without going back to the module. In the event you are
unsure with your response. Please reread the module. You can seek help from your
facilitator or classmates if there is something you need to clarify. Your ability to
comprehend and honesty in answering this part is very much appreciated. Happy
learning!
1. A __________ is a measure of the number of standard deviations ( ) a particular
data value is away from the mean ( )
2. _________________________________ is equal to the quotient between the
difference of normal random variable (x) or raw score and mean and standard
deviation. It is written as:
z=
3. __________________________________ is equal to the product of z score and
standard deviation plus the mean. It is written as:
= +
What Can I Do
Read and analyze the following problem carefully

Victor, a Grade 11 student of Valencia National High School is one of the candidates
for the scholarship program in one of the well-known companies in their

151
municipality. He was already submitted the different requirements like ITR of his
parents and G10 Report Card. The HR of the said company make a list of the five
priority subjects and he instructed his clerk to compute the mean and standard
deviation. Assuming that you are the assigned clerk, kindly complete the following
table:

SUBJECTS Grade
Filipino 85
English 83
Math 90
Social Science 88
Science 88
Mean
SD
Based on the above data, express each grades of the respective subjects into z-
scores. Show your complete solution and write your final answer on the following
table.
SUBJECTS Grade z- scores
Filipino 85
English 83
Math 90
Social Science 88
Science 88

Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is another term used for standard normal score?
A. z- score
B. mean score
C. x score
D. t score
2. Given: x =125; µ = 105; = 16. Find the z score.
A. -1.25
B. -1
C. 1
D. 1.25
3. Given: z = 2.25; µ = 70; = 9. Find the value of x
A. -49.75
B. 35.11
C. 90.25
D. 148.5
For questions number 4 and 5
Suppose the provincial health officer of Batangas reported that the average COVID19
positive for 40 days is 10 patients with the standard deviation of 6 patients.
4. What is the z score of 18 patients?
A. 1.33
B. 1.34
C. 4.66
D. 4.67

152
 5. What is the z score of 4 patients?
A. – 1
B. -0.5
C. 0.5
D. 1
6. If Elson's z-score on post-assessment is -3, the mean is 10 and the standard
deviation is 2, what was his raw score?
A. 4
B. 12
C. 16
D. 20
7. Some DepEd public and private schools administered National Achievement
Test for Grade 6 and Grade 10. The test for Grade 10 has a mean score of and
a standard deviation of 10. If Juan, a Grade 10 student has z-score of 1.25,
what was his
score on the test?
A. 127
B. 128
C. 129
D. 130

For questions number 8 - 10

The Enhance Community Quarantine of some places was lifted by our
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte last May 15, 2020. Suppose that after the said ECQ,
one of the dieticians of well-known company conducted the survey about the effect
of home quarantine on the health of the Filipino people. He found out that average
weight for women is 70 kg with a standard deviation of 6 kg.

8. If the weights are normally distributed, what is the z-score of a with a

weight of 63
A. -1.17
B. -1.16
C. 1.16
D. 1.17
9. What is the z score of a woman with a weight of 85 kg?
A. -2.5
B. -1.5
C. 1.5
D. 2.5
10. How many kilograms will be corresponds to the z score of 1.5 of the weight
of woman?
A. 76kg
B. 79 kg
C. 82 kg
D. 85 kg
11. If the scores in a Probability and Statistics test are normally distributed
with a mean of 31 and standard deviation of 4.5. What is the z-score for a score
of 40?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 2.5
D. 3

153
 12. Gracia, an ALS student, obtained a z-score of 1.35 in an achievement test
that is normally distributed with a mean grade of 85 and standard deviation of
5. What was Gracia’s grade in the
achievement test?
A. 71.25
B. 78.25
C. 91.75
D. 94.65
13. In a normal distribution with a mean of 15 and standard deviation of 3,
what does a z-score of -2 indicate?
A. It indicates that the score is equal to 9.
B. It indicates that the score is below the mean.
C. It indicates that the score is 9 less than the mean.
D. It indicates that the difference between the score and the mean is 6.
14. Ronnie and Loida who are best friends took a college entrance
examination. The mean score and standard deviation of the examination are
110 and 15, respectively. If Ronnie and Loida obtained z-scores of 1.25 and -
0.75 respectively, what was their scores in the examination?
A. 129 and 99
B. 128.75 and 88.75
C. 130 and 99
D. 140.75 and 100.75
15. The velocities of cars in express way are normally distributed with a Mean
of 90 km/hr and standard deviation of 10 km/hr. Jessie’s velocity has a z-
score of 2.5, what was his velocity?
A. 100 km/hr
B. 105 km/hr
C. 110 km/hr
D. 115 km/hr
Additional Activities
Read the following problems carefully. Apply what you have learned in the module.
The Candelaria Automobile Association reports that the average time it takes to
respond to an emergency call is 30 minutes. Assume the variable is normally
distributed and the standard deviation is 4.5 minutes.
a. How long will a call be responded if it has a z-score of 0.75?
b. How long will a call be responded if it has a z-score of – 1.83?

