3.7. Varlation of Velocity Amplitude with 3.8. Comparison Between Ampitde Resonance snd Velocity Resonance 3.9. Variation of Phase with Driving Frequency 3.10. Power Supplied to the Oscillator by the Driving Force 3.11. Power Dissipated against Frictional Force 3.12, Variation of Power with Driving Frequency 3.13. Power Absorption Resonance Curve 3.14, Sharpness of Resonance and Band width 3.15. Energy of Damped Forced Oscillator 3.16. Quality Factor 3.17. Q Factor as Amplification Factor 3.18. Electrical Forced Oscillator 3.19. Expression for Current in the Forced Electrical Oscillator 3.20. Variation of Current Amplitude with Driving Frequency 3.21. Variation of Phase B with Frequency of ac. Source a Ithas been shown in the earlier chapter that when particle subject to an elastic Force oscillates in . Such oscillations a medium like ain it exeeutes oscillations having angular frequency a = 0%) ‘tations of damped oscillator. The amplitude of these oscillations go on ae called fee oF a eee ay is dissipated in overcoming the damping forces. If we wish to ci with a scillations constant, the energy must be supplied tothe system to make up forthe ru > Substituting the value of Fy and using the definition of acceleration a it becomesPURULE HnnMonnG Beye Rtath cos of or 3.7) Denoting k TOO ian (3.8) eq. (3.7) takes the form d?x dx F, S427 40,2 pa Fo: Ce wnt to" cos (3.9) This equation represents the differential equation of motion of one dimensional damped forced oscillator. Itis a linear, second. : order, inhomogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients. The inhomogeneity arises from the term containing Fy, EP EXPRESSION FOR THE DISPLACEMENT OF FORCED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR Our aim is to investigate the effect of extemal periodic force on the motion of a weakly damped cscilator, For this purpose itis necessary to solve the differential equation of motion of forced harmeaic oscillator given by eqn. (3.9), That is 3 “ axe dy 2k i eg too = 008 ar Let x9 be a particular solution of inhomogeneous equation eq, (3.9). This implies Oa ys or, Fo 3 P+ ty + 08 x, = cos ot (3.10) Pm 30072 — Oe (3.10) Suppose x; is a solution of eq. (3.9) with right hand side 1ogeneous equation (3.9) equal to zero, Thus x, is a solution of armen dey SF +2y~A+ a2 x=0 wea Since x is a solution of eq. (3.11), it must satisfy it. This means BH yy —1 + 2y— +a? x =0 © dt” awl A Adding eq. (3.10) and eq. (3.12) we obtain (3.1) ++(3.12) 2 SO) +27 4 4) 408 #2) = eos an ==(3.13) This equation’ shows that x1 +.t is as much a solution of eq. (3.9) as is 23 alone. But x is a Perticular solution and does not give complete information regarding the motion of the forced oscillator. On the other hand x; + 9 is the complete or general solution of eq. (3.9). Thus the general solution of eq. 3.9) is F ~~ ocxe x +X nmathematice the solution ri clled complementary fancton (denoted a8 CF) as particular integral (denoted as PI). Determination ofr he solton x, has already een found in chapter 2.1 ven BY aetna Saag ett @) eet ete of uneydamped oli slton kes th or 1 = Ag cos (w't + 8) were af = JaQ 7 isthe angular equeny of damped otiation and 98 hs FINS aot, Determination of x>- ‘As disoused above tis particular solution of eq- (3.10). That 3 #2 ay sag = Beer oH teak, sadmernine sh vontiscomeniento use te exponential orm frei 5 F,= Fy e™ with the convention that actual force is the real part of this equation. ‘Using this result in eq. (3.10) we obtain Pa sry} ote In order to evaluate xp, let us assume a solution of the form aad ore where A and 6 are constants to be determined. Now differentiate eq. (3.19) with respect to time 1. This gives 49 son do- dt Differentiate it again to obtain 2. Fo_ adoro Substitute these values in eq. (3.18) to obtain ot Ad@-O4i2yoAEO-O +02 Aior—-0) 10 gio Dividing throughout by e! 9) we obtain - =o A+2iYOA+O5 Ante om This may be written as f, (o% 0? )A+2170A=—" (cos p+isind) m where 6 is the phase difference between the displacement and applied foree.the ee ‘eal eo ISSGHaary parts on bon ace of eq. (3.23) we obtain AG == cong su(3.24) and FR 2yMA= se sing wn(3.28) The constants A and 6 can no i ; . (3.24) and eq. (3.25) and ea We Sone! from eqns, (3.24) and (3.25). Squaring both sides of eq. Ma -o P47 oP HE A= fh neha aE cia Dividing eq, (3.25) by eq, (3.24) we obtain tang =—270_ on(3.27) Substitute the value of A given by eq, (3.26) in eq. (3.19) to obtain &. i (cor — | y= mesa lg (3.28) If we take the real part of eq (328), it gives displacement x, which is F, cos (ar—4) teats ~39 Substituting the value of x, and x in eq. (3.14) we obtain the ‘general expression for the displacement ofa weakly damped forced oscillator as 7 De F, 0s (wr~9) x (1) = Age cos (w't + 0) me Carr ++(3.30) where A and @ are constants to be determined from initial conditions i.e, initial displacement and initial velocity. Ej TRANSIENT AND STEADY STATE SOLUTIONS: ee a The displacement of underdamped forced oscillator at any time t is given by Fy cos (wr) 8 (shoe thea (ores 8 ra (aay raya? (3.30) ii i tion of the damped forced oscillator is ien solution, This equation shows thatthe actual motion of th ase Transient naa oscilations of angular frequencies and «The fist term in the jxpression for aleplacement represents an oscillation with angular frequency «of damped oscillator Ts tone ae eet eleeniones Coen eneemaly wit Gee ee —3/6 Pradeep’s Vibrations and Waves ¥ 1 of damped oscillator. For very lations to die out depends on relaxation time On the other hand, for large damping the the solution is called the transient .s 10 zero as t approaches taken for these os weak damping these oscillations will persist for a longer time. time interval for which oscillations persist will be smaller. This part of solution. Thus a transient solution is one which exists fora limited time and goe: infinity. “The behaviour of the oscillator just after the application of external force will be determined by the resultant of the superposition of two oscillations. In the beginning the oscillator tends to vibrate with its ‘own natural frequency ©’ whereas the external force will try to impose its own frequency ® on the cecillator, As a result ofthis tussel, the motion of the oscillator in early stages is erra n the oscillator will rise and fall several times. This type of behaviour is called transient behaviour. (b) Steady state solution. The second term in the expression (3.30) for displacement x remains after the transient dies away. This is called steady