11'4U C /\

s.
No. Name of Experiment

1.
Stud) ot conduction heat transfer m metal rod to deterrrnne the thcnnal ,:lmductJ\ 1r, l)t'
metal bar.

- - + - - - - - -- -- - -- - -

Study of conductio n heat tran::,kr through 1nsu!J ung po\,J.:"r J.nJ 1ktt'm1tnt' thennal
2.
conduct1,·it: of lnsulat111g Po,,Jer

• J0 demonstrate the relat1onshi p be[\\ een p O\\ er input Jnd ~urfJ-:,· temr, fJI .m
,n free com ection u::,ing stead: stJt..: methoj
3.
• 1o Jemonst r.:ite the rd.1ul1n:,hir bet\\ cen p1.)\\l.'.r input .mJ ::,ur'.1-x t,·m~·1Jtur1.·
rn fo rced con , ection

fl) demon~tratc thc Jiffc:rL·r,e-.. b,·t\\L-:11 1.·l1untL·r-1.·urren1 tl1.1,, tth)\,-, 1q 1'i'l""'lll!:'.

lirecti,1mJ and ClH:urrcnt 111.'''.., 1Jh1\\ . 111 the '-.llllc J1rt:,:ti1111 l ,111J th,· ett ,·,·1 1.1n 111:..11
4
tr.m,1erre<l. tempn,Hun: dfi..: 1. 111. L• .., .111L'. LL·rnrx:r.1'uh: pn,rik, thn)ugh .1 , l'!l,CI' ln , ·ut°'c
i.• :.t c\ch:mµu
 llrn1 nnd Muss Transfrr I ,uh Exrwrimcnt No . I
ORJt, ( · t t\ I>.: ~1111.h 111 L•111d11u1 1111 hcu1 11,111, IL'I 111 111ct11I 1111I It> dr 1c11111nc lilt" therm,11
.. 111cl11d1\ 1t \ 111 nwt.11 h.11

IN l lHH>UCTI O~ : n11:11wtl cmul11ctl\1ty o1 a ,uh,rn11cc ,, ,1 phy:..1ca l prnrc1(1, defined a, the

.1hd11, ,,1 ., ,11l\\t ,111cc 111 L11rnl11c1 he.it fhc1111al coruluct1 \'1t y 111 111,1tL1 r,il deru1d, on c. hernrc.al
,11111p1,:--1t11111 . ,t.,tL' ot'111.1tlt:1, l'l)\tJll1111.: ,tructurc ofa solid, 1111.: tcrnpcr,1tur c. pr c,~urc ,111d wc,1 ·ta:r
,lr 11<11c 1, .1 hn11n1gL'nL·o11, rnatcnnl

fllFOtn : The heater wtll hrnt the bar on tt ~ onc end and hem will he comluu i..: d through the bar
tn the uthrr rnd . Smee the rod 1:, 111s11latL:d from 011tsrde. rt can be sa fel y assumed lhal the heat
11,mstcr .dong the c11ppcr rod ,, 111a1nl~ due to ax ral conductron and at steady :,talc the ht:at
c,rnductcd shall be equal t1) the heat absorbed by water at the coo lmg end. The heat conducted at
, tcndy stm c :-hall create a tcrnpe1atun: profile within the rod. IT - f (x))ThL: steady state heat
balance at thL: rear end oftht· 10d i:,·
I kal ab:,111bed by co11li11g w:ncr.