154
 Statistics and
Probability
Computing Probabilities and
Percentiles Using the Standard
Normal Table
Statistics and Probability
Computing Probabilities and Percentiles Using the Standard Normal Table
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Dhojie N. Yanto, Elson A. Valencia and Victor M. Disilio

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N.Sandoval,
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Rey Mark R. Queaño and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Edna E. Eclavea
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph

155
What I Need to Know
This module was designed to help you as a learner to compute for probabilities
and percentiles using the standard normal table. In this lesson, you will learn how
to apply the z-score in finding probabilities and percentiles by simply looking at the
Table of Standard Normal Distribution. Moreover, this module will enable you to
solve real-life problems on probabilities and percentiles. It is easy to understand the
uses of normal distribution because the examples and problems provided are based
on real-life situations.
In the previous modules, you have learned about identifying regions under the
normal curve corresponding to different standard normal values and converts a
normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa. This time, you
will focus on computing for probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal
table. A standard normal table or unit normal table or z – table, is a mathematical
table composed of a list of z – values and probabilities that arrange cumulatively.
Meanwhile, the knowledge, skills, and attitude you acquired about the normal
distribution, mean, standard deviation, raw score (x) and standard scores (z) is
extremely useful to achieve our target objectives on this module

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. utilize the use of the Table of Standard Normal Distribution;
2. compute probabilities and percentiles related to a given -score or
normal random variable ; and
3. sketch the graph of the normal distribution.

What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pre-test. Please
answer all questions with all your best and utmost honesty so that we can gauge
your learning of the target competency of this lesson. Let’s get started!

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following notations indicate the probability of a z value from the left?
A. ( > ) B. ( < ) C. ( < ) D. ( > )
2. What does P(a<Z<b) notation mean?
A. Probability of z that is in the left of a and b
B. Probability of z that is in the right of a and b.
C. Probability of z that is in the opposite of a and b.
D. Probability of z that is in between two other z values a and b.
3. What is the probability of z value indicated by ( < −1.78)?
A. 0.0375 B. 0.3075 C. 0.9625 D. 0.9633
4. Find the probability value of ( > −1.00).
A. 15.87% B. 34.13% C. 84.13% D. 90.13%
5. Compute the probability value of (−1.35 < < 2.75)
A. 90.85% B. 99.70% C. 0.9085 D. Both A and C
6. Find the z-scores that bound the middle 92.50% of the area under the standard
normal curve.
A. -1.44, 144 B. -1.44, -1.78 C. 1.44, 1.78 D. -1.78, 1.78
7. Which of the following graph is the correct illustration of the notation ( < <
)?

A. B. C. D.

156
8. The average score on Statistics and Probability First Quarterly Assessment is 35
points with a standard deviation of 5. What is the probability that Beth’s score is
less than 45 points?
A. -2 B. 2 C. 97.72% D. 2.28%
9. Given the normal distribution with a mean of 35 and a standard deviation of 3,
which interval of the variable defines an area under the curve corresponding to a
probability of approximately 68.26 %?
A. (35,38) B. (32, 38) C. (29,38) D. (29,41)

For items 10 to12, use the situation below.

Eight hundred fifty businessmen accepted the Mayaman Challenge of one of
the Philanthropic Filipinos who are willing to give relief goods for our fellow Filipinos
affected by the recent pandemic. They will be contributing an average of 120 sacks
of rice with a standard deviation of 25 sacks of rice.
10. What is the probability that the businessman will contribute less than 90 sacks
of rice?
A. 11.51% B. 76.99% C. 88.49% D. 89.45%
11. What is the probability that the businessman will contribute more than150
sacks of rice?
A. 11.51% B. 76.99% C. 88.49% D. 89.45%
12. How many businessmen will contribute a sack of rice between 100 sacks
and 145 sacks?
A. 534 B.535 C. 715 D. 716
13. The ages of ALS students enrolled at Sta. Catalina National High School are
normally distributed with a mean of 19 years and a standard deviation of 3.5
years. If a student is selected at random, what is the probability that his age is
under 22 years?
A. 11.67% B. 19.49% C. 80.51% D. 90.57%
14. Teaching the value of productive work, ABM students launched the “Go Negosyo”
project. If their weekly sales on this project is normally distributed with mean of
P3,200 and standard deviation of P500. What percent of their weekly sales are
over P4,000?
A. 94.52% B. 77.34% C. 22.57% D. 5.48%