state solution. Thus the solution of differential equation of motion of forced damped oscillator after transient becomes negligible is known as steady state solution. Thus for time ¢ large compared to amplitude relaxation time 1, the displacement of forced harmonic oscillator is given by F, cos (wt—) neg ara? G31) x@>>D=% This equation shows that (A In the steady state the oscillator oscillates with frequency @ of the applied oscillations are called forced oscillations. (ii) Comparing eq, (3.31) with eq, (3.1) we observe that the steady state displacement is not in phase with the applied force. The phase difference 6 between them is given by eq. (3.27) namely periodic force. Such —-27@ tan OG oF GaN ‘This phase difference depends on angular frequency © of applied force and constants @p and yof the oscillator. (iii) The steady state displacement is independent of the initial conditions, i.e., the way in which the oscillator is set into motion. EEBV/AMPLITUDE RESONANCE IN FORCED OSCILLATOR “The steady state displacement of the forced oscillator is given by ie Fy cos (9) ; moe -0 P +47? a Pe) ‘The displacement x will be maximum when cos («or 9) = 1. Thus i See me mY @ - oY 47 w Bi: _— The maximum value of the displacementisknown as amplitude, Thus the amplitude off in steady state oscillation is forcedAs md -=(3.33) (te frequency ang iis TSspect to time but its value depends on i) natural frequency ay of, (iii) damping constant, (iv) mass of the oscillator, F tation iven forced oscillator as the frequency of applied force wis varied from low value (qo igh cri (@>> ay). Three cases arise: 1.Ar low driving fregeney. When dti al 'ving frequency « is small compared to the angular frequency (®) of undamped oscillations, then 2 can be neglected in comparision with ©} in eq. (3.33). Thus the expression for amplitude of the oscillator y becomes i TRS (3.34) mY (o} +47? oP) or A oe naifeette) 2 « Ss It can be written as K ae ae (3.35) na(etet For weak damping y << @y. The above expression for amplitude takes the form ptt may, Since af = © the above equation becomes m Fo em _ho +n(3.36) abr oar ee (hh i i ivi Ilas the damping i ‘illator becomes independent of the driving frequency as Wel ping iui ne ay and weak damping. It depends only on the magnitude of the applied force and fons aa ca means that when the applied force is of low frequency, the amplitude of scillator *ontolled by the spring constant or stiffness constant k. The oscillators said tobe siffiess cont, led.a ency w is very “SNE® jen the driving fea (3.33) takes the form — 2. At high driving freqency. Whi for amplitude. ‘Thus eq. ‘can be neglected in the expression (3.33) Ae or nw (1% This may be written as ‘ A=——,, 72 no[ieg 2) inder this assumption the ‘above expression for ‘A takes Ec For weak damping ¥<< 0,0 A=—> mo tude of oscillator falls as @ increases and a ‘This equation shows that the amplit - . 4 4d by mass. Therefofe the oscillator is said 0 @ — ©. The amplitude of oscillator is controlle« controlled,__ 3. Amplitude resonance. The amplitude A of the forced osci A= Fo = myo sae om where z={@ =o +47 o For given values of m, @p, Yand Fo, the amplitude A will be maximum when the d sinimum. The maxima or minima of Z occurs at that angular frequency @ where a 757° ‘lator in stready state i ae Substituting the value of Z from eq. (3.40) we obtain fy Sard iS Tal rare |-0 differentiation it becomes 1 7 agearare oe Performing the on 877 o-40(a} -0°)=0 40127 - (ap -0)]=0 ‘This means that (a) cither @=0 (bor 272-08 -@*)=9-i 1) HARMONIC. Ce te in be shown that the conan i = O corresponds to maximum value of Z and hence gives a imam vate for amplitude A whiny Fo i mi o} =A hid We same The condition given by eq, 8.44) may be fas ov of oe 21° = -o?) or =a 2p or o=t fear wu(3.45) ‘The driving frequency with negative sigi ribe segative. Thus only value allowed to a is Sign is extraneous because the angular frequency can’ o={a—2p (3.46) Atthis value of ¢ the denominator Z.is minimum and therefore the ampli is maxi this plitude A is maximum at this angular frequency. The angular frequency catwhich the anfiplitude has maximum value is called amplitude resonance frequency and is denoted by @, The amplitude resonance frequency is @= e227 ) (3.47) Since «, is positive this equation will hold good only if 7 < $ Eq. (3.47) shows that (i) The amplitude resonance frequency varies with the value of damping constant 7. Smaller is the damping, larger is the resonance frequency. (:i) The amplitude resonance frequency is neither equal to the angular frequency ay of the damped oscillator (w= oP ) nor to the angular frequency of undamped oscillator ip, Itis slightly iess than the angular frequency ay ofthe undamped oscillator, (ii) For a system having negligible damping, tere is no difference between the amplitude resonance frequency «, and frequency of undamped oscillator @y. 4. Expression for maximum value of amplitude. The steady state amplitude is maximum at the ing frequency Ze 3 0=0,= Jog - 27 Substitute this value in eg. (3.33) to obtain Aya Thus F, 0 Anas (oR a8 +277 +47 (ah -277) i Anat at ear ob 8 (3.47)to fener i Anat = 2ym4 a-P Z Special case. In the case of weak damping corresponding (0 << ca aaa to @} in eq. (3.48). Thus we can write Di tO max 2m, Since damping constant yis very small, the amplitude of the forced oscillator at becomes very large. We know that om Substitute this value in eq. (3.49) to obtain = Fy mF, Thus near resonance the maximum amplitude of the forced oscillator is controlled by t term b, The forced oscillator is said to be resistance controlled. 