Lesson Content

Political Science
POLITICAL SCIENCE

- Political science focuses on the theory and practice of government and politics at the
local, state, national, and international levels. We are dedicated to developing
understandings of institutions, practices, and relations that constitute public life and
modes of inquiry that promote citizenship.
- Political science is the attempt to study politics and government in a systematic way in
order to learn how power works. Political scientists study systems of government and
democracies, as well as how governments relate to one another and how political systems
change over time.

Who is known as the first political science?

Aristotle

Some have identified Plato (428/427–348/347 bce), whose ideal of a stable republic still yields
insights and metaphors, as the first political scientist, though most consider Aristotle (384–322
bce), who introduced empirical observation into the study of politics, to be the discipline's true
founder.

FATHER OF POLSCI

ARISTOTLE is regarded as the father of political science. He was a great Greek philosopher. He
was the first one to give a working definition of political science. He believed that political
science was a powerful and dynamic branch of science.

SCOPE

Political Science, traditionally, begins and ends with the state. ... Its scope includes study of the
state and the study of political system; covering the study of government, study of power; study
of man and his political behaviour and study of political issues which influence politics directly
or indirectly.

HISTORY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Political science originated with the ancient Greeks in the first century BCE. During this time,
the philosopher Plato wrote numerous dialogues about politics, asking about the nature of justice,
what constitutes good government, and what is truly best for humanity.

NATURE OF POLSCI

Nature of Political Science is a social science concerned with the theory and practice of politics
and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. The nature of
political science is that it is a social science. This means that it is concerned with the
relationships between human beings and between human beings and their societies

Politics
• The activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the
debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power.

• Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or
other forms of power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or
status.

Importance to Political Science

• Studying political science grounds students in the importance of political participation

and prepares them to take part in the political life of their communities and the nation.
Relation to the political science:

• There is no real difference between Political Science and Politics. Political Science
studies Politics i.e. all political relations and interactions in society. Hence it cart be called
Politics. Modern Political Scientists do not make a distinction between the two. They reject the
traditional view which makes a distinction between these two. (Traditional View and Modern
View)

Difference points between the two:

1. Politics means the issues, problems and political activities which are actually taking place
in society. Against it, Political Science is a social science which studies the State and
Government.

2. Politics is concerned with the day-to-day actual activities of the Government. Political
Science seeks to study the origin, nature, and functions of the State, Government and its
all organs.

3. Politics differs from State to State and within a State from time to time. The principles of
Political Science are universal. Politics in India and Britain is different but the theory of
Political Science is the same in both the countries.

4. Whereas each one of us is involved in politics, either, directly or indirectly, Political

Science is studied only by the students of this social discipline.
Laws
The Formulation of a Law in the Philippines

DRAFT BILL
- A bill that hasn’t been approved by the congress.
- Any member of the congress can make a Draft Bill
BILL DRAFTING DIVISION
- Part of the congress wherein the researchers research about the first version of a bill
- After creating the first bill, it will become a congressional Archive wherein it will be
handed by the Speaker of the house to undergo the “First Reading”
FIRST READING
- If it was a bill about Taxes, Criminality Law and the National Security, experts came
from public and private may come to join the committee for the 1st Reading
- After the 1st Reading, they may change, add, approve or refuse the said bill
SECOND READING
- They will cascade votes about that bill if they want to approve it or not.
- After the 2nd to 3rd and to last reading, all members of the congress will cascade votes
about that bill. And they will pass it on the Senate.
SENATE
- The senate may change the bill and they will call a conference committee wherein the
congress and senate will create a joint bill—a Final Bill that approved by majority of the two
Houses.
PRESIDENT
- The Signature of the president declares that a bill is now a law.
- He can also approve or veto it.
- If the bill was refused by the president, it will again cascade votes and if the bill gets 2/3
of the majority vote from the two houses, it will become a law even if the president veto it.

Administration:
• the execution of public affairs as distinguished from policy-making

What is Political Science and Public Administration?

• Political Science and Public Administration are two closely related fields which deal with
the scientific study of political and administrative subjects.

• Political science and public administration both focus on the public arena of human
society and by virtue of the commonality of their subject matters they are intricately related to
one another.Public administrators cannot ignore the political environment as public policies are
decided by the dynamics of political forces. Likewise, politicians cannot ignore public
administrators as public policies are implemented by public administrators.