15. In problem number 14, how many percents of their weekly sales are less than
P3,000?
A. 11.61% B.34.46% C. 65.54% D 88.39%

How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms, symbols, and notations? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on
the last part of this module.
If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and immediately move
to the next module. While in the event you missed a point, please proceed with the
module as it will enrich your knowledge in normal distribution, especially in
illustrating the normal random variables and its characteristics.

Lesson 1 Computing Probabilities and

Percentile Using the Standard
Normal Table
Have you tried comparing your previous performance to your present
performance? Or comparing your performance in different subjects like Math and

157
English? Which of the two subjects are you better - Math with a score of 30 whose
mean is 25 and a standard deviation of 5 or English with a score of 32 whose mean
is 27 and a standard deviation of 6?
These are simple questions we thought do not require statistics, but it is. In
this lesson, this module will guide you on how to compute probabilities and
percentile using the z - table.

What’s In
Let’s review. Supply the needed information by writing on the response area.
Questions Responses here
1. Convert 0.4783 into percent. _____________________
2. What is the equivalent of 38.45% in decimal? _____________________
3. What is the product of 450 and 0.2356? _____________________
(Round off your answer into nearest whole number)
4. What is the 25% of 100? _____________________
5. What is the total area of a normal curve? _____________________

What’s New
Find the area of the shaded region under the normal curve and make a brief and
concise interpretation of the following graph.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

158
What is It
How did you find the activity? Was it fun and challenging at the same time?
How did you determine the area of the shaded region? What are the strategies you
commonly used?
A normal distribution curve can be used as a probability distribution curve
for normally distributed variables. The area under the standard normal distribution
curve can also be thought of as a probability. That is, if it's possible to select any
value at random, the probability of choosing one, say, below 1.45 would be the same
as the area under the curve at the left of 1.45. In this case, the area is 0.9265.
Therefore, the probability of randomly selecting a value below of 1.45 is 0.9265 or
92.65%. The problems involving probabilities and percentiles are solved in the same
manner as finding the areas under a normal curve.
In finding probabilities, the following notations will be used:
(a) ( < ) – probability at the left of
(b) ( > ) = 1 – ( < ) – probability at the right of
(c) ( < < ) – the probability of that is in between two other values,
say and
(d) ( < ) ∪ ( > ) – the probability of is in the opposite direction of two
values, say and
(e) ( < ) – probability at the left of a normal random variable
(f) ( > ) – probability at the right of a normal random variable
(g) ( < < ) – the probability of a normal random variable that is in
between two other normal random variables, say and .
(h) ( < ) ∪ ( > ) – the probability of is in the opposite direction of
two values, say and
Example 1.
Find the probabilities for each of the following.
(a) ( < 1.32)
(b) ( < −1.05)
(c) (−0.75 < < 1.56)
(d) ( > −0.88)
Solution:
(a) The probability ( < 1.32) means to find the area under the normal curve
at the left of = 1.32. From the table, find the intersection on row 1.3 and
column 0.02. Thus, the probability is 0.9066 or 90.66%.

(b) The probability ( < −1.05) is the same as the area under the normal
curve at the left of = −1.05. From the table, the area is 0.1469. Thus,
the probability is 0.1469 or 14.69%.

159
 (c) The probability (−0.75 < < 1.56) is the same as the area under the
normal curve between values -0.75 and 1.56. To get the area, subtract
the area of = −0.75 from the area of = 1.56. Thus, (−0.75 < <
1.56) = ( < 1.56)– ( < −0.75) = 0.9406 – 0.2266 = . . %.

(d) The probability ( > −0.88) is the same as the area under the normal
curve at the right of = −0.88. To get the area, subtract the area of =
−0.88 from 1. Thus, ( > −0.88) = 1 – ( < −0.88) = 1 – 0.1894 =
. . %.