5. Conclusion : From above discussion, we conclude that as the frequency « of applied increasing from zero, the amplitude of forced oscillator begins to increase from initial Rj amplitude attains a maximum value 7 atresonance frequency «,.. When «exceeds ©, , the emplitude begins to fall and becomes zero as o>. _\ - EEA VARIATION OF AMPLITUDE WITH DRIVING FREQUENCY 7 Fig. (3.2) shows the variation of amplitude A of a forced oscillator with angular freq impressed force for two values of y. The following conclusions can be drawn from these (i) All the curves start from the point having A = (ii) As the damping increases, the driving frequency « at which the amplitude is maximum i.e. resonance frequency ©, shifts towards the lower side. i (iii) With the increase in damping, the peak value Aj... | of the amplitude curve shifts toward low value of «, # (iv) All the curves ultimately approach zero, oFORCED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR at ) OSCILLATION: ‘The steady state displacement of a weakly damped forced oscillator is given by , ee, a (3.31) x= 08 (01-9) ( where Z={@-o PF +47 o +=s(3.40) The velocity of the forced oscillator in steady state at any time t is dx_d| F saan 0 fs (3.51 v at mee 9| (3.51) ee oz osin (or—9) It may be written as Ro (nr eta Be i v peo (Stoe *) +(3.52) Comparing eq. (3.52) with eq. (3.31) we observe that the velocity leads the displacement by an angle of $ . The velocity of the forced oscillator will be maximum when oos($+0r-0)=1 Thus the maximum value of velocity is Ro 0 ee mas AZ This is called velocity amplitude and is denoted by vp. Thus mZ +(3.53) Substituting the value of Z in eq. (3.53) we obtain Ro ear 080 ‘Thus the velocity amplitude of a given forced oscillator varies with driving frequency @. Three cases arise. (i) At low driving frequency. When the driving frequency «os small compared to angular frequency 0) of undamped oscillations, then ? can be ignored in comparision with @. Thus the velocity amplitude given by eq. (3.54) becomesFor weak damping << i, Thus velocity amplitude takes the form Ro vas mop ‘Thus velocity amplitude Up varies linearly for low driving frequenc: to zero. (ii) At high driving frequency, At high driving frequency « is much greater than @y, Then ccan be neglected inthe expression (3.54) for velocity amplitude. Thus the expression for velocity -y «and becomes zero as takes the form Ro Fee 0 not +47 oF)? 5, i eo oa aN? mols] ‘It may be written as Fi "nook 3y oo In case of weak damping y << (, Under this condition, Eq, (3.59) becomes im Uy= 0 mo a ‘Thus velocity amplitude decreases with increase in « and approaches zero as @ tends to infFORCED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR ana ] Velocity resonance. The Velocity amplitude of a damped forced oscillator is given by | | 1 =0@ NSE (3.53) It can be written as | where paz Aw rapa @ o The above equation for D may be written as 4 zr 2 (Soo agree} (3.61) For given values of m, ®p, Yand Fp, driving frequency @ for which the de applying the condition a aoe 0 Substituting the value of D we obtain the velocity ampltude Yp will be maximum for those values of nominator D is minimum. The maxima and minima of D is found by 1 4 (oH | +0? -202 +47 | =0 4{(s % “J Performing the differentiation, we obtain 2 or d [-2s20-0fe 2 ou, wo -202 +472 z a This equation will be satisfied if or o-h-0 md i 4 of = of et Pe ee prkurcy or O=0 « dn ve \ te +»(3.62) Thus the velocity amplitude has maximum value at the driving frequency « equal to the natural o i inment of the maximum velocity by a driven oscillator frequeney of the undamped oscillator. The attainment 'S called eae resonance. Note that the velocity resonance occurs at natural frequency of undamped oscil frequency of amplitude resonance. ; i veloc aaa at resonance. The maximum value of vy may be obtained by putting = Opin eq, (3.54). This givesma ara hh eee 0) max = Fm ‘The maximum value of vp depends on the damping constant and decreases as the d , ___ Gv) Conclusion : From above discussion itis clear thatthe velocity amplitude of a forced g is zero at «@=0, As the frequency of applied force increases, the velocity amplitude increases and a amaximum value a atresonance frequency @p. As ois increased beyond 0p, the velocity am my decreases and becomes zero as «9 —> e, ERA VARIATION OF VELOCITY AMPLITUDE WITH DRIVING FORCE Fig. (3.3) shows the variation of velocity amplitude vp with vo, the frequency « of applied force for two different values of 7. Itis evident from this diagram that, (@) both the curves start from a point with 9 = 0 and end at = 0. (ii) The height of the peak depends on the value of y. ‘Smaller the damping, higher is the peak. (iii) The maximum of velocity amplitude occurs in both the curves at the natural frequency @ of undamped =o ‘oscillator. The existence of the maximum in the velocity amplitude is called velocity resonance. EEN COMPARISON BETWEEN AMPLITUDE RESONANCE AND VELOCITY (i) The angular frequency @ of the applied force which produces the maximum valocity is from the angular frequency which produces the maximum amplitude. The former is @ the later is (@@ -27°)!/?. (ii) The angular frequency at which velocity resonance occurs is independent of dan whereas the resonance frequency of amplitude resonance depends on the damping cots (iii) The maximum values of amplitude and velocity amplitude for forced oscillations de the damping constant. (iv) The angular frequency © of applied force at amplitude resonance is slightly smaller at velocity resonance. [EJ VARIATION OF PHASE WITH DRIVING FREQUENCY thas been shown in section (3,3) that there is a phase difference > between the applied: steady state displacement x. This phase difference is given by eq. (3.27). Thus 5 FIGURE 3.3.FORCED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR = ea rE This equation shows that the Phase difference between displacement and applied force depends on damping constant Y and on the ; i the applied force values of @ and (p. The displacement will lag or lead the applied depending on whether the frequency of applied feu @is less or more than the frequency of undamped oscillator @p. (a) Range of variation ‘we of $. The phase difference between steady state displacement and the applied force is given by eq, 3.27) namely (3.27) From fig. (3.4), itis clear that ingen 2Y® sing = 2% ont (3.64) z a (0-07) and cos = oot =-(3.65) FIGURE 3.4. Since Z is always positive, sin @ can never be negative. This means that the range of 6 is 0< <7. The exact value of 6 will depe ‘nd on values of ¥, @y and «. For given cp and the following cases arise. CASE 1, When the driving force frequency « approaches zero, the phase difference given by eq. (3.27) takes the form tano= 1, 2YX0 _4 030 o=0 ‘Thus the displacement of the forced oscillator and external force are in same phase. CASE 2. When @ < @p, eq. (3.27) shows that aa tan 6 =+ve Since sin cris always positive, (3.66) therefore cos cxis also positive. Thus the phase difference 6 between T displacement and force will lie between Qand 2 CASE 3. When @ — @p then eq. (3.27) becomes tan = 00 Therefore, © aa (3.67) ‘Thus when driving force frequency « approaches the natural frequency «p of undamped oscillator, the phase difference @ tends to > . Thus the displacement lags behind the driving force by an angle of CASE 4, When @ > @p, eq. (3.27) shows that tan > =-ve Since sin o.is always +ve, cos 0: will be negative, Therefore the