Q rnCr S I
I kat rnndu-:1cd through the rod in axial direction:
Q ..,, - kA dT,dx
-\t steady state
Q - - 1..A dT dx """ mCr 6. T
S,, thermal L·onduc11,·ity of rod may be expressed as,
mCp 6T
k = dT
-AdX
\\'here.
K thermal conductivity of metal bar
m mass flow rate of cooling water
Cp Specific heat of water at mean temp. Of inlet & outlet of cooling water. J/kg °C
jT temp. Rise of cooling water = (T~ Ts)
.\ X-sectio nal area of the metal bar
dT dX = slope of the graph btw temp. Vs length of the bar

DESCRfPT IO~: The apparatus consists of a metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric
hea ter while the other end of the bar projects inside the cooling water jacket. The middle portion
o( the bar 1s surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with the asbestos insulating powder
The
u:rnpC"rtJtu re of the bar is measured at diffcn.:nt section. The heater is provided with a dimmer st:it
fo r c.ontrollmg tht: heat input. Water under constant head rnnd itions is circulated thro ugh the Jacket
and IL'> flow rat t: Jnd temperature me are no ted hy two temperature sensors pro,·idcd at the mk l
~.nd o ut k l of tht: \.\ :itcr
 UTILITIES REQUIRED :

• Electricny Supp l:. l Phase. 22 0 \ ' ..\C. 2

:\mp ,
• Water supp l:.
• Dram
• Table for set-up support

l1j H ,w &:I.w ater Our

dd
I

LL LJJ
I

Cooltn g Jac ke: _ /

Fi,:1 trf'. I: ,\ ch r m ll/11 of I lr r mwl ,·,

11d11, 1n ,rr 11/ 1111·111/ N,11!

EX n IH l\1F '\ 'I A I. l'HO CEO L:R F :

Starting l'ror e<lu n· :

I Conn<Xl wlJ ,,11H·r ,uppl v .11 rnk1 of
the (. \1ul111v ( li.1111~l·r
2 Conrtl:Cl ou th:t o f 1111.: (. \ iol 111g ( "ht1111hcr
Ill d1.i111
3. Ensure that .di on Dff S,, 1tdu :, g1\'rn 011
the- P.111d .11 e al ( )1 I' rh" tl tt'll
4. Em,ure that \ '::ua1c Kno b" ut /I RO pu"'
ltlln , ~1ven n11 the p.1ncl
5 Stan waicr supp ly at constnnt head
6. Now switch on the Main Power Sup ply
( 220 \ ' t\ C, 50 II, l
.,_ Switch on the Panel \\'1th the help uf ~1ain
.., 011 Off S,, 11ch given on the Panel
8. f-ix the Power Inpu t 10 the I !cater wi th the
help of \ 'araic. Voltmete r and Ammeter prov ided
9. Aflcr 30 l\1inutes start reco rding the temp
erature of various points at each 5 M inute
l 0. If Temperatures readings are same fo r s mt er.a l.
three ttmes. assume that steady state is achi
11 Record the fi nal temperatures . eved .
12. Reco rd then flow fare of cooling
water with the help of measuring cylinder
and Stopwatch
 C losing Procedure:
1. Wh en experiment is over. Switch off heater first.
2 Adjust vara ic at Zero .
3. Swnch off the Panel with the help of Mains On/Off Swit ch given n 11 the Panel. 4 Sw1td1 o f f
Power Supply to Panel.
5. Stop cold water supp ly.

FORMULA E:
I. Heat gained by water,

Q = mCp (T'I- T.~) . Watt

2. Thermal conductivit y of metal rod

mCp tlT
I K=
-A -
{dT} , Watt/m-°C
dX

OBSERVA TION:

Temp. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
/ Sensor no.
I
I
·-t - -
I
Steac.i)
state temp. I

I
I
I

- --~ - - --

Temp Sensor No. along the ax is Distance from leading edge (hot en<.IJ o f'th c
rod, X (mm)