Example 2.
Let be a normal random variable with mean = 15 and standard deviation
= 3. Find the probabilities of the following:
(a) ( < 19)
(b) (10 < < 19)
Solution:
(a) To find the probability, convert the normal random variable 19 to a z-score.
Thus, ( < 19) = ( < )= ( < ) = ( < ) = ( < 1.33).
From the table, the probability at the left of = 1.33 is equal to 0.9082 or
90.82%.
(b) To find the probability, convert the normal random variables 10 and 19 to
z values. Thus, (10 < < 19) = ( < < ) = (−1.67 < <
1.33) = ( < 1.33) – ( < −1.67). From the table, we have
0.9082 – 0.0475 = . or . %.
These probabilities can also be applied to real-life problems.
Example 3.
The mean number of hours a Filipino worker spends on the computer is 3.1
hours per workday. Suppose the spending time is normally distributed with a
standard deviation of 0.5 hour, find the percentage of workers who spend less than
3.5 hours on the computer assuming that the variable is normally distributed.
Solution:
The percentage of workers who spend less than 3.5 hours is the same as the
area under the normal curve at the left of a normal random variable of 3.5 hours.
. .
Convert 3.5 to a z value. That is, z = = 0.80. From the table, the area at the left
.
of z = 0.8 is 0.7881. Thus, the percentage of workers who spend less than 3.5 hours
is 78.81%.

160
Example 4.
Each month, a Filipino household generates an average of 28 pounds of
newspaper for garbage or recycling. Assume that the distribution is normal with a
standard deviation of 2 pounds. If a household is selected at random, find the
probability of its generating
a. between 27 and 31 pounds per month.
b. more than 30.2 pounds per month.
Solution:
(a) The probability of generating between 27 and 31 pounds is (27 < <
31). This is equal to ( < < ) = (−0.5 < < 1.50) = ( <
1.50) – ( < −0.5) = 0.9332 – 0.3085 = 0.6247. Thus, the probability of
generating between 27 and 31 pounds of newspaper per month is 0.6247
or 62.47%.

(b) The probability of generating more than 30.2 pounds per month is
equivalent to ( > 30.2) which is equal to 1 – ( < 30.2) since it is right-
.
tailed.1 – ( < 30.2) = 1 – < = 1 – ( < 1.10) = 1 – 0.8643
= 0.1357. Thus, the probability of generating more than 30.2 pounds of
newspaper per month is 0.1357 or 13.57%.

Example 5.
The Mauban Automobile Association reports that the average time it takes to
respond to an emergency call is 35 minutes. Assume the variable is approximately
normal and the standard deviation is 5.5 minutes. If 200 calls are randomly selected,
approximately how many were responded in less than 25 minutes?
Solution:
The number of calls responded in less than 25 minutes is equal to the
percentage of 200 calls which were responded in less than 25 minutes. First, find

161
 ( < 25). ( < 25) = ( < ) = ( < −1.82). From the table, this is equal
.
to 0.0344. Thus, there are (0.0344)(200) = 6.88 or approximately 7 calls were
responded in less than 25 minutes.

Example 6.
To help students improve their reading, Mauban south district decides to
implement a reading program. It is to be administered to the bottom 5% of the
students in the district, based on the scores of a reading achievement test which are
normally distributed. If the average score for the students in the district is 122.6 and
the standard deviation is 18, find the cut-off score that will make a student eligible
for the program.
Solution:
The problem is asking for a
normal random variable that
corresponds to a z value and
occupying an area of 5% or 0.05
from the left under the normal
curve. To find this normal random
variable which is the cut-off score
that will make a student eligible
for the reading program, look for
the value on the table
corresponding to an area of 0.05
and that is equal to −1.645. Then, convert this value to a normal random variable
, that is, = + = (−1.645)(18) + 122.6 = −29.61 + 122.6 = 92.99 ≈ 93.
Therefore, a student will be eligible in the reading program if he scored 93 and below.

Example 7.
To pass in the accreditation and
equivalency (A&E) test, ALS students must
score in the top 15% in general ability tests.
The test has a mean of 200 and a standard
deviation of 20. Find the lowest possible
score to pass the test assuming the test
scores are normally distributed.
Solution:
The lowest possible score is the
normal random variable corresponding to a
value occupying an area of 0.15 from the
right of the normal curve. To solve for the
required variable, given that P(Z > z) = 0.15
NOTE: Remember ( < ) + ( > ) = 1
( > ) = 0.15
1 – ( > ) = 1 – 0.15
1 – ( > ) = 1 – 0.15 since it is right tailed
= 0.85
from the table, look for the z value corresponding to this area.
Thus, = 1.03 then convert this to a normal random variable x
= + = (1.03)(20) + 200 = 220.6 ≈ 221

Therefore, the lowest possible score to pass the test is 221.