phase difference between displacement es X and force F can take any value between 2 and n.GASE 5. At high driving frequency @ —> », eq. (3.27) becomes Pitta oe, asm oF 2yo 27 ey ae pags re De oan (3.68) Thus the displacement of the oscillator will be out of phase with the driving force. is (b) Conclusion : We conclude from above discussion 3 that as the frequency « of the applied force increases from zero to high value, the phase angle 6 increases continuously from zero to 180° passing through 90° at resonance. This variation of phase difference ¢ of the forced oscillator with driving force frequency @ is shown in fig. 3.5 for two values of damping constant y. FIGURE 3.5. _ It has been shown in section (3.4) that the ae of a forced oscillator in steady state is i Fox: myo = aoe “mZ This amplitude is constant with respect to time. The reason is that the driving force is s energy to the oscillator to compensate for the energy lost by it due to friction. Our aim is to d expression for the average power transfered to the oscillator in each cycle. ‘The displacement of an oscillator subject to periodic force F=Fp cos or in steady state is given by = 72 cos (wt-9) AZ ® Using eq. (3.33) it takes the form x=A.cos (at~$) ‘The instantaneous power, which is equal to the rate of doing work, is given by P=Fo Now differentiate eq. (3.69) with respect to time t. This gives patted acto) v=-@Asin (1-9)FORCED HARMONIC. aan Substicuting the vale Of force Fang Velocity v in eq, (3.70) we obtain Ff PSF, @Acosaxsin (or) (3.72) i ne Te eazeous Tate at which the energy is being supplied to the oscillator by the Oe 6* Power delivered tothe oscillator in one cycle by the applied force is Pay =f Par (3.73) ° Substituting the value of Pit becomes @AT Poo =-et J cos cr sin (or 4) at wn(3.74) Using thereat : sin (Or 9) = si eS fi a, (3.74) ne ) = sin oF cos 6 Cos wr sin > FE, oA t T Fay eae [owe cos eosin wt dt ~sin f cos? wa 0 0 It may be written as KoA i, iT Fy [ss J sin2arar-sing f (cos? on) a] on(3.75) 0 0 7 “y T But Jsin2ord@=0 and J cos? wr dt = 3 (3.76) 0 : 0 Substitute these values in eq. (3.75) to obtain Fy@A (Tsing T 2 Fomine Aah ail a), the term containing a can be ignored in comparision with a (3.80). Thus the power transfered to oscillator under this condition is Ryo Pay equation for average power of applied force so] eo oe @ mo! +47 o) y ee preae prranies mee( 140] It may be written as, 2 P= Hy moe “ee In case of weak damping Y << @y, Thus the above equation takes the form Baron. Fo a? This equation shows that the average power supplied to the oscillator decreases with i and becomes zero as « tends to infinity. (c) Resonance. The average power absorbed by the oscillator given by eq. (3.80) can be wr peecbieinen l e my -@ Sql a} - 0 +47 oP] _@-@Y +47 oF| SS © ce expression for D may be written as wwo(3.96) Da Sb et reg ar ‘The power absorbed will be maximum at that angular frequency co where D is minimum. nina of 8 obtained by applying the ie ‘The maxima aD 70 substituting the value of D we obtain After carrying out differentiation we obtain Sa 0 is @-0+0=0 or \' 0) (3.97) It can be shown that @ = @p corresponds to minimum value of the denominator D. Thus the power cbsorbed by the oscillator is maximum at the driving frequency © equal to the natural frequency Wy of uidamped oscillator irrespective of damping. Note that the power absorbed is maximum at the frequency of velocity resonance and not at the frequency of amplitude resonance @, = 4/0} -27. (d) Maximum Power absorbed. The maximum power absorbed may be obtained by substituting 0= Wp in eq, (3.80). This gives pe av imax m [(@ -0) +47 05) eae a Fa ao max mye og 4m. +uo(3.98) ‘This equation shows that smaller is the damping, larger is the maximum value of average power ®Sorbed, ‘The maximum average power absorbed by the forced oscillator is denoted by Py. Thus ‘ _# Wy - 4my 'n terms of Po, eq. (3.80) can be written as ) 4Py po to gw? +4 o] ~-(.100) +(3.99)(e) Conclusion. When we vary the angular i FP power absorbed by the oscillator begins to increase. It acquires maximum value Py rr ‘This value of maximum power depends on damping. Ifthe damping were 20, the POSE wi woul bo intial Sie cased ir aways peacn, the povier absorbed remains fe 2 Fe Frequency eo exceeds ty the absorbed power begins fll and becomes Z2r0 28 fnds infinity. ERE POWER ABSORPTION RESONANCE CURVE Fig. (3.7) shows the variation of average power absorbed with the frequency «of applied force fora given value of and @p, We observe the following facts from this curve. ( The curve is symmetrical about the frequency ® = @y (ii) The power absorbed is maximum at resonance 2 frequency @p and has value P, = ez When the oscillator ‘my absorbs maximum power from the external force it is said to be in resonance. (ii) The height of peak of the curve is determined by the a) damping constant y. FIGURE 3.7. [BEEN SHARPNESS OF RESONANCE AND BAND WIDTH "The power absorption resonance curve shows that the average power absorbed by a driven o falls on either side of resonance frequency ( (Fig. 3.7). If the fall in power for a smalll depa resonance condition is large then resonance is said to be sharp. On the other hand if the fall in po ‘mall, the resonance is called flat. Thus sharpness of resonance is a measure of the rate of fall average power from its maximum value Po on either side of it. ‘* Our aim is to find the angular frequency @ at which the power absorbed falls to half its may value. Let @, and @y be the two angular frequencies where the (average) power absorbed is half 0 maximum power absorbed Po, These values of «are called half power points. These are shown (3.7). Thus B yd Pay (04)=Pay (@) => The angular frequency difference @, ~ 0; is called the band width. Thus band width is defi the frequency interval Aw between two half power points. Expression for band width. The average power absorbed by the oscillator from the external fi given by eq. (3.100) namely ee are! eaeoorap wl Suppose this power P,, becomes half the maximum power Py at frequency oo. That is ee BoasEP (oh -@ ar ay 2 (5 oP? 44? oP = 892? o (6h - oy? <4? @? oa o - 0? =42y0 It may be written as \ ot eco a i a ‘2 @ the positive sign on right hand side will correspond too, and negative sign to o. r a i Uae 5 Ww a a, : + % d -d=-2 ani Dara ‘These equations may be written as @}-@=2y0, and OF — 0} =-270, Subtracting these equations we obtain (@} - 0f)=27(@, +0) (@,-@)(@, +@)=27(@, +0) ‘Thus mela w(3.102) This is the required expression for band width. Eq. (3.102) shows