MIDTERM EXAMINATION (EQUIVALENT) FUNDAMENTALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

NAME: CONCEPCION, MARY CLAIRE S. COURSE & YEAR LEVEL: ABPS 1-1 DATE: NOVEMBER 18, 2021

1. What is politics? How do you compare political science with politics? Does political science promote the liberal education? What is liberal
education in political science? (Total of words: 512)

To define politics, it is the way people in a group make decisions that affect everyone. Politics is the arrangement between people to live together in
groups such as tribes, city and countries ... these people are called politicians. Politicians unite to form a government. Political science is a study of
people and how they govern themselves, but these people are known as students of political science.

Moving to Political Science for further explanations, it is a study of politics and power from a domestic, international and comparative perspective.
This includes understanding political thought, ideology, institutions, policies, processes, actions, groups, classes, governments, diplomacy, law,
strategy and war. This is a systematic study of governance using empirical and common scientific methods. As traditionally defined and studied,
political science examines nations and their institutions and institutions. In short, political science is the study of politics, government, and public
order and morals around the world. Political scientists try to explain and explain political phenomena. Political science can be subdivided into a few
larger areas of study, but all of the deal with governance.

Liberal Education is an approach to learning that empowers individuals and prepares them to deal with complexity, diversity, and change. It provides
students like me with broad knowledge of the wider world (example given: science, culture, and society) as well as in-depth study in a specific area
of interest. We gain the confidence needed to take initiative, solve problems, and formulate ideas. We develop our skills in language, learning, and
leadership. We also learn about domestic and foreign cultures, history, mathematics, science and technology. Therefore, I think that political science
promotes the liberal education. In my perspective, liberal education in political science helps students like me to develop a sense of social
responsibility as well as strong and shareable intellectual and practical knowledge such as analytical and problem-solving skills, and a demonstrated
ability to apply knowledge from political science to real world. But on the other way around, Liberal education does not promote the political science
for the reason that it is not like the professional education, where it focuses only on teaching political science students what we need to know to be a
politicians.

To give my personal thought, for me, liberal education in political science is really important for the fact that it enhances the learning capacities of
the students like me and molds our way of thinking into much logical and analytical form. It is the opportunity to learn about people, things and great
utility in studying politics. Some people debated that it has nothing to do with political or social liberalism, in which I agree because it’s a wide range
of learning and not just any kind of narrow education. Liberal education in political science does not mean liberal as a political perspective, for the
meaning of liberal in the sense of education is broad. It gives us student the information that we needed and creates mindset that is flexible enough to
go learn everything about the profession we chose to study, which is the political science.

2. What is the nature of the State as the core of the study of Political Science? Compare and contrast the state & quote; elements of the state & quote:
How important is sovereignty to a State? (Total of words: 527)
First what is sovereignty? Sovereignty refers to the exclusive control a country exercises over its territory. It rejects any attempt by any other country
claiming authority there. The state owns the union and exercise of all human power. It is to integrate all the power. It is the power to do something
unexplained. Enact, enforce and apply laws: collect taxes and collect contributions. Tit is to create war and peace; conclude alliances or trade
agreements with foreign countries.

In abstract terms, sovereignty exists in the body of a country (or state) and belongs to its people. However, these powers are usually exercised
through delegation. Of course, in the analysis, sovereignty is divided into three major powers: legislative, executive and judicial. The first is the
power to make laws, correct old ones, and abolish them. The second is the enforcement of laws at home and abroad. And finally, the powers to apply
the law to specific facts, resolve disputes between citizens, and punish crime. The absolute sovereignty of the nation rests with the people of the
nation, and the remaining sovereignty of each state rests with the people of the nation, not with any of the civil servants.

When it comes to "government," sovereignty rests with the people of the state, not the government. If people want to live in society with others, there
must be some rules about how people interact with each other. After a logical and democratic process, a set of rules that must be mutually acceptable
agreements is reached, resulting in a basic document that may be called the Constitution. Once you have created a set of rules, you need to consider
what to do if you do not follow the rules. The next step is to determine what action to take and who is responsible if the rule is violated. In essence,
national sovereignty is a fundamental form of governance in each society.

For me, sovereignty is very essential element to a state because it is defined as the full right and power of the Governing Body to itself, without
interference from external sources or organizations. However, there are two formats: De jure sovereignty and De facto sovereignty. De jure
sovereignty is a legal claim against it. De facto sovereignty is the actual ability to do so.