T, 35
T~ 75

T1 11 5

TJ 155
I
Ts 195
I
,- T<>
- - - - - - -- - ---;---- - -
T1 I
I

I
235
275
----
I
 Heat and Mass Trans fer Lab Exper iment No . 2

OBJECTIVE: Study of conduc tion heat transfe r th rough insulating powder

and determ ine
therma l conduc tivity of Insulati ng Powder

INTRODUCTION: In many heat transfer equipm ents, heat loss to surroun

dings is to bE
minimiz ed to achieve maximu m econom y. In such cases they are lagged
by materials o f lower
therma l conduc tivity, which are referred as insulato r. Because of
demand of such insulati ng
materia ls, many industri es have come up to produce such materia
ls. Preference is given to
produce materia ls having lower and lower therma l conduc tivities.
Also thei r materia l is
available in differen t shapes, sizes and forms of powder s. Powder
s have the advantage that
they can take any complic ated shape betwee n any two confirm ing
surfaces. In add ition it s
conduc tivity will be much lower than that of th e basic solid from which
the powder has been
made. This is because of a very large number of air spaces in betwee
n particles, which have
much lower therma l conduc tivity values. Therma l conduc tivity of such
materia l is a comp licated
function of the geomet ry of the particles, particles therma l conduc
tivity, the nature of heat
transfer , conduc tion, convect ion and radiatio n in air spaces, which
is determ ined by the air
space size and temper ature level etc. Thus it is very difficult quantit
y to estimat e and almost in
all practical cases it is measured experim entally. The set - up provide
d is one such apparat us to
find the therma l conduc tivity values.

THEORY: Consider the transfer of heat by conduc tion through the wall of
hollow sphere
formed by the insulatin g powder ed layer packed betwee n two thin copper
spheres .

Let ri = radius of inner sphere in meter

r . = radius of outer sphere in meter
T-l = average temper ature of the inner surface in
To = average tEmper ature of the outer surface in ·c
0
Where
T, = T +T +T +T
1 2 3 4
l 4
T5 +T6 +T7 +T8 +T9 +T10
And To =
6
From the Experim ental values of q , T1 and T. , the unknow n therma
l conduc tivity k can be
determ ined as :

q ( r. - n )
 DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric spheres of copper o f
different size . The small inner copper sphere houses the hea ting coil. This insulating
powder
(ASBESTOS) is packed between the two spheres. The power given to the heating
Coil is
measured by voltmeter and ammeter and can be varied by using Dimmerst at. There
are ten (T 1
to Tio) Thermoco uples embedded on the copper spheres, Ti to T4 (4 Nos.) are embedded
on the
inner sphere and rest Ts to Tio (6 Nos.) on the outer sphere. Therma l conductiv ity of
insula ting
powder can be fi nding out by taking the temperatu re reading of these thermoco uples
. Assume
t hat insulating powder is an Isotropic material and the value of therma l conductiv
ity to be
constant. The apparatus assumes one dimension al redial heat conductio n across the
powder
and thermal conductiv ity can be determine d .

... .''
I

·-:.- --
r
l
7

Figure 1: Schematic of Thermal conductivity of Insulating powder

EXPERIMENTAL PEOCEDURE:
1. Switch on the main power supply 220 AC single phase, 50 Hz.
e 2. Increase slowly the input to heater by the dimmersta t starting from zero vo lt position.
3. Adjust the heat input by voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Thermoco uple readings are taken at frequent intervals (say once in 10 minutes) till
consecutiv e readings are same indicating that steady state has been reached .
5. Note down the readings in the observatio n table.

SPECIFICATION:
Radius of the inner copper sphere 50mm
Radius of the outer copper sphere 100mm
Vol meter 0-300 V
Ammeter 0-2 A
 Ternµerature indicator 0-3oo 0 c
Dimmerstat 0-2A, 0-230 v
Heat er coil - st rip hea tin g element sandw iched between mica sheets
Th e, mocouples No. Tl to T4 embedded on the inner sphere to measure Tl
l hermocouples No . TS t o TlO embedded on the outer sphere to m easure
Insulating pow der - plaster of Paris commercially availabl e powder and packed between the two
spheres.