that the band width is directly Proportional to damping constant y. Therefore smaller the damping, the taller and narrower is the resonan Peak. Such a resonance is called sharp resonance. But a highly dissipative system will show flat resonance, Thus band width is a measure of the sharpness of resonance. EEE] ENERGY OF DAMPED FORCED OSCILLATOR The displacement x of the forced oscillator of amplitude A in steady state is given by eq. (3.69) ie. x= Acos (wt- >) (! +~(3.69) The velocity of the oscillator at any time is ded GlAcos (or 91 +=(3.103) v=-@A sin (ot 9) +(3.104)bh : SSS potential energy. Thus Beltane 2 z “ Since a =~ , we can write above equation as B= dm? + Lag Substituting the value of v and x in above equation we obtain LmoPAat sin? (ot) +3703 A? cos? (ot =8) E= 2 mA? (a? sin? (or - =) + 0} cos? (ot - )] “hls equation sbi Eel the ttl cocogy of te sca a te isa este vases VA n ‘The average energy of the oscillator over one cycle is Ts 7) Edt J ‘Substituting the value of E, the above equation becomes _imaA® (wr — 6) dt Ber nema mare j sin? % J cos? (on =O <; y J sin2or-odr= J cos? (er — 9) dr = = 0 0 2 We obtain E,, = aimarat st mA? ob = E,, = mA? (@ +a) Substituting the value of A i eq. (3.33) it becomes Rr 1 E,, == ——.—_—— 4 mR oF) eae This gives the expression for average energy stored in the damped forced oscillator. (a) Energy of forced oscillator at resonance. Suppose the mete of dri equal to the angular frequency of oscillator 4 without damping, Th ae =aitute this 3 coat Substitute this Value of @ in eq, Gide ie Bek, = 4H + 0h) __ 4 miCog - oR +47 Bi ate *o at Baye (3.111) () Relation between instan value of A from eq. (3.33) in eq, (3, GiNene, and energy of oscillator at resonance. Substitute the Sem jour is eo 2 (oe — AmlGE =) ay? hy 8m? (Ot 9) + 9 cos? (or — 99] ou(3.112) Atresonance = 0p, Substitute energy at resonance becomes ts Vale of vin eq, (3.112) Thus the expression for the instantaneous FR Sime ag (Mat on — 8) + 08 os? (@r-9)) R =o a (3113) Comparing eq, (3.111) and eq. (3.113) we conclude that the instantaneous energy of oscillator at resonance is constant and is equal to the time averaged energy at resonance, ERGY QUALITY:FACTOR! It is defined as Q = 2n Serageenergy stored in forced oscillator in one cycle average energy lost per cycle Thus 2nE, Q= yt on(3.114) Suppose P, is the average power lost in one cycle, Therefore energy lost in one cycle is Eye P)xT wu(3.115) where T is time period of forced oscillator. The average power lost in one cycle is given by eq. (3.87). That is Ryo " gv x “nlee — 0)? +47? oF] Tr We know that the amplitude of forced oscillator in steady state is ih 7 Ase mp aaper? Gh (u (3.87)es Since 1-28 PR covngeecer = Eye2nmyor” Using eq, (3.109) and eq. (3.118) in eg. G.114) We obtain 1 na? (@? +0) 2nmoya” 7 ot +o} J tee wor ) 470 4 w eH") 4 This is the general expression for the quality factor of the forced oscillator. (@ Minimum value of quality factor The quality factor of a forced oscillator is gi Q=2n: ‘Tt may be written as on iain: ‘Thus the quality factor has minimum value at reson; Tesonance be obtained by putting © = @y in €q. (3.119). This gives teeny Oo: The” po ND oH 3] Q= 2. on(3.123) nal fa Or) - (0) Physical significance of quality factor. For low damping Ys small compared to @y and hence Q acresonanee will be very large, We know that in case of smaller damping, the resonance peak is very tall and narrow. Thus quality factor at resonance measures the sharpness of resonance in case of driven jarmonic oscillator: Thus large Q implies sharpness of resonance, Smaller Q value indicates broad or flat resonance. Hence quality factor at resonance is another ‘way to determine the sharpness of a resonance curve. The band width of resonance curve is given by ite A@= 0-0 =24 Substitute this value in eq, (3.123) to obtain (os on(3124) @, = 4, Thus Q factor at resonance may also be defined as the ratio of angular resonance frequency and ‘The amplitude of the damped forced oscillator in steady state is given by Lit A= wo(3.33) my (oh -@ +47 This amplitude of the forced oscillator varies with the frequency «o of applied force. It attains maximum value when the driving frequency «= = (2 ~2)7)!/? and the maximum value of amplitude is given by eq. (3.48) namely r ‘max: ~ 2mr foe ---(3.48) ‘The amplitude A will be minimum when @=0. Substitute this value of @ in eq. (3.33) to obtain Rien. th Anin = om . mn non mo (3.125) The amplification factor for the forced oscillator may be defined as the ratio of maximum nplitude to its minimum amplitude. Thus 1 A max ae w=(3.126) Anin f Substituting the value of Ayyg, and Ayan We obtain jo ae eat afar 2y ft a sa(3.127)‘The quality factor for forced oscillator at resonance is given by q=% 2y Using this result in eq, (3.127) we obtain 1 n=q[+ads| Since Q is very large we may write : u=Q ‘Substituting this value of j1 in eq. (3.126) we obtain A, Ana _ 9 Annin ; Armax = QAnin 24) ae This equation shows that the maximum amplitude of forced oscillator is Q times the low frequency of driving force. Thus amplitude at low frequency is amplified by a factor Q at In chapter 3 we have discussed the damped oscillations of series LCR circuit, We shall the behaviour of this system when subjected to an alternating e.m.. Consider a series LCR circuit connected across the alternating voltage e represented as £ =) cos wr Suppose 1 is the current flowing in the circuit at any time ¢. Then the potential drop resistance R is Vp, =IR (3.132) Since the currents changing with time, the voltage developed across inductor L is a Wale (3,133) Suppose q is the charge on the plates of the capacitor at this instant. Then the voltage across the capacitor is Vo =f ++(3.134) ae FIGURE 3.8. Applying Kirchoff 's voltage law to the circuit of fi ’ ig. (3.8) we obtain in a +442 - IR+T+LS =e 9 cosee +=(3.135) Substitute zs in eq. (3.135) to obtain -~(3.136) aq) dq £ 2 694%. = 2.08 wt (3.137) a Vt 4 re This is the differential equation which describes the behaviour of charge q with time. This aan 's similar the differential equation of motion of forced oscillator eq, (3.9) with x replaced by q and m™ Eo by “[_~ Thus the general solution of the equation (3.137) is cos (or—) q@= 1 cos (wi te -=0(3.138) ‘Ag e7¥' cos (ait +0) : leg Peapar ‘The first term in this equation which will persist for a short interval of time is called transient solution. It represents an oscillation which eventually decays to zero. The second term which does not die ‘ut is called the steady state solution. Thus