Importance:
• They expand our horizons by providing insight into several problems of everyday life
from scientific and enlightened perspectives. They prepare us to become more conscious,
rational, and effective citizens and more constructive participants in public affairs of both Turkey
and the world. These disciplines empower students by providing the knowledge and necessary
skills to be professionals in the public domain. Since the study of politics and administration
combines both theory and practice, studying Political Science and Public Administration is
challenging and rewarding and caters to the interests and capabilities of many people.

DEFINITION OF ‘STATE’
 As a community of persons, permanently occupying a definite territory, legally
independent of external control, and possessing a organized government which create &
administrates law over all persons and groups within its jurisdiction is ‘State”.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
 Population: A considerable group of human beings;
 Territory: A definite area of earth’s surface upon which
the population permanently resides
 Government: A political organization through which the
will or law of the state is expressed and administrated.
 Sovereignty: the supremacy of the state over all
individuals and associations within it and the independence
of the state from external control.
THEORIES OF THE STATE
 Various attempts to explain state;
 Various philosophers explain different ways;
(1) Force Theory
(2) The Divine Theory
(3) The Social-Contract Theory

1. THE FORCE THEORY

The state came into existence as a result of the forced subjection of the weak to the strong. 
Two arguments in force theory
(1) One group of thinkers used this theory to justify the state on the ground that the state is
power, that might makes right and that the essence of the state is a sovereign will.
(2) Second group, to attack the state because of its injustice and urge individual freedom and
limited state action
 In middle ages theologians argued that, the state
was based upon force and injustice and decried
the origin of earthly sovereignty in order to
subordinate temporal to spiritual power.
 Individualist & anarchist believe that the State
is an evil because of their desire for individual
freedom.
 Socialist believe that , the state resulted from the
aggression and exploitation of laborers by
capitalist and attack, not the idea of the state
itself.

2. THE DIVINE THEORY

 During the large part of human history the state
was viewed as direct divine creation.
 Early oriental empires rulers claimed a divine
tight to control the affairs of their subjects and
this right was seldome questioned.
 The Hebrews believed – divine origin
 Spat between State Concept & Christianity Pope

3. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

 In moral and political philosophy, the social
contract is a theory or model, originating during
the age of enlightenment, that typically addresses
the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy
of the authority of the state over the individual.
 Social contract arguments typically hypothesize that,
individuals have consented, either openly or tacitly, to
surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the
authority of the ruler or magistrate, in exchange for
protection of their remaining rights.
 The question of the relation between natural and legal
rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract
theory.

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

 Thomas Hobbes ( 1588-1679) : Leviathan (1651)
 John Locke ( 1632-1704) : Second Treatise of
Government (1689)
 Rousseau ( 1712-1778)

 Social Contract Theory: starts with the

assumption that, man lived originally in a ‘state of
nature’, antecedents (background) to the formation of
political organization. In this condition he was
subject only to such rules of natural law as are
prescribed by nature itself, and was the possessor
(holder) of natural rights.
 Hobbes ;
-It was a state of war, a savage state, men were
selfish and aggressive brutes. Every men was the
enemy of every other man . To avoid fear and danger
of this terrible situation, men agreed to setup an
authority.
 John Locke;
-Life in the state of nature was one of the peace and
ease. Freedom and tranquility (harmony) prevailed.
Men were bound by the law of nature and possessed
certain natural rights, but there was the absence of
an agency to interpret and implement the law of
nature, so men agreed to create a common authority.

 Rousseau
-People led to a ideal life and enjoyed ‘idyllic
happiness’ in the state of the nature. But the rise
of property produced evils. To escape from them
men set up authority by contract.