The states can exist without both if they are effectively part of the empire, but today the best that any state can manage independently is legitimate
sovereignty. The only way to gain de facto sovereignty without accepting famine or other serious resource depletion is to be part of that powerful
group. That is, it comes at the expense of legitimate sovereignty at the individual state level. Unfortunately, the table has already changed in today's
world. In almost every country, it is the Government that mistakenly takes sovereignty and pick on the role of telling the people what rules they can
or cannot have in the constitutions. Hence, there are limits on sovereignty, as far as other states are willing to grant it. If other states no longer respect
another’s sovereignty, it can disappear in whole or in part. This usually results in some form of war.

3. Read and examine the Article 1 National Territory provisions of the 1899, 1935, 1943, 1973 and 1987 Philippine Constitutions? What makes the
phrase & quote; Historic Rights and Legal Title & quote; of the 1973 Constitution an strategic imperative among the evolutions of the definition and
description of the Philippines National Territory with the other Constitutions? Why the Philippines have the strongest legal and historic right basis to
the territorial claims of the South China Sea (Western Philippines Sea, Kalayaan and Spratlys), Benham Rise (Philippines Rise), Scarborough Shoal
(Bajo de Masinloc or Panatag Shoal), Sabah, North Borneo, Guam and Miangas Island (Palmas)? (Total of Words: 522)

The Philippine Constitution is the Republic of the Philippines' regime or the highest law. The Constitutional Commission completed the final draft on
October 12, 1986, and it was confirmed by a countrywide plebiscite on February 2, 1987. The Philippine Constitution aims to protect the state's
sovereignty as well as the integrity of the country's territory. The constitution enables students to recall and appreciate their basic human rights as
well as the fundamental ideals that govern our society. Learning about the Philippine Constitution is critical since each generation must be aware of
not only the Constitution's rights and benefits, but also the citizens' accountabilities. Examining the Philippine Constitution in 1899, 1935, 1943, 1973
and 1987; The Constitution of the First Philippine Republic is the 1899 Political Constitution, commonly known as the Malolos Constitution. The
Constitution has restricted the freedom of unsupervised action of top executives who would have delayed decision making. The Constitution
restricted the chair's freedom of unsupervised action, which would have delayed decision-making. However, since the Constitution was written
during the struggle for Filipino independence from Spain, Article 99 granted full administrative power during the war. The first Republic of the
Philippines, which lasted from 1899 to 1901, enacted and passed the Malolos Constitution in 1899, the first Constitution of the Philippines (the first
Constitution of the Republic in Asia). ... On March 25, 1935, the Constitution was submitted to the President. United States for certification, then on
July 4, 1946, the Philippines gained freedom. The 1935 Constitution came into force with a political structure similar to that of the United States. The
president elected for a four-year term (subject to re-election), the two-chamber parliament, and the independent judiciary were all part of the system.
The Constitution supported by Japan in the Second Philippine Republic was adopted in 1943. (19431945). It was considered valid and enforceable
only in Japan-controlled areas of the Philippines, but the US government and the puppet government of the Philippine Federation ignored it. The
proposed constitution was adopted by the overwhelming majority in September 1943 and submitted to the People's Congress for approval. The 1973
Philippine Constitution was ratified by a referendum in the Philippines. In 1970, a representative was elected to the Constitutional Convention held in
1971. President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in September 1972 and imprisoned 11 members of the Games. Finally, there is the 1987
Constitution. The 1987 Constitution created democracy, which is representative of three independent government agencies: executive branch,
legislature, and judiciary.

From my own perspective, Philippines have the strongest legitimate claim within the South China Sea because it falls within the established territory
that clearly shown in the 1700s older maps of the Philippines, how it was still part of the country. Vietnam has a claim as well, but one thing I’m
certain, Spratlys still falls on the Philippines territory based on historical records. In addition, Spratlys Island was discovered by a Philippine captain
in 1956. Philippines has more rightful claims over Spratlys Island than China or the other countries because Philippines has sovereign rights over the
disputed territories and these territories were part of the Philippine exclusive economic zone.

4. What is the connection and correlation between Political Science and Public Administration? Read and examine the Philippines 1987 Constitutions
Article VI Legislative and Article VII Executive. Examine each section and make an outline in one sentence or more of each of the functions of the
Legislative and Executive branch. Cite and describe at least 10 or more functions of the Legislative and Executive Branch of the Philippines
Government. (Total of words: 526)