the steady state solution is = By COs (wor —) Lae oP +49? a? ‘This equation shows that the charge will oscillate with constant amplitude in steady state and has an angular frequency equal to the angular frequency « of the applied e.m.f. This means that the applied e.m.f. overcomes the damping and provides the energy necessary to maintain the oscillation. Comparing eq. (3.139) with eq. (3.131) we find that there isa phase difference between the charge +=-(3.139) 4 and the applied e.m4. . This phase difference is given by _ 270 é ae =@) (3.140) Since for electrical oscillator ee we may write it as Ro Ca neGe=at aaa (3.141) EEE] EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT IN THE FORCED ELECTRICAL OSCILLATOR ‘The current in the LCR circuit at any time ¢is given by‘Substituting the value of q from eq. (3.139) we obtain ye foosin(or-®) . Loe sn(4) Using eq. (3) it becomes tan = +1, . ihe fregucna Fit the alu of damping concen $0 that the acceleration amplitude at pe Srequency Of velocity resonance 48 equal to the limit of acceleration amplitude at high quencies, Fo er Grange (see example 3.11) ..(1) The velocity resonance occurs at the frequency co= i, Substitute this value of «in €q. (1) to obtain is Fy =e ara H% Soa 2 | At high driving frequency o can be neglected in comparison with @? in €q. (1). Thus eq. (1) takes the form Fa? On na + 4p ay? ih cy ar. TE. m ei ayAS @ — ce, eq. (3) becomes hy a= : ‘The acceleration given by eq (2) and eq. (4) willbe equal i % 2y ¢ EXAMPLE 3.12. Show that in a series resonant LCR circuit the maximum 1 i‘ ‘across the capacitor plates occurs at a frequency o-a(i-s) iW z ont SOLUTION. Consider a series LCR circuit connected to an alternating emf. e= C08 @%s charge on the capacitor at any instant. Then the potential drop across the capacitor is vad “e This potential difference V will be maximum when q is maximum, The amplitude of Steady state in electrical oscillator is pete LZ. where Z= (aR oO) +42 @ is impedance of series LCR circuit. The charge 49 Will be maximum at that frequency minimum. The impedance will be minimum at that frequency w where saz do Substituting the value of Z, eq. (4) becomes al ~ oP +42 a]? <9 x 2(@R —@2)(— = eesti s ata 2} -0)¢ 20)+87 w]=0 ~40 (05 -07) +82 @=9 ~4alag -o? ~22}<9 This implies that oe. er09060 HARMONIC aus this means that either @=0 an be shown that @ = : sential drop aca ite a0 maximum value of Z and hence to minimum value of qo: THe SPssitOr Will maximum when the angular frequency «of applied e.m.f is o= fee a a (8) Quality factor at resonance is given by ge (8) Using this result in eq, (4) we obtain 1 \2 Wp = 80 rad/s, we) Itis evident from the curve that half power points occurs at frequencies and Thus the band width of resonance curve is A@=@)-0, A@ = 80-5 - 79-5 Aw = | rad/s +3) ‘Thus Q factor of the forced oscillator at resonance is FIGURE 3.11. wn(4) (>) The energy of the oscillator at resonance is given by 5 By=—> (8) PAN ban "he maximum power absorbed at resonance is given by 2 vis 6) 4myUsing this result in eq. (5) we obtain Py Par: ; 4 ‘This equation gives the relation between energy of oscillator and maximum power From the curve Pp = 60 watt ‘We know that band width of resonance curve is Ao=2y Using eq. (3) we obtain 1=2y ul Y=5 rad/s Substitute the value of Py and y in eq, (7) to obtain ¢ EXAMPLE 3.14. Show thatthe product of band width ofthe power resonance curve relaxation time of free damped oscillations is unit, SOLUTION. The band width of power absorption curve is given by Ao=2y where is the damping constant. The energy relation time for free damped oscillation is % 2y Multiplying eq. (1) and eq. (2) we obtain Aot,=1 This result is very useful from the point of view of experimental observation. Itenables us to _ by computing Ao from power absorption curve. Choose the Correct Answer. 1. Which of the following statement is false for damped forced oscillator ? (@) Displacement varies with the frequency of applied force (6) Displacement is not in phase with the applied force (©) Amplitude of forced harmonic oscilator is maximum at driving frequency less than @ (@ Amplitude decreases exponentially with timeeae conCED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 3/45 “The amplitude of oscillation 2 does not remain constant with time in case of (a) Free vibratons (c) Forced vibrations (H) Damped vibrations (@) Maintained vibrations 4, The amplitude of a driven harmoni ; * of the oscillator as ae oscillator at very low frequency « of applied force varies with mass 7 @m () m? / (om @m 4, The amplitude of a damped forced oscillator at resonance is Fi F, @ Se o , F, my qa = 7 ayecir OT aaP oa © Fm eae s, ‘The maximum value of the velocity amplitude of driven harmonic oscillator is Ki ki Oe a ae 2 om © 2m Om Fm 6. The ratio of the power absorbed by a driven harmonic oscillator to the energy stored in it at resonance is 1 x @e o> (24 5 ‘The energy relaxation time of oscillations in a driven harmonic oscillator varies with band width A@ as @ (a? (Ao © (aor @ (ao? 8, The angular frequency at which amplitude resonance occurs is @ a © H-F © {a= @ {8-27 9, The relation between Q factor at resonance and band width of the forced oscillator is ae son peor % © oa Ow © “ta © Fe,-0) 10. Which of the following quantity connected with driven harmonic ‘oscillator does not vary with time ? (a) velocity (b) acceleration (©) displacement (@ amplitude 11. The maximum power absorbed by the forced oscillator at resonance varies with damping constant as or Or or @yr 12, Two particles A and B of masses 1 kg and 2 kg execute forced oscillations under identical conditions. The quality factor Q for oscillator A is (@) more than that of B (b) less than that of B (6) equal to that of A (@ more ot less depending on damping constant. 