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY/ STATE

Forces in state building
(1) Kinship
(2) Religion
(3) Industry
(4) War

NATURE & ROLE OF THE STATE

State has always been central to the political
analysis, to such an extent that politics is often
understood as the study of the state.
 Two key debates on State
 The first: focus the need for the state and the
basis of political obligations.
 Second: concerns the nature of the state power

IDEALIST THEORY OF POLITICS

 Plato & Aristotle are considered to be founders of the
idealist theory.
 They started the premise that man is by nature a
social and political animal.
 It is only by living in society that man can develop
his personality and realize all that is best in him.
 They never differentiated society with the state.
 They regarded the state as a self-sufficing entity
identical with the whole of society, existing for itself
and by itself.
MAJOR EXPONENTS
 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is regarded as father
of idealistic theory. He gives expression to this
doctrine in his famous book "metaphysical first
principles of theory and law" in 1796. Kant major
focus of analyzing is put of different aspect of state
and its relation with other element existing within
state.
 Hegel, His philosophy had made state to rise to
mystical heights and held that German people have
divine mission to fulfill in their relation to rest of
the world.
IDEALIST STATE
The state is the ethical institution and therefore a
end itself.
 Hegal (1770-1831): founder of modern idealism,
conceived as the state as an ethical community.
 The modern idealist developed a philosophy which
magnified the state into a self-sufficing entity.
 They regarded state as an organic unity and held it
as the highest expression of social morality.
 State as the moral organism individual is an
inseparable part of it and he depends for his
existence upon it.
 State exist to create and maintain those conditions
in which free and moral life is possible.

FEATURES OF IDEALISM
 State is an ethical institution-state is an ethical
institution. Though there are many ethical institutions
in a society like Church, family etc but State is most
important among them
 State is man's best friend-State is man's best
friend. All the welfare of an individual is done by the
activities of state, it provides all basic necessity to an
individual growth and development within the state.
State activities is always focused towards individuals
welfare.
 State has got its independent will and
personality-The state is not the sum-total of the
individuals. But it has its own independent personality
and will. The basis of the state is will and not the force
FEATURES
 state is creator and protector of the rights of
the individuals- State is considered as guardian
and protector of the rights of an individual. State is
considered as source of all freedom and rights
provided to any individual.
 Man is a social animal- Idealism begins with
Aristotle's view that man is a social animal. This
social animal development is enriched under the
proper guidance of state. State is indispensable to
effective organization and realization of moral ends.

MARXIST THEORY OF THE STATE

 The early Marxist thinkers considered , the state
as an instrument of exploitation in the hands of
the dominant class.
 The state does not stand for the good of all,
rather it protects and promotes the interest of the
few at the cost of many.
 The state is an agency of class coercion in the
hands of the dominant economic class.
 The state maintain its exploitative class
character right from its origin through various
phases in developments.

MARXIST/ STATE
1. State is an instrument of class domination
2. State comes into existence for the protection of
private property
3. State is a symbol of injustice
NEO-MARXIST THEORIES OF STATE
 Max Webber rejected Marx’s class theory
 And stressed on the autonomy of state power .
 According to Webber, the state has its own
powerful resources, it enjoys executive control
over legitimate use of force in society which is not
accessible to private interests.
 It maintain a strong organization in the form of
bureaucracy which can formulate, implement and
monitor the policies of the state. The state power
could not be reduced to an instrument of class
interests.
NEO-MARXIST/ STATE
 Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)
 Neo-marxism seeks to analyze the subtle aspects of
the phenomena of dominance, and dependence,
distortion in contemporary civilization and the
possible ways to human emancipation.
NEO-MARXIST/ STATE
 According to Gamsci, a web of beliefs and
institutional as well as social relations in the society
such as family, school, church, and other primary
groups play a leading role in the creating consent
which he describes as hegemony that keeps the
capital system going on. Use of force is restored to
only when the instruments of consents fail to work.

LIBERAL THEORY OF STATE

 A liberal state adopt a liberal attitude towards the
rights & privileges of the citizens.
 The restrictions of any type adopted by the
government will curb the liberty and spontaneity of
the individuals. It will slow down the growth of
mans personality and inherent qualities.
 So liberal state donates a limited government or
limited state.
 A state is liberal when it acknowledges the opinions,
attitudes and behaviors of individual and does not
think these as a threat to existence and
administration of state.

FEATURES OF THE LIBERAL STATE

 The liberal state embraces multiplicity if ideas,
views and existence of numerous groups and
parties.
 The liberal state maintains absolute neutrality
towards all groups. Since multiplicity of groups and
organizations and coexistence among them are the
characteristic features of a liberal state, clash of
interest can be seen as an inevitable consequence.
 It is accountable to the citizenry for all its activities,
decisions, and policies. The consent and account
ability are the twin ideas associated with the liberal
state.