Public administration is responsible for formulating, designing, implementing, evaluating and managing government policies. In other words, the
executive is simply not the one and only performer of the implementation of society's action by the government. Government policies, such as
government intervention, are the result of a cycle of implementation and many participants. Despite popular belief, the executive's role is not to
administer, manage, or monitor society in order to support or preserve the existing regime of political, economic, cultural or social structures,
especially in emerging countries. .. The executive is defined as the body that systematically and comprehensively applies public law. Administrative
acts include all the different applications of the law. It is a definite action with the aim of achieving a particular goal. Politics affects the public,
whether it's politically illuminating or led by a bureaucracy. It also represents how the government manages and adopts political agendas to fully
meet the specific needs of diverse societies. This will change the way governments update and standardize policies. A complete program that meets
the specific valued the needs of diverse societies. ... Interpretation and application of terms varies widely from company to company, even if the
terms are broad or generally recognized. The crucial importance of discipline for innovation, integration, evolution and maintenance, even in the
toughest [insignificant] comparisons, or even in discussions, of the assessment of highly developed societies and the societies in which they develop
good societies, as well as the effectiveness of administration. Political science seeks to study the institutions, activities, and relationships that make up
social affairs. Political science examines how resources are distributed and ideologies are produced and debated within such a political system. Public
administration is a field of study which analyzes the development and implementation of government policies and the primary purpose of public
administration is to improve the utilization and policies in order for government to work more efficiently. The study of public administration
examines the processes through which choices and decisions are established in political governance structures. Public administration is dedicated
with the provision of the necessary policy that benefits the public at large, transforming political choices into operations, and implementing social
infrastructure for the society's and citizens' benefit. Moving to the functions of the Legislative and Executive Branch of the Philippines Government,
through the strength vested within side the Philippine Congress, the Legislative department is allowed to make, amend, and abolish laws. The Senate
and the House of Representatives are the 2 branches of this government. The legislative department is rate of enacting legislation, claim war, produce
and supply public funds, and screen their accurate usage, impeach and strive federal authorities, ratify presidential appointments and government
department treaties, and behavior supervision and investigations. The administration is responsible for the enforcement and enforcement of the law.
The President, Vice President, Cabinet, Executive Department, Independent Organizations, Boards, Committees, and Boards are all part of this
structure. And last, the executive branch is responsible for diplomacy with other countries, and the president has the authority to negotiate and sign
treaties that the Senate must ratify. The president can issue administrative ordinances that order executives and explain or advance existing
legislation.

5. Examine the State or Statehood of the Republic of Indonesia and Malaysia. Describe the profile of their Statehood by using and applying the
meaning of the 4 Elements of the State: People, Territory, Government and Sovereignty.

(Total of Words: 537)

To begin with the state of Indonesia, the United States of Indonesia was dissolved because the Indonesian nationalists within the government
believed the decentralized federal model was designed to weaken Indonesia as a unified central state. The Indonesians fought hard against the
occupying Japanese forces, when the Dutch tried to re-impose colonial rule, the Nationalists took up arms and this resulted in a 4 year conflict. The
UN mediated a transfer of power in which the Dutch state ceded authority to the newly formed United States of Indonesia. The negotiations for the
transfer of power were quite heated, but the Dutch extracted two concessions from the Indonesian representatives: First, they would shoulder a large
amount of the debt incurred by the colonial administration during WW2. Second, the new Indonesian government would have a Republican
Federalist model with a large amount of autonomy given to the individual states. After independence was achieved, the Nationalists argued that the
Dutch used their influence during the negotiations to force the adoption of this government to keep the central authority of Indonesia weak and
disunited, thereby making them vulnerable to dutch economic and political exploitation. As a result, Nationalists in the local state governments began
dissolving the powers of the individual states, and in 1950, President Sukarno officially dissolved the United States of Indonesia, and declared the
Republic of Indonesia.
Moving forward to the state of Malaysia, Malaysia, in its present form, is a federation made up of three political entities: The Federation of Malaya,
Sabah and Sarawak. It was formed under the initiative of the respective political entities that made up Malaysia. Malaysia, at its formation in 1963,
was made up of the following: First, the Federation of Malaya; comprising the following eleven states on the Malay Peninsula: Federated Malay
States - the Sultanates of Selangor, Perak, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan. Second is unfederated Malay States - the Sultanates of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan,
Terengganu, Johor. Sabah is a former British Crown Colonies, used to be a part of the Brunei Sultanate. Sarawak is a former British Crown Colonies,
used to be a part of the Brunei Sultanates and later given to James Brooke by the Sultan and the Brookes ruled Sarawak as the White Rajah before
surrendering the state to the British colonial administration after World War 2. Singapore is a former British Crown Colonies, used to be a part of the
Johor Sultanates. The British granted self-governance to the eleven states in the Malay peninsula to the election in 1955. The British then decided to
adopt the federation model for the new country after consultations with local political parties that won the election in 1955. With the consent by the
rulers of the nine sultanates and the governors of the two crown colonies, the Federation of Malaya was established in 1957. After 1957, the British
also granted self-governance to Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore with elections held in the three states. Then, the government of the Malaya Federation
proposed to enlarge the Federation by inviting Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore to combine with Malaya to form Malaysia. Thus, Malaysia was born in
1963. 2 years later, Singapore decided to leave the federation and Malaysia continue to exist at its current form ever since.