OBSERVATIONS:

Volt meter read ing (V) V

Am meter (I) A
Heat er input Q V X I Watts

INNER SPHERE:

Thermocouple No / Tl T2 T3 T4 Mean temperature

Temperature 134.4 126.6 113.4 113.5 121.9

I

OUTER SPHERE:

I Thermocouple No Tl T2 T3 T4 TS T6 Mean temperature

I
I
I
I
I

/ Temperature 50.9 51.2 51.0 67.8 68.0 71.7 60.1

PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENAN CE INSTRUCTIONS:

• Use the stabilize A.C. single phase supply only

• Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON / OFF sw itches
given on the panel are at OFF position.
• Voltage to heater starts and increase slowly
• Keep all t he assembly undisturbed
• Never run t he apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than 240 volts
• Operate selector switch o f t emperature indicator gently
• Always keep the apparatu s free from dust.
• There is a possi bility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltag 1s fluctuating or if the
sat isfa ct o ry steady stat e condit ion is not reac hed.
 - ==>

Heat and Mass Transfer Lab Expe rimen t ~o. 3

OBJECTTVE:
ture m free
• To demons trate the relationship bet'v\ een pO\.\ er input and surface tempera
convect ion using stead: state method
• To demonstrate the relationship betv:een power input :md surface tt'mperarun: m for(ed
convection
r J ga::, :,Uch
THEORY: '\!arural com·ect1on is a type of tlo\\. ofmouo n ofa liquid such as v.atero
.1 pump. fan. ~uc11on
as air. m which rhe fluid mo11on is not genaate d b: any externa l :,ource I like
The dm in ~ fNc< ror
de,·1ce. etc I but by some pans of the fluid being hea,·rer rhan other pan~
:u r on tor or" hone, .es~
narural convec rion 1s gravity. For exampl e 1f there 1s a layer or" cold dense
,, hd ~ tht· hot1c 1 le:,~
dense air. gravny pulls more strongly on the aenser layer on !Op. so 1t (alb
-\s II re li e~ l) I gm, it : .
dense a rr nses 10 take 1ts plact . Thi:,, credtes l.'.1rrnlJllng tlo,, : cum ecuon ..
l,rb1t111g lntt'mJt!Llnal
there rs no eonvecu on m free-fall I menial J em 1ronmenc::,. sul·h as that of the
wh ich tlu1d ml'l11.1.1 1~
Space Station . Forced convec t10n 1s a mech.101:,,m. or type of 1ranspon m
. l. \ longs1de nJrun l
generat ea by an external source (like J rump. fan. ::,ucuon dc.-,·1ce. etc
s o f he.11 tran, fr1 .rnJ
convection. thermal radiati on and thermal conduction It 1s one 01· the mt'thod
.
allows s1gni ficam amounts of hea r en erg: to be transpor ted \ er: t' f li, 1t·n1 I:

EXPERJM E.\'TAL PROCE OLR[ :

For Free Convec tion:

• En:,,urc rhc instrument comolc 111.1111 '>\ 1td1 1, 111 the: otf po:.i11on
• Ens ure I hL: fan is sw11chtd off
\ I 11h tltt.' rl,H pl.lie ,111J
• Jt th e /lat plait: 1~ not 111 po:,1 11011. Prl· 11 the 1ngg lt: cl.imp,. Rcpl,tt: t'
lead:, t:'. 1t lrnm
clo~e the toggle clamps. Note tl1J1 ,, 11 h the- pl,He heJI exchang er the po\1a
the top of !ht plate.
spccial11ed
No air vclocily will be mca~u,ablc undt:1 natur,ll convec11on cond1t11 111 U11les:,
r •
instrum entation i~ availab k
1s to obtain 1he
• Swit,h on th e main swi tch and sc:1 the- he:ilc r 10 minimu m. rhe objern" e
same T, ~urfacc 1cmpcrmurc on l'.uch of the hcnl cxchungcns .ind determine
the stendy state
power input required to ac hieVL' 1hi~
actual , oltage
• When the 1empcrarurc T I has stabi li.lt:d. record th e actual te mperatu re T 1. the
V and 1he ambien t air tempera ture T~. If either the finned or pinned
p lates arc in po~ 1r1on
d.
the pin tc'mperarure (TJ. T~. Ts) or fin temperarure (T~. T 1. Ts) ma y be recorde
cool the heat
• Before removin g th e heat exchang er from the duct. tum on the fan and
to students, the
exchang er. The cooling procedu re may be used to quickly demons trate
sening is left at
increase d heat transfer coeffici ent due tO forced convect ion if the voltage
 the natural convection cond1t1on and the fan turned on to give maximum Oow. l I wil l be
seen to rapidl y fall from the natural convection condition .
• Finally reduce the heater voltage to zero and allow to cool before removing the plate from
the tunnel and replacing with one of the alternative plates .