162
What’s More
Independent Practice
Find Me
A. Use the Table of Standard Normal distribution to determine corresponding
probabilities of the following:
1. ( < −1.45)
2. (0.5 < < 2.33)
3. ( > 1.78)
B. is a normally distributed random variable with a mean of 60 and a
standard deviation of 8. Find the probabilities indicated by using the table.
4. ( < 52)
5. (48 < < 64)
6. ( > 57)
Independent Assessment
Solve Me
Solve the following problems by supplying the needed information.
The average number of calories in a 1.8-ounce chocolate bar is 230. Suppose
that the distribution of calories is approximately normal with a standard deviation of
10.
1. Find the probability that a randomly selected chocolate bar will have less
than 200 calories.
2. Find the probability that a randomly selected chocolate bar will have
greater than 195 calories.
3. What is the percentage that a cholate bar is randomly selected between
200 calories and 250 calories?
What I Have Learned
Complete the statements below by choosing the provided options in what you
have learned from this module. I believe you can do this without going back to the
module. In the event, you are unsure of your response, please reread the module.
You can seek help from your facilitator or classmates if there is something you need
to clarify. Your ability to comprehend and honesty in answering this part is very
much appreciated. Happy learning!
A. Underline the appropriate response to make each statement true.
1. ( < ) – Probability at the (left, right) of .
2. ( > ) = 1 – ( < ) – Probability at the (left, right) of z.
3. ( < < ) – Probability of z that is in (between, opposite direction) two other
values and .
4. ( < ) – Probability at the (left, right) of a normal random variable .
5. ( > ) – Probability at the (left, right) of a normal random variable .
6. ( < < ) – Probability of a normal random variable that is in (between,
opposite direction) two other normal random variables and .
B. Arrange the statements below step by step to compute for the probabilities and
percentiles using the Standard Normal Table. Write your responses to the provided
table.
Convert the raw score (x) to a standard score (z).
Look for the probabilities on the Standard Normal Table.
Sketch the graph of the normal curve.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3

163
What Can I Do
Read and analyze the following problem carefully
A. Suppose your section will participate in the field demonstration at the Sports
festival in your school. This field demonstration must be consisting of 20 learners
per section. Your adviser assigned you to organize a team that is willing to join in
the said event. He also instructed you to collect information about your
classmates’ height because he will need to buy a costume. Since your community
is under the General Community Quarantine because of the recent pandemic,
you need to contact your classmates through SMS or messenger to get their
heights and write it on the table below.

Name Height (cm) Name Height (cm)

1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20
B. Answer the following questions based on your collected data.
1. What is the mean? standard deviation?
2. Suppose the above data is normally distributed. What is the probability
that the height of your classmates picked randomly is
a. less than 155 cm?
b. more than 143 cm?
c. between 140cm and 160 cm?
3. How many participants in your team have heights between 140 cm to
170 cm?

Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following notations indicate the probability of a z value from the
right?
A. P(Z > z) B. P(Z < z) C. P(X < x) D. P(X > x)
2. What does P(a<Z<b) notation mean?
A. Probability of x that is in the right of a and b.
B. Probability of x that is in the opposite of a and b.
C. Probability of X that is in between two other z values a and b.
D. Probability of a normal random variable X that is in between two other
normal random variables a and b
3. What is the probability of z value indicated by P(Z > -1.78)?
A. 0.0375 B. 0.3075 C. 0.9625 D. 0.9633
4. Find the probability value of P(Z< -1.0)
A. 15.87% B. 34.13% C. 84.13% D. 90.13%
5. Compute the probability value of P(1.35< Z< 2.75)
A. 8.55% B. 85.5% C. 85.85% D. 90.85%

164
6. Find the z-scores that bound the middle 85.02% of the area under the
standard normal curve.
A. (-1.44, 1.44) B. (-1.44, -1.78) C. (1.44, 1.78) D. (-1.78, 1.78)
7. Which of the following graph is the correct illustration of the notation
( < ) ∪ ( > )?