SOVEREIGNTY
 The state come into being when an independent group
of people are organized by means of a government
which creates and enforces laws.
 Within this group there must be supremacy and will
and power.
 It must contain some person or body of persons whose
commands receive obedience who can, if necessary,
execute those commands by means of force.
 Such person or body of person exercise sovereignty
and such commands are called laws.
 Evidently there can no limit to sovereignty.
 The state is legal sovereign, there can be no legal limit
to lawmaking power of the supreme law making
associations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVEREIGNTY
(1) Absoluteness: there can be no legal power within
the state superior to it, and there can be no legal
limit to the supreme law-making power of state.
(2) Universality: the sovereignty of the state extends
over every person and every association of persons in
the state.
(3) Permanence: the sovereignty of the state continues
as long as the state itself exists. Only by the
destruction of the state sovereignty be destroyed.
(4) Indivisibility: there can be one sovereignty in the
state. To divide sovereignty is to destroy it. The
exercise of its power may be distributed among
various governmental organs but the sovereignty is a
unit, just as the state is a unit.

International relations, the study of the relations of states with each other and with
international organizations and certain subnational entities.
-Provide an in- depth analysis of the outcome of politics and interactions among varied actors in
the international stage and their effects on social,economics sectors in the countries.
 Focus is broader and wider
 How is international relations related to political science?
Both political science and international relations are social sciences that encompass political
systems and philosophies that have a direct or indirect impact on how society functions. ...
International relations professionals typically focus on issues foreign and political that have a
direct impact on the world at large.

 Why is international relations important in political science?

Studying international relations is a great way to gain a deeper understanding of global issues.
It's an intriguing and important subject which places great emphasis on economics, culture,
education, and political science and examines the impact they have on society.

 How does international relation affect us?

International relations touch our lives daily as global markets, the World Wide Web, and foreign
travel stimulate a flood of people, products, and ideas across national borders.

DIPLOMACY
The art or practice of conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances, treaties, and
agreements.
Diplomacy is most importantly used to complete a specific agenda. Therefore without
diplomacy, much of the world's affairs would be abolished, international organizations would not
exist, and above all the world would be at a constant state of war. It is for diplomacy that certain
countries can exist in harmony.
Hence Amenhotep III is the father of diplomacy because he conducted relations with other states
by peaceful means. He was skilled in the management of international relations and tactful in
dealing with diplomats..

Diplomat
A diplomat’s job description is maintaining good relations between countries. Diplomats
represent and protect a nation’s interests abroad in terms of politics, trade, and consular services.
Some of the responsibilities are collecting and reporting on all the information that would affect
the nation’s interests, discussing and negotiating issues like peace, trade, economics, and social
and cultural aspects.

TAXES

What are tax and its types?

A tax is a mandatory fee or financial charge levied by any government on an individual or an
organization to collect revenue for public works providing the best facilities and infrastructure.
The collected fund is then used to fund different public expenditure programs. If one fails to pay
the taxes or refuse to contribute towards it will invite serious implications under the pre-defined
law.

Types of Taxes

Be it an individual or any business/organization, all have to pay the respective taxes in various
forms. These taxes are further subcategorized into direct and indirect taxes depending on the
manner in which they are paid to the taxation authorities. Let us delve deeper into both types of
tax in detail:

Direct Tax

The definition of direct tax is hidden in its name which implies that this tax is paid directly to the
government by the taxpayer
The general examples of this type of tax are Income Tax and Wealth Tax.
From the government’s perspective, estimating tax earnings from direct taxes is relatively easy
as it bears a direct correlation to the income or wealth of the registered taxpayers.

Indirect Tax

Indirect taxes are slightly different from direct taxes and the collection method is also a bit
different. These taxes are consumption-based that are applied to goods or services when they are
bought and sold.
The indirect tax payment is received by the government from the seller of goods/services. The
seller, in turn, passes the tax on to the end-user i.e. buyer of the good/service.Thus the name
indirect tax as the end-user of the good/service does not pay the tax directly to the government.
Some general examples of indirect tax include sales tax, Goods and Services Tax (GST), Value
Added Tax (VAT), etc.