.,
I

Key
Mnin Switch
] l11s1rnmcn1 f11 ,c
\ bin Sw11rh
4 /\11 Vcloc11) o,~pt.,y (mh,J
~ Air Vclo:-ity s ~n.,or

6. Duel
7. T9 Air Tcmpcraturl!
8. llcmed Plait'
CJ . i\1r Thro lllc

Figure. I: Scl,emaric diagram HJ I 1 p

 For Forced Convection:
• Ensure the instrument console main switch is in the off position.
• Ensure the fan is switched off.
• If the flat plate is not in position. open the toggle clamps. Replace with the flat plate and
close the toggle clamps. Note that with the plate heat exchanger the power leads exit from
the top of the plate.
• Note that flat plate will have minimum blockage effect upon the air stream and the pinned
plate will have the maximum. Hence. it won 't be possible to achieve the same maximum
air velocity (fan at full speed) with the pinned plate in position as with the flar plare in
position. If direct comparison between finned, pinned and flat plate perfonnance 1s
required, then it would be beneficial to test the pinned plate firsr in order to establish the
maximum possible velocity reading, U. Then the remaining plates can be rested under
similar or lower air flow condition.
• Switch on the main switch and set air velocity to a low value by closing the air throt1le.
Increase the heater power to a suitable level such that Tl does nor exceed 100 deg C. Allow
the temperature to stabilize and then record the surface temperature TI , the heater suppl~
voltage V, Heater current I and the air velocity U.
• Maintain the heater voltage at the same conctition and then increase the air vcloc11y by
opening the air throllle. Once again allow the temperature to stabilize and repeat the
readings.
• Repeat the procedure at increasing air velocity if required.
• For direct comparison repeat the procedure for the three plates under similar heat input
condition and at similar velocities .

OBSERVATION:

For free convection:

(I) Duct air velocity = 6.8 mis
T6 =57 .7. T,-= 26.4 -
V= 73 V, I= 0.112 A
Q=VI
(2) Duct air velocity= 10. 1 mis
T6= 62. T1=29
V= 92 V, I= 0.95 A
Q=VI

For forced convection:

( I) Duct air velocity= 6.8 mis
T6 = 34.3, T 1 =27.8
\'= 73 V, I= 0.112 A
Q=VI
(2 ) Duct air velocity = I 0.1 mis
T6 = 38.4. T1 = 27.9
V= 92 V, I= 0.149 A
Q= VJ

CALCU LATION S:

" Find h by using newton's law of cooling as:

Q=hA~ T, where~ T=T6-T1
nt.
• Take the average of h value for both the two cases to find the heat transfer coefficie

RESULT:

For free convecti on, fin surface temperat ure increases with increase in heat input

h = ------

increase in
For Forced convecti on, given constant duct velocity, fin temperat ure increase s with
heat input.