A. B. C. D.
8. The average score on Statistics and Probability Summative Test is 40 points
with a standard deviation of 4. What is the probability that Beth’s score is
25 points?
A. -3.75% B. -0.009% C. 0.009% D. 3.75%
9. A set of data is normally distributed with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation
of which interval of the variable defines an area under the curve corresponding
to a probability of approximately 95.44 % ?
A. (37,40) B. (34,43) C. (34,46) D. (37,46)

For item numbers 10-12

Nine hundred thirty-two businessmen accepted the Mayaman Challenge of
one of the Philanthropic Filipinos who are willing to give relief goods for our fellow
Filipinos affected by the recent pandemic. They will be contributing an average of
135 sacks of rice with a standard deviation of 15 sacks of rice.
10. What is the probability that the businessman will contribute less than 105 sacks
of rice?
A.98% B. 97.72% C. 2.28% D. 2.0%
11. What is the probability that the businessman will contribute more than
150 sacks of rice?
A. 15.87% B. 76.45% C. 80.78% D. 84.13%
12. How many businessmen will contribute a sack of rice between 105 sacks
to 145 sacks?
A. 534 B.653 C. 676 D. 726
13. The ages of Senior High students enrolled at Sta. Catalina National High School
are normally distributed with a mean of 17 years and a standard deviation of 2.5
years. If a student is selected at random, what is the probability that his age is
under 16 years?
A. 15.54% B. 34.46% C. 68.92% D. 84.56%
14. The weekly sales of ABM students on their “Go Business” project are normally
distributed with a mean of P4,250 and a standard deviation of P300. How many
percent of their weekly sales are over P4,700?
A. 6.68% B. 13.36% C. 86.63% D. 93.32%
15. In problem number 14, how many percent of the ABM students' weekly sales are
less than P4,700?
A. 6.68% B. 13.36% C. 86.63% D. 93.32%

165
Additional Activities
Read the following problems carefully. Supply the needed information. Round off
your answer to the nearest hundredths (two decimal places) for the standard scores
and nearest ten thousandths (four decimal places) for the area of probabilities.
1. Use the Table of Standard Normal distribution to find the probabilities of the
following:
a. P(Z < -1.51)
b. P(Z < 1.37)
c. P(Z > 1.78)
d. P(Z > 1.51)
e. P(1.15 < Z < 2.33)

2. To lessen the number of non-numerates in Sta. Catalina National High School,

the Mathematics department implemented Project MEAN (Masterful Elimination
of All Non-numerates). A student is required to undergo the program if he/she
scored below 20 in the numeracy test. If the scores of the students in the
numeracy test are normally distributed with a mean of 30.50 and a standard
deviation of 9.5, what percentage of the students needed to undergo the program?

166
167
168
 Statistics and
Probability
Identifying the Different
Random Sampling Techniques
Statistics and Probability
Identifying the Different Random Sampling Techniques
First Edition, 2020

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Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Maria Cristina O. Rosas and Coren R. Manalo

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Rey Mark R. Queaño and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Job S. Zape Jr., Elaine T. Balaogan, Fe M. Ong-ongowan, Catherine P. Talavera,
Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph

169
 351
Assessment What's More What I Know
1. A Independent Practice 1. B
1. 0.0735
2. D 2. D
2. 0.2986
3. C 3. A
3. 0.0375
4. A 4. C
What’s In 4. 0.1587
5. A 5. D
Answer 5. 0.6247
1. 47.83% 2. 0.3845 3. 106 6. A 6. D
4. 25 5. 1 6. 0.6480
7. B 7. A
8. C Independent Assessment 8. C
9. C 1. 0.0013 9.B
10. C 2. 0.9998 10. A
What’s New
Answer for the shaded area 11. A 3. 97.59% 11. A
1. 0.8944 2. 0.8851 3.
12. C 12. B
0.89602 4. 0.7734 5. 0.8413
6. 0.8186 13. B 13. C
Interpretation may vary.
14. A 14. D
15. D 15. B
Module 13
Additional Activity
a. 33.38 minutes
b. 21.77 minutes
What I can do
SUBJECTS Grade z- scores
Filipino 85 -0.73
English 83 -1.53
Math 90 1.29
Social Science 88 0.48
Science 88 0.48
= 86.8 = 2.48
Assessment
1. A 4. A 7. B 10. B 13. A
2. D 5. A 8. A 11. B 14. A
3. C 6. A 9. D 12. C 15. D
What’s New What's More
Independent Practice Independent Assessment
1. 1.25 1. -2.5 1. 3.7 hrs
2. 89.9 2. 137 2. -3
3. 0.4 3. 3 3. 33.375 minutes
4. 18.61 4. 2.5 4. ₱25, 682.50
5. 167.2
Module 12