Tax History - An
Introduction

Taxes have generally been around since the beginning of civilization or history. The earliest
known tax was implemented in Mesopotamia over 4500 years ago, where people paid taxes
throughout the year in the form of livestock (the preferred currency at the time). The ancient
world also had estate taxes and taxes. The earliest recorded evidence of a death tax came from
ancient Egypt, where they charged a 10% tax on property transferred at time of death in 700 BC.
Since then, the way we pay taxes has changed significantly. However, some ancient taxes have
survived across history and persisted into the modern world. In 2006, China eliminated what was
the oldest, still-existing tax in the world. It was an agricultural tax that had been created 2,600
years ago and was only eliminated in order to improve the well-being of rural farmers in China.
Importance of Taxes in Society.

Without taxes, governments would be unable to meet the demands of their societies. Taxes are
crucial because governments collect this money and use it to finance social projects.
Some of these projects include:

• Health
- Without taxes, government contributions to the health sector would be impossible. Taxes go to
funding health services such as social healthcare, medical research, social security, etc.

• Education
- Education could be one of the most deserving recipients of tax money. Money from taxes is
channeled to funding, furnishing, and maintaining the public education system

• Governance
- Governance is a crucial component in the smooth running of country affairs.This money also
goes to pay public servants, police officers, members of parliaments, the postal system, and
others.
• Other important sectors are infrastructure development, transport, housing, etc..

DEFINITION OF "PROHIBIT"
▫️Prohibit - Forbid, prohibit, interdict, inhibit mean to debar one from doing something or to order
that something not be done. Forbid implies that the order is from one in authority and that
obedience is expected.
It is a restriction or an order from a higher authority .This is often used in the context of
government-issued policies.
▫️Prohibition - The act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term
refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation,
sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

HISTORY OF PROHIBITION
▫️The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution–which banned the manufacture, transportation
and sale of intoxicating liquors–ushered in a period in American history known as Prohibition.
Prohibition was ratified by the states on January 16, 1919 and officially went into effect on
January 17, 1920, with the passage of the Volstead Act. Despite the new legislation, prohibition
was difficult to enforce. The increase of the illegal production and sale of liquor (known as
“bootlegging”), the proliferation of speakeasies (illegal drinking spots) and the accompanying
rise in gang violence and other crimes led to waning support for Prohibition by the end of the
1920s. In early 1933, Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the
Constitution that would repeal the 18th. The 21st Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933,
ending Prohibition.
Did you know? In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated the incumbent President Herbert
Hoover, who once called Prohibition "the great social and economic experiment, noble in motive
and far reaching in purpose." Some say FDR celebrated the repeal of Prohibition by enjoying a
dirty martini, his preferred drink.
Herbert Clark Hoover, (born August 10, 1874, West Branch, Iowa, U.S.—died October 20, 1964,
New York, New York), 31st president of the United States (1929–33). Hoover’s reputation as a
humanitarian—earned during and after World War I as he rescued millions of Europeans from
starvation—faded from public consciousness when his administration proved unable to alleviate
widespread joblessness, homelessness, and hunger in his own country during the early years of
the Great Depression.

KIND OF PROHIBIT
▫️Importation and Exportation
Prohibited importations are generally those not allowed to be brought into the country except
when given permission under high controlled conditions as provided for in the laws prohibiting
them.
Prohibited Importations. — The importation into the Philippines of the following articles is
prohibited:
a. Dynamite, gunpowder, ammunitions and other explosives, firearm and weapons of war, and
detached parts thereof, except when authorized by law. Written or printed
articles, negatives or cinematographic film, photographs, engravings, lithographs, objects,
paintings, drawings or other representations of an obscene or immoral character.
Prohibited Imports/Exports are goods which are, by their nature, unlawful to be imported or
exported. These goods are otherwise called as “contrabands”.

IMPORTANCE OF OBEYING AND HAVING A LAW

▫️It is a moral obligation, typically laws are derived from societal ethical codes, and thus the law
can be said to embody morality. In fact, I believe that political obligation is a boarder category of
duties than strictly legal obligations.
Protects and Regulate
The welfare of the traders is our first concern. What we do is not only guarantee traders have a
fair platform but also watch out for them so that they are protected from outside risks.

Protectionism
makes up the core of our company, which has been established for more than 10 years with
worldwide recognition. Our organization relies on strict management to ensure the performance
of every branch, ensuring quality with its patent-pending technology. The trading industry is
highly unregulated. It shares a very low percentage of the world's GDP. And it is because of this
unique situation that we could develop a brand new approach to the market, which makes us
stand out from our competition.