13, The sharpness ofthe resonance peak of power absorption curve (a) increases with increase in damping (b) decreases with increase in damping (0) is independent of damping (@ none of these 14, The difference in angular frequency of undamped oscillator and amplitude resonance frequency of driven harmonic oscillator for weak damping is 2 Be Be (a) zero © 2 (©) “Gato @ Ina,a . The phase of the dig A damped driven harmonic oscillator is executing oscillations in steady state. The phase ofthe, ‘with respect to that of driving force at resonance is x @n ea oF oF @ 16. An undamped oscillator of angular frequency a is subjected to a periodic force of frequency «, difference between the displacement and force is oe oF a ahs (@) depends on relative magnitudes of @ and, 17. _ If @ is the phase difference between the displacement and applied force, then what is the phase diffe between driving force and velocity of forced oscillator ? i oe oy» © F+6 @n+o ‘18, ‘Which of the following statement is false for harmonic driven oscillator ? (@) At velocity resonance, the velocity and applied force are in phase (6) At velocity resonance, the displacement lags behind the applied force by 1/2. (©) At amplitude resonance, the displacement lags behind the applied force by 1/2 . (@) At power resonance, the velocity and applied force are in phase 5 A damped oscillator of angular frequency ay’ is subjected to an extemal force Fy cos a If oy is the frequency of undamped oscillator then angular frequency of oscillations in the steady state will be 19. @ Ow Oo @ 20. Q factor for series LCR circuit at resonance frequency is a @R ML 2 [o oO Orn @ on ANSWERS 1@ 20 30 40 50 660 ne 1.@ 12,0 2320 4 © © 6@ 17. () &@ 9% @ © 19. © 2 1. What is a forced oscillator ? ‘Ans. An oscillator which is acted upon by an external force besides the restorin is i d as forced oscillator. ig and damping forces is 2. What is a driven harmonic oscillator ? ‘Ans. An oscillator subject t extemal periodic force besides the restoring and 5 i harmonic oscillator. lamping forces is called @FORCED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR a7 I 3 Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans, 10. Ans. a en free and forced oscillations. osc free oscillations, chars the action of forces inherent inthe system itself, its oscillations are called pendulum, ete. of free oscillations are oscillations of a tuning fork, oscillations of a simple ‘When a system under . cxcillations are Known get of extemal periodic force oscillates withthe frequeney of force, then its series LER cha a forced oscillations, Example of forced oscillation is the oscillation of current in On what ra a at does the amplitude of driven harmonic oscillator depend ? plitude of damped forced oscillator depends on @p, 7, F and ©. . Define impedance of mechanical forced oscillator. Ans. Itis Sine as the force required to produce unit velocity in the oscillator. At which angular frequency does the driven harmonic oscillator has maximum amplitude ? ‘The amplitude resonance occurs ata frequency « . How does the amplitude of a weakly driven harmonic oscillator vary with the frequency of applied force under the condition (a) « << iy (b) >> @p- (@) The amplitude of a forced oscillator is independent of « for « << @p (b) The amplitude of a forced oscillator is inversely proportional to a when @ >> Wy. . What is range of variation of phase angle 4 between displacement and force in steady state ? Ans. ‘The phase angle varies from 0 to 7 as the angular frequency of applied force increases. . What is the cause of phase difference between the steady state displacement and applied force in a driven harmonic oscillator ? ‘The damping term causes a phase difference between the driving force and steady state displacement. What is the phase difference between velocity of driven harmonic oscillator and applied force at resonance ? __ At velocity resonance, the velocity and the applied force are in phase. i. Ans. 2 How does the velocity amplitude at resonance varies with damping constant ? “The velocity amplitude at resonance is inversely proportional to the damping constant. “What is the angular frequency of oscillations of transient solution ? _ The transient solution oscillates with angular frequency fay 1°. 13. I vp is the velocity amplitude ofa driven harmonic oseillator then show that the average po Wer 1 absorbed by the oscillator is given by zh “The averaged power absorbed by the driven harmonic oscillator in steady state is Ryo Fav m[(og 07) + 47 oF] on(1) “The velocity amplitude of the oscillator is given as Ro moor +4 ot (2)Using eq. (2) in eq. (1) we obtain P= myup Since y=. ic becomes im Ly? Pay = 5008 A by the external 14. Show that the average power supplied to the oscillator of amplitude A by states given by 1 o?A?, ‘Ans. The average power supplied tothe oscillator in steady state is Five? m{(o} - @)? +47 o) ‘The amplitude of the oscillator in steady state is given by P, Fy *° nla aay? Using this result in eq. (1) we obtain Pay =myo? A? Since y= = the above expression becomes 2 ‘Ans. The power absorbed by the forced oscillator at resonance ig tiven by P, = _ . tyme Sm the square of damping constant, 17. ee tins fos end dc ciglaameayle resonance ? forced ‘Ans. At resonance the displacement lags behind the driving force by Z 2 18, Define sharpness of resonance for power absorption curve, Ans. The sharpness of power resonance curve is defined as the rate Of fall of power from its maximum: either side of it.puneee 19, Define half power points 3/49 Ans. 20. Ans. aly Ans. 22, Ans. 23. Ans. 25. Ans. 26. Ans, 21. Ans. 28. Ans. 29. Ans. 30. Ans. 31. wo The half power points ‘i nts are defined absorbed is half of ts maxim the values. and a of driving angular frequency «at which power Define band width of a forced occin, ‘The band width is defined as th Ea by Ao. Thus AO= 0-6). What is the ratio of powe Power Te mae Dead abt the energy stored inthe forced oscillator at resonance? enn Pee ; at resonance by driven harmonic oscillator is K Re aa my Al) ‘The energy stored in the oscillator at resonance is ‘angular frequency interval between two half power points. It is denoted RP Byte ne (1) Divide eq. (1) by eq. (2) to obtain B Ries att Ey On wh factors does the Q-factor of a forced oscillator depend ? ‘The quality factor of a forced oscillator depends on wp, « and. Define Q factor at resonance for forced oscillator. Quality factor at resonance is defined as the ratio of angular resonance frequency and band width. . State the condition under which the energy stored in a forced oscillator is maximum. Ans. The energy stored in forced oscillator will be maximum when the frequency « of impressed force is equal to angular frequency of undamped oscillator ap, On what factors does the band width of driven harmonic oscillator depend ? It depends only on the damping constant of the oscillator. How does the sharpness of resonance absorption curve change with increase in the quality factor ? ‘The sharpness of resonance curve increases with increase in quality factor, How does the amplitude of current in series LCR circuit connected to an alternating e.m.f. € = €4 cos ax vary with frequency © of applied exm.l, when (a) @ << Wy (0) >> Wy ? ‘The amplitude of