Name: Md.

Mashfiq Rizvee
ID: 1811173042

Section 1

1. The treaty of Westphalia is recognized as the full territorial sovereignty of the member states of
an empire. They were empowered to contract treaties with one another and with foreign powers,
provided that the emperor and the empire suffered no prejudice

2. Political science deals with political power, its influence and distribution.

3. The fact that people wanted to be dependent, causes sovereignty having two dimensions.

4. In all comprehensiveness characteristic of sovereignty, it is granted, the exemption only in

case of foreign embassies and diplomatic representatives of foreign countries on a
reciprocal basis. This does not in any restrict the sovereignty of the state in the legal
sense. The state can abolish and withdraw the diplomatic privileges granted to the
foreigners.
5. It is admitted by all that power and influence are co-related terms. Influence turns into
power when sanctions enter. Suppose X is an office who asks Y (another subordinate
official) to obey his orders. Y refuses to do the work and X suspends Y from the office. So in
this case, X has used power. Therefore, it is the process of sanctions which differentiates
power from influence in general.

6. Since a political system consists of different actors, such actors change their boundary.
Example is that: The same individuals who perform role in social and economic system also
play their notable role in political sphere.

7. These are the functions performed by the government in response to the input (political
function). That is why the output functions of a political system are called governmental
functions.
8. According to Almond and Powell, the concept of political culture involves three
components of individual orientation: cognitive orientations, effective orientations and
evaluative orientations.
9. Such persons are called reactionaries.
10. A state with a unitary form of government is from constitutional conflicts because
constitutionally the central government is all powerful.
 Section 2

Question Number 2, Answer:

In my opinion, Sovereignty is the most important constituent element of a modern state.

The concept of sovereignty has been called the very basis of modern political science. It is
this concept which distinguishes a state from other institutions and places a state over and
every institution or association. Sovereignty denotes the supreme power of the state over
citizens and all other associations, institutions and organizations in a state. It is a term about
which there exists confusion and contradiction of thought.
Sovereignty is a concept of modern political theory. The Greeks had no idea of this term.
We may take note of the fact that Aristotle used the term ‘supreme power’ of the state in
different senses. During the middle ages, the jurists, the theologians and other writers used
terms like summa potestas (highest power of the state) or plenitudo potestas (supreme
authority of the state) in a sense different from what we mean now by the term sovereignty.

There are two dimensions of sovereignty. They are internal dimension and external
dimension.

1. Internal dimension: In the internal sphere, the ideal of sovereignty means that the
state has highest authority within the areas under its control or jurisdiction. All
people and their associations are under the control of the state. The state has the
power to make and enforce a law throughout its territory. State is the final power
to command and enforce obedience. Sate is subject to no legal limitation.

2. External dimension: In external sphere, the idea of sovereignty implies freedom of

state from any alien subjugation. A dependent people cannot be called a state.
However, it in pursuance of some international treaty or agreement, a state accepts
limitations on its freedom of action, it does not amount to the loss or destruction of
its sovereignty. For example, the association of a sovereign state with the
Commonwealth of Nations or with the UN. In fact, the external aspect of sovereignty
is an extension of its internal aspect in the international sphere.
Question Number 4, Answer:

Political Party: By a political party we mean more or less organized group of citizens who act
together as a political unit. They share or profess to share the same opinions on public questions
and by exercising their voting power towards a common end, seek to obtain control of the
government.

Functions of a political party: There are mainly two functions of political parties. They are:
(1) to propagate their ideals and policy: (2) to contest elections. James Bryce says that
every party follows four things for its success. First, every party strengthens its
organizations. Second, the parties try to increase their membership. Third, they encourage
the electorate and supporters through speeches and other means. Fourth, the voters are
imparted political education by the parties. Besides, every political party puts up able and
intelligent persons for the elections and efforts are made to make them successful
through propaganda in the press, through speeches, meetings and processions. Each party
tries to defeat its rival and condemns its policies, so that no voter should vote in favour of
the rival party. If a party secures a majority, it forms the government, otherwise it acts as
opposition and criticizes the policies of the government and checks the government from
becoming absolute in nature.

Five Advantages of political party are given below:

1. Political parties make the working of democracy possible.

2. Political parties create cooperation between the executive and legislature
3. Political parties act as a sort of link between the people and the government
4. Formation of government is made easier due to the presence of political parties
5. Political parties create awakening among the people