Moreover, we do not have a long-term plan for being a retail platform for products only. Rather,
what we want to achieve is to become an all-around platform including online shops and other
services.

Our mission is to protect the traders, but also the new era that the retail industry is going through.
Protecting traders is our mission, but protecting them in this new era is what we want to achieve.

The second reason for our entry into the market was to offer users more convenience. Â We
want to provide services that they can't get through other platforms, so they should use ours than
any other platform.
The goals of our platform are: to offer traders a safe trading environment. We want to become a
trading platform for real-time transactions that would be the first one to combine online channels
and market trade channels. In a word, we want to become a platform that will facilitate people to
enjoy life. And we have been dedicated to these goals from the beginning. Based on this basis,
we have been developing the brand as well as the international business scale.

Our goals are to offer traders a safe trading platform where they can be free to trade without
any risks. And to do that, we want to be the first platform that combines online channels and
market trade channels. Eventually, we hope to become a platform that will facilitate people to
enjoy life. And based on this purpose, we have been developing our brand as well as expanding
our business overseas. Our system structure is set up so that online shops can be built inside it
easily.

The Basics of the Regulatory Process

Writing regulations is one of EPA's most significant tools to protect the

environment. Regulatory requirements help put environmental laws passed by Congress into
effect, and can apply to individuals, businesses, state or local governments, non-profit
institutions, or others.
Step 1: Congress Writes a Bill
A member of Congress proposes a bill. A bill is a document that, if approved, will become law.
To see the text of bills Congress is considering or has considered, go to Congress.gov

Step 2: The President Approves or Vetoes the Bill

If both houses of Congress approve a bill, it goes to the President who has the option to either
approve it or veto it. If approved, the new law is called an act or statute. Some of the better-
known laws related to the environment are the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Safe
Drinking Water Act.
• Summaries of the laws EPA administers
• Congress.gov: for more information about the legislative process

Step 3: The Act is Codified in the United States Code

Once an act is passed, the House of Representatives standardizes the text of the law and
publishes it in the United States Code (U.S.C.). The U.S.C. is the codification by subject matter
of the general and permanent laws of the United States. Since 1926, the U.S.C. has been
published every six years. In between editions, annual cumulative supplements are published in
order to present the most current information.

• United States Code: This database is available from the Government Printing Office
(GPO). GPO is the sole agency authorized by the federal government to publish the
U.S.C.

Putting the law to work

Once a law is official, here's how it is put into practice: Laws often do not include all the details
needed to explain how an individual, business, state or local government, or others might follow
the law. The United States Code would not tell you, for example, what the speed limit is in front
of your house. In order to make the laws work on a day-to-day level, Congress authorizes certain
government agencies - including EPA - to create regulations.
Regulations set specific requirements about what is legal and what isn't. For example, a
regulation issued by EPA to implement the Clean Air Act might explain what levels of a
pollutant - such as sulfur dioxide - adequately protect human health and the environment. It
would tell industries how much sulfur dioxide they can legally emit into the air, and what the
penalty will be if they emit too much. Once the regulation is in effect, EPA then works to help
Americans comply with the law and to enforce it.
• Find out more about Compliance.
• Learn more about Enforcement
PROVIDES SERVICE
Public Service – which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either
directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of services.

What is an example of provide public service?

A public service is a service intended to serve all members of a community. Examples of such
services include the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics (see also public service
broadcasting).

What is the purpose of provide public services?

Public services make the state visible to its citizens, often forming the principal tangible link
between governments and their people. Public services carry and diffuse the values of the new
nations and contribute to the bonding between the state and citizens.

What does working in public service mean?

A public service job is a position at a government or nonprofit employer,and there are a lot of
roles and organizations that fall into this category. Here are some examples:
Federal, state, local and tribal government agencies. Americorps (full-time) and Peace Corps.
Military and public health services jobs.

What are the characteristics of public service?

They have four defining characteristics. They exist for reasons of policy; they provide services to
the public; they are redistributive; and they act as a trust. They consequently operate differently
from production for profit, in their priorities, costs, capacity and outputs.

Importance of Public Service

Public services make the state visible to its citizens, often forming the principal tangible link
between governments and their people. Public services carry and diffuse the values of the new
nations and contribute to the bonding between the state and citizens.