h = _ _ __
mt

Heat and Mass Tran sfer Lab Expe rime nt No. 4

nt flo w (flows in opposing
OBJEC TIVE: To demonstrate the differences between counter-curre
effect on heat transferred.
directions) and co-current flows (flows in the same direction) and the
rube heat exchanger.
temperature efficiencies and temperature profiles through a concentric

ment and type

THEORY: Heat exchan gers are typically classified according to no,,· arrange
and cold uids move in
fl
of construction. The simplest heat exchan ger is one for which the hot
tric pipes of diffen: nt
the same or opposite directions. This heat exchanger consists of two concen
diameters.
• Paralle l-flow arrang ement. In the parallel-flow arrangement.
the hot and cold fluids
leave at the same end.
enter at the same end, flow in the same direction. and
ment, the fluids enter at
• Counte r-flow arrang ement. In the counter-flow arrange
opposite ends, flow m opposite directions, and leave at opposite ends.
r-flow exchangers. Under
Figure represents the directions of fluid flow in the parallel and counte
ment than in a paralle l
comparable conditions, more heat is transferred in a counter-flow arrange
gers indicate two maJor
flow heat exchanger. The temperature profiles of the two heat exchan
disadvantages in the parallel-flow design .
s.
• The large temperature difference at the ends causes large thermal stresse
never exceed s the lowest
• The temperature of the cold fluid exiting the heat exchan ger
temperature of the hot fluid .
fluids arc required to be
The design of a parallel flow heat exchanger is advanta geous when two
brought to nearly the same temperature.
direction of
PROCEDURE: The following procedure demon strates the effect of changing the
tric tube heat exchanger.
fluid flow on the heat transfer and temperature distribution in a concen
cold water circuit 10 give
Install the concentric tube heat Exchanger HI 02A and connect the
Count er-Cur rent flow as detailed in the same section.
• Tum on the 'MAIN SW1TCH' and' HEATER SWITICH ' ·
• Set the hot water temperature controller to 60°C
• Set the cold water flow rate V cold to 17g /sec
• Set the bot water flow rate V ho1 to 35g/sec
to ensure these remain
• Monitor the stream temperatures and the hot and cold flow rates
close to the original setting. Then record the following;
Tl , T2. T3, T4. TS. T6, V ho.1 and V cold
This completes the basic Counter-current flow experiment observations.
T1- Hot water INLET to Heat Exchanger
T2- Hot water RETURN from Heat Exchanger
TJ- Coolin g water INLET to heat Exchanger
T4- Cooling water RETURN fl-om heat Exchanger
In addition. two plug-in stations; -
T;- Hot Mid-position (For Concentric Tube)
T6-Cold Mid-po sition (For Concentric Tube)
 Next connecc the cold water circuit to give Co-Current flow. note that there is no need to
disconnect the hot water circuit or to tum off the hot water pump during this operation
• Set the hot water temperature controller to 60 C
• Set the cold water flow rate V cold to 17g/sec
• Set the hot water flow rate V hot to 35g/sec.
•
Monitor the stream temperatures and the hot and cold flow rate to ensure these remain
close to the original setting. Then record the following:
T 1, T2, T3, T4. TS, T6, V hot and V cold
This completes the basic Co-Current flow experiment observations

OBSERVATIONS:
Flow Directions· Counter - Current
Sample Tl TS T2 T3 T6 T4 Vhot Ycold
No.
----- ·c ·c ·c ·c ·c ·c G/sec G/sec
I 59.6 56.4 51.9 14.7 23.3 28 .3 35 17
2
3
4
5

Calculated Data

Sumole 6t 6t Qe Qa fl cold fl hot fl Mean

No. hot cold
----- K K w w % % %
I 7.3 13.6 1053 964 30.3 17.1 23.7
2
3
4
5

Flow Direction: Co-Current

Sample Tl T5 T2 T3 T6 T4 V hot V cold
No.
----- C C C C C C G/sec G/sec
I 59.7 56.0 52.5 14.9 22.5 27.9 35 17
2
13
4
15
-

wwwwsc:I
 1
oh-~ TSllnt Mid-point "f i!i'1
ttr. 1j~ ~J
1
©t~~J
Figure J: Concentric tube heat exchanger (Co-current Flow)
Calculated Data
Sample L', t hot L'i.t cold Qe : oa 11. col cl 11. hot 11. Mean
No. I
I

----- K K w w % % % I
I 7.2 13.0 1038 921 29.0 16. 1 22.5
2 'I
3 I
4 I I I
5

CALCU LATIO NS:

For the examples the calculations are as follows.

