Quarter 3, Week 5
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 15
Name of Learner: ___________________ Grade and Section: _________________
Date: _____________________________
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET
Distinguishing Parameter from Statistic
I. Learning Competency with Code
Distinguishes between parameter and statistic. (M11/12SP-IIId-3)
II. Background Information for Learners
In Statistics, it is sometimes impossible to gather data from the entire
population. But through sampling, researchers get a clearer picture of the whole
group being studied. One can draw inferences about a certain population by
carefully selecting random samples and using those data to make
interpretations about the entire population. Most of the researches need
numerical values to easily interpret the results of the study. Those values are
computed based on all the elements of the population or from the randomly
selected samples that were taken. The values can be classified into parameters
and statistics. Parameter and statistics are usually computed through different
measures of central tendency and variability.
A parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameters are
usually denoted by Greek letters. Population mean 𝜇, population variance 𝜎 2 ,
and population standard deviation 𝜎 are examples of parameters. On the other
hand, a statistic is a measure that describes a sample. Statistics are usually
denoted by Roman letters. Examples of statistics are sample mean 𝑥̅ , sample
variance 𝑠 2 , and sample standard deviation 𝑠.
The population mean is the mean of the entire population. It is represented
by the Greek letter (𝜇) and is computed using the formula:
𝜮𝒙
Population Mean (𝝁) =
𝑵
where: 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑁 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Example:
The numbers of workers in six outlets of a fast-food restaurant are 12, 10,
11, 15, 12, and 14. Treating these data as a population, find the population
mean.
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Solution:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑥
𝜮𝒙 1 12
𝝁= 2 10
𝑵
𝟕𝟒 3 11
𝝁= 4 15
𝟔
𝝁 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 5 12
6 14
𝜮𝒙 = 74
The mean is affected by each datum. If the value of one datum is too small
in comparison with the other data, it will lower the value of the mean. If a datum
is too big compared with the other data, it will increase the value of the mean.
Variance and standard deviation are widely used measures of dispersion of
data in research. The population variance 𝜎 2 is the sum of all squared deviations
of each datum from the population mean 𝜇, divided by the population size 𝑁.
The population standard deviation 𝜎 is the square root of the population variance
𝜎2.
∑(𝑥−𝜇)2 Population Standard Deviation
Population Variance (𝜎 2 ) =
𝑁 ∑(𝑥−𝜇)2
(𝜎) = √ 𝑁
where: 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑁 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 where: 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Example:
The following are ages of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary
School.
30 34 32 28 36 40 31 38
35 34 33 30 37 40 30 40
Compute the following:
a. Population variance
b. Population standard deviation
Solution:
First, compute the population mean. Then, subtract the population mean from
each of the data. Square all the deviations of the data from the population mean.
Then, find the sum of all the squared deviations. Divide the resulting sum by the
population size. This is illustrated in the table below and the computations that
follows.
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Teacher Age 𝑥−𝜇 (𝑥 − 𝜇 ) 2 𝜮𝒙
1 30 30 - 34.25 = -4.25 18.0625 𝝁=
𝑵
2 34 34 - 34.25 = -0.25 0.0625 𝟓𝟒𝟖
3 32 32 - 34.25 = -2.25 5.0625 𝝁=
𝟏𝟔
4 38 38 - 34.25 = 3.75 14.0625 𝝁 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
5 28 28 - 34.25 = -6.25 39.0625
6 36 36 - 34.25 = 1.75 3.0625 ∑ (𝑥 − 𝜇 )2
7 40 40 - 34.25 = 5.75 33.0625 𝒂. 𝜎 2 =
𝑁
8 31 31 - 34.25 = -3.25 10.5625 235
9 35 35 - 34.25 = 0.75 0.5625 𝜎2 =
16
10 34 34 - 34.25 = -0.25 0.0625 𝜎 2 = 14.6875 𝑜𝑟 14.69
11 33 33 - 34.25 = -1.25 1.5625
12 30 30 - 34.25 = -4.25 18.0625 ∑ (𝑥 − 𝜇 )2
13 37 37 - 34.25 = 2.75 7.5625 𝒃. 𝜎 = √
𝑁
14 40 40 - 34.25 = 5.75 33.0625
15 30 30 - 34.25 = -4.25 18.0625 235
16 40 40 - 34.25 = 5.75 33.0625 𝜎=√
16
∑ 𝑥 = 548 ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 = 235
𝜎 = 3.83
Sample mean 𝑥̅ is the average of all the values randomly selected from the
population. That is,
𝜮𝒙
̅) =
Sample Mean (𝒙
𝒏
where: 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Example:
The following are ages of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary
School.
30 34 32 28 36 40 31 38
35 34 33 30 37 40 30 40
The population mean of the given data was already computed from the previous
example. Assume that a researcher randomly selected only 12 out of the 16
Math teachers at Archimedes Secondary School. Assume that the encircled data
below are those that were randomly selected.