altemating curent in ries LCR circuit varies (a linearly with for w <> Oy. What is the phase difference between the voltage and current in series LCR circuit at resonance ? ‘The voltage and current in a series LCR circuit are in phase at resonance What is value of the quality factor for series LCR circuit at resonance ? What is its physical significance ? OL ce Q= “0% It determines the sharpness of resonance. For series LCR cireuit in resonance Q= >. It del arpt Can there exist a circuit of zero quality ? If so give an example. ‘tically damped oscillator has zero quality ; a a oa of angular frequency at which the kinetic energy of forced harmonic oscillator is Wat ti Ysit equal tothe angular frequency at which potential energy of this oscillator maximum ? If not why ? -Pradeep’s Vibrations and 9, Therefore the kinetic e1 4 wor ff Ans. The velocity of harmonie driven oscillator is maximum o ‘he amplitude of oscillator is maxi forced oscillator will also be maximum at © = =¥' 7. These two i its maximum at © = oats ial energy will have its maximum ’ freq a. as Shee, , driven harmonic oscillator is not a Se system, secueneie are not equal because 204 ie an external e.m,f. is applied to series LCR circuit whi damped. oscillate ? If so with what frequency ? Ans. Yes. It will oscillate with the frequency of the applied e.1n. Long Answer Questions I- Distinguish between maintained oscillations and forced osc fg crivél by aped aa t up the differential equation of motion of a damped oscillator being pease ra ve i¢ a » AcWrite down the differential equation of motion of a driven harmonic oscillator. Solve it to obtain th sxPression for the general displacement of this oscillator. Distinguish between transient and Steady state behaviour of a forced oscillator. 5+ What are forced oscillation steady state, 6. Discuss the variat force. Find the lit larger than a), 's? Derive an expression for the displacement of a driven harmonic oscil ion of amplitude of driven harmonic oscillator with angular frequency © of ap iting values of this amplitude when (a) o is much smaller than ¢y and (B) eis muc + Show that the amplitude of the forced oscillator in steady state is maximum when @ = the value of maximum amplitude, }. Prove that the amy op - 27.FORCED HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 17. 18. 19. 0. 2. 223 31. 3/51 Derive an expression for the force F = Fy cos at, ‘AVerage power supplied to the damped oscillator in steady state by the external Prove thatthe average power supp; were ae to ee by the applied force to the driven harmonic oscillator is equal to the 8 force, Show that the power fc frequency @ is equal oe by @ driven harmonic oscillator is maximum when the driving angular ‘ angular frequency ay of undamped oscillator and maximum power absorbed is LF : 4my Discuss the variation of average frequency of apbiicl Meet ee absorbed by a driven harmonic oscillator with increase in angular Find ‘ind two values of angular frequency of extemal force at which power absorbed by a forced oscillator is half of its maximum value. Define half power points of the power resonance curve for a driven harmonic oscillator. Show that the product of angular frequencies corresponding to these points is equal to @B. Derive an expression for the average energy of a damped oscillator subject to an external force F = Fy cos ef. What form does this expression take when @ = @y . Define band width of the forced harmonic oscillator and show that for small damping it is equal to 2 ¥. . Define Q factor for a forced oscillator, Derive general expression for it. Show that it assumes minimum value at © = @p. . Show that Q factor for resonant forced oscillator is equal to the ratio of resonance frequency and band width, . Prove that the amplification factor for forced oscillator is equal to its Q value. . A series LCR circuit is connected to an altemating emf. e = €9 cos ax. Derive an expression for the instantaneous current in the circuit. What do you conclude from this result ? |. A series LCR circuit is driven by an alternating e.m.f. € = €9 cos ot. Discuss the variation of amplitude of current in the circuit with angular frequency @ of applied e.m.f, Obtain an expression for the phase difference between the current and e.mf. in the series LCR circuit connected to an alternating e.m4f. € = ep sin ox. Discuss its variation with angular frequency of applied emf. Problems For Practice | _ the position ofa particle moving long-axis and subjected aperiodic fre is govermedby the iferential equation 2% +4 48x =10c0s21. Find the amplitude and frequency of oscillation of the partite in 2 ae steady state. [a=Bv=4 12]Pradeep’s Vibrations and Waves 2. Show that in the steady state oscillation of driven harmonic oscillator the amplitude resonance does not ‘occur if y>> 2. a 3. A block of mass 100 gm is attached to a spring of force constant 10 N/m. Itis subjected to a damping force f=0-1 UN and an external force F = cos 10 tN. Find the amplitude of oscillation of block in steady state, [A= 10m] 4, A block of mass 0-1 kg suspended from a spring of force constant 10 N/m is subjected to a periodic force F=0+1 cos ae N. If Q factor of the system is 50, find (a) the amplitude of oscillator in steady state when @ = @p. (b) average power supplied by the force to maintain oscillations at « = @p- [Ans. (a) 0-5 m, (b) 0-25 W) 5. Find the root mean square value of velocity of a damped oscillator subject to a periodic force of angular frequency « and having amplitude A in steady state. OA) [a=] 6. Show that the amplitude of a damped forced oscillator in steady state having damping constant y= $ is given by A= ie moh +0") 7. Fig. (3.12) shows the power absorption curve for a ° wl ‘damped forced oscillator. Using this curve find (a) Q factor of the oscillator at resonance. (b) time during 4, which the energy of the oscillator falls to > of ts inital e value (c) the energy of the oscillator at resonance. a [Ans. (a) 20 (b) 0-5 s (c) 50 J] 8. Show that the ratio of maximum power absorbed by the driven harmonic oscillator in steady state to average power absorbed is given by aaa nae FIGURE 3.12. where 9. Find an expression for the amplitude of acceleration of a damped oscillator driven by & force F = Fy sin cor and hence find the frequency at which it becomes maximum. Ro .o= oP Haye or}? log y toa of oscillation of a forced oscillator increases from 0-05 mm at very low frequenc’ ‘of 25 m at frequency 200 Hz, Find (a) Q factor of system (b) band width. Ans, (a) 500 (b) 08 x rads)