Counter-Current Flow
I

n
---- ---- --•-
r~
,., ---------- I!

l ------
- ---
-- - -
Th
-
I.\

t
___
I - -- _· ___- -
--
_,_

If ll111

Tl

For the Hot stream:

From table I and 2 at T1 == 56.4 C \?hot == 0.9852 kg litre- I
Cr == 4.183 kJkg-l k-1

Hence the power emitted from the hot stream Qe

Q ,== V Hot \?hot Cp.hot ( T 1 - T 3 ) Watts
== 35x 0.9852x4.183x ( 59.6-51.9)
== I 053 \Vatts

From table I and 2 at TS = 23 ·c g cold 0.9975 kg litre · 1

==
1
C p.cold == 4. 180 kJ kg - I k·
 I lencc th e power absorbed by the cold stream Q.

Ou= Y cold 9 cold Cp,cold (TJ- T4) Watts

= 17 X 0.9975 X 4. 180 X(28.3 - 14.7)
= 964 Walls
Reduction in Hot nuid temperature c',,t hot T1- T~
59.2- 51.9
7.3 K
Increase in Cold fluid temperatu re t.tco ld = T. - TJ
28.3 - 14.7
= 13.6 K
A useful measure of the heat exchanger performan ce is the temperatu re efficiency.
The temperatu re change in each stream (hot and cold) is compared with the maximum
te mperature difference between the two streams. This could only occ ur in a perfect heat
exchanger of infinite size with no external losses or gains.

The temperatu re efficiency of the hot s tream from the above diagram

Tl-T2
11.HOT = --X10 0%
Tl-T3
59.6-51.9 X lOOO/o
59.6-14,7

The temperatu re efficiency of the cold stream from the above di agram

T4-T3
11.cold = - - X
Tl-T3
100%
= zs.3-14.7 xlOO%
59.6-14.7
= 30.3%
The m ean temperatu re effici ency

11. hot+ 11. cold

11. Mean=
2
17.1+30.3
2
= 23 .7%
 Co - Current Flow

Tl
TS
12

1-1

q Cold
T.3

er flue
Tl
tL------- . - - - - - - -~
--1
- T2

·=,~I
- ,=,1=n=o=11=
,--(-.,-,-:::c-,-.r:::r_c
I
I

' ·r.J

For the co - current flow system the calculation procedure is similar but the formu lae are as
follows
The power emitted from the hot stream Qc
Qe = V hot P hor Cp11or ( T 1-T2) Watts

The power absorbed by the cold stream Q a

Q a = V cold p cold Cp cold ( T4-T3 ) Watts

Reduction in Hot fluid temperature

.6t hot = T1-T2 K
lncre:ise in cold fluid temperature .
.6tcotd = T4-T3 K

The temperature efficiency of the hot stream from the above diagram

Tl-T2
flHOT = -- X 100%
Tl-T3
The temperature efficiency of the cold stream from the above diagram
T4-T3
flcold= - - - X 100
Tl-T3
rhe mc:m lernpernture efficiency

17. Hot+ 17. cold

'l. ~1 can =
2

The t:ihu l.ll ed and calculated results show the differences between Coumer-Curren· ~ow ~.I! C.:r
Current Hn\, and the effect upon temperature and ~ t for the hot and cold stream-

The recorded temperatures T 1 10 T~ may be ploned on a graph 1n a :, 1rr11a: ma;--.~ w :.;..:;

Coun1a-c111Tent and Co-current diagrams abon in order to give actual temper2ru: e ;Y."Ofil!:S :er.
the he:11 ewh:mger.
 Heat and ,1ass Transfer Lab Experim ent :\o. 5
OH.I ECTl\"E: Study l1t' cool mg to\,·er :-etup "1th forced flo"