30 34 32 28 36 40 31 38
35 34 33 30 37 40 30 40
Compute the sample mean.
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Solution:
The mean of the data that were selected will no longer be the population mean
because the data to be used is no longer consisting of the entire population. The
computed mean is now the sample mean and is denoted by 𝒙 ̅.
Teacher Population Age Sampled
Age 𝑥
1 30
2 34 34
𝜮𝒙
3 32 ̅=
𝒙
4 38 38 𝒏
𝟒𝟏𝟗
5 28 28 ̅=
𝒙
6 36 36 𝟏𝟐
̅
𝒙 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟐
7 40 40
8 31 31
9 35 35
10 34 34
11 33 33
12 30 30
13 37
14 40 40
15 30
16 40 40
∑ 𝑥 = 548 ∑ 𝑥 = 419
Notice that the computation process from determining the mean is the
same in population and sample means. Only the values of the divisor are
̅ uses 𝒏.
different, 𝝁 uses 𝑵 while 𝒙
The sample variance 𝑠 2 is the sum of the squared deviation of each data
from the sample mean 𝒙 ̅ divided by 𝒏 − 𝟏 while the sample standard deviations
is the square root of the sample variance given by the equations below:
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 Sample Standard Deviation
Sample Variance (𝑠 2 ) = 𝑛−1
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
(𝑠) = √
where: 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑛−1
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 where: 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
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Example:
Calculate the sample variance and sample standard deviation of the 12
randomly selected data. (from the previous example)
Sampled
Teacher Age ̅
𝑥−𝒙 ̅ )2
(𝑥 − 𝒙
Age 𝑥
1 30
2 34 34 34 – 34.92 = -0.92 0.8464
3 32
4 38 38 38 – 34.92 = 3.08 9.4864
5 28 28 28 – 34.92 = -6.92 47.8864
6 36 36 36 – 34.92 = 1.08 1.1664
7 40 40 40 – 34.92 = 5.08 25.8064
8 31 31 31 – 34.92 = -3.92 15.3664
9 35 35 35 – 34.92 = 0.08 0.0064
10 34 34 34 – 34.92 = -0.92 0.8464
11 33 33 33 – 34.92 = -1.92 3.6864
12 30 30 30 – 34.92 = -4.92 24.2064
13 37
14 40 40 40 – 34.92 = 5.08 25.8064
15 30
16 40 40 40 – 34.92 = 5.08 25.8064
∑ 𝑥 = 548 ∑ 𝑥 = 419 ̅)2 = 180.9168
∑ (𝑥 − 𝒙
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝜮𝒙 2
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 𝑠=√
̅=
𝒙 𝑠 = 𝑛−1
𝒏 𝑛−1
𝟒𝟏𝟗 2
180.9168 180.9168
̅
𝒙= 𝑠 = 𝑠=√
𝟏𝟐 12 − 1 12 − 1
̅ =𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟐
𝒙 𝑠 2 = 16.4469 𝑜𝑟 16.45
𝑠 = 4.055 𝑜𝑟 4.06
III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Education Sites
Mercado, J. & Orines, F. (2016). NCM Statistics and Probability. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
Altares P. et.al. (2012). Elementary Statistics with Computer Applications.
Second Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc. Reprinted April 2013.
Belecina R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book
Store, Inc. Reprinted February 2016.
Statistics and Probability Learner’s Materials. Cainta, Rizal. Department of
Education – Bureau of Learning Resources, 2020, pp 4-11.
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IV. Activity Proper
General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity Sheet
(LAS), please be reminded not to write anything here. Read each problem
carefully and all answers must be written in a separate sheet of paper.
Exercise 1: Tell whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
1. The city of Manila is politically divided into 6 legislative districts.
2. The Philippines consists of 7,107 islands.
3. Fifty students who were randomly selected will participate in a study on
the effects of using calculators in learning mathematics.
4. In a study concerning the economic status of employees in a certain
company, a researcher randomly selected 45 employees.
5. Based on a sample of 900 elementary students, it was found out that 30%
of them could not do long division.
6. A teacher randomly selected 15 students from her class. These 15
students were asked to go to the auditorium to be interviewed by a
researcher.
7. The Mathematics department consists of 10 male teachers, 12 female
teachers, and one department head.
8. 25 people were randomly selected by a researcher. They will take part in
a research study on cleanliness.
9. Jupiter has 67 confirmed moons.
10. The Statistics teacher randomly selected 35 question from previous
questions to be given in the coming second periodic examination.
Guide Question:
1. How would you differentiate a parameter from statistic?
Exercise 2: Do the following:
1. The following are the heights to the nearest centimeter of 15 English
teachers in St. Joseph’s Academy.
162 160 152 164 154
153 163 155 161 165
156 165 166 160 151
Compute the following:
a. Population mean
b. Population variance
c. Population standard deviation
Guide Question:
1. From the problem above, what process will you perform first?
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V. Reflection
Instruction. Reflect on the lessons in this learning activity sheet and write your
insights on your journal.
In this activity sheet, I learned
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