APP ,\R,,\ TUS :

• Cool111g Tower TTEC B
• SCAD,\ software

THEORY : Th-: hot water 1s cooled b~ a tlow ofa1r m cooling tower. The length of contact m the
tower 1s increased b; the u~e of111clincd planes. The water is cooled by passing It through upward
mo,·mg air 111 the l'Ooling lOwer. The nlJ~S of dry air 1s considered constant. Psychromctric chart
are useJ for finding enthalpy of humid air before and aft er passi ng through cooling tower
Energy Balance: Q - P = H(outside) - H(msidc)
= (1n, h1• ..,. ms h,)_.,_ - (m.,h,. - m, h, )s - m, h,

\\'here. m, - mass 01' a1r

m, - mass of ,team
.-\ - inp ut. B- outpu t
Q =ITl., h8 -r m\\ ho - ( m., h., -r- m" h, - 111, he)
= 111-, (hs - h.,) -'- m-, Co (To - T c) - m, h,

\lass Balance: l"ndcr stationary state conditions. the grade or Yelocity of mass of dry air and water
t as liau id or s1eam) must be the same at the mle! and at the out lei of any system.
The:-efore: 1 m., )~ = ( rn,):i
(ms); - ITI E = (m;)s
\\ "here l\ l, = tms)B- tmsl~
Proponion of air flow tw). for the innial and fina l point of the psychrometric maps. is known.
Therefore (~1s)B = i\L wa
(M,)-\ = (m,J..,
Assumption:
• m a1 =ma:
~E= ~P.E=O
• Ideal gas
• Adiabatic walls
EXPERD1L '\"TAL PROCEDt llE:

• The water in the storage tank is heated to a specific ,·alue.

• \\'atcr is then pumped to the cooling tower where air is flowing to cool the water.
• Change in air temperature and flowing water is noted along with the decre:ise m mass of
wa ter.
 Figure I: Cooling Tower model

OBSERVATION:

LiHair = ITla (Hs - HA)

LiH walCI = m watcr Cp (ST1 - ST2) being Cp = 4.18 KJ/Kg K
I Enthalpy I ST,
IBalance I
Water E
T(s)
Airflow
Flow nt 1ia1PY A 8 ST7 AH.1, .1.Hwaler
(Kg!s) (KJ/Kg) I (KJ/Kg) -
(K!!,/s) I
1
2
3
4

CA.LCULA TIO NS:

• For initial point, mass conservation gives

m 3 + rn-, w 1 = 1114 + ITla We
• Energy conservation gives
m3 h:i -,- me h1 = ITla h2 + 1114 h4
 • From equ atio n (I) and (2), find m, and
mi
• For final poin t, app ly mas s co nser vatio
n equa tion s.
• Find out final mas s flow rate of air .
Tak e aver age of both mas s flow rate
.
• Calc ulat e chan ge in mas s flow rate .

RESULT: The mas s of wat er decr ease

s as it flows thro ugh the cool ing tow er.
incr ease in mas s of gas at the outl et It is the reas on for
of the tow er. Usin g psyc hrom etric char
the enth alpy of outg oing air. ts we may find out

PRE CAU TIO NS:

I . Kee p the flow spee d of fan cons tant.

2. Han dle the glas s wor k care fully .
 Heat and Mass Transfer Lab Experiment No. 7
OBJECTIVE: Stud y of heat transfer through liquid and determi ne the thermal conductivity or a
liquid.

INTRODUCTION: When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energ) transfer

fro m high temperature region to the low temperature region. Energy is transferred by conduction
and heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient.
dT
q/A = -
dX

When the proportionality constant is inserted,

dT
q/A = -kA -dX

Where q is the heat transfer rate and dT

dX
is the temperature gradient in the direction of heat flov, .
The positive constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.

THEORY: Foe thermal conductivity of liquids using Fourier' s law, the heat fl ow through the
liquid from hot fluid to cold fluid is the heat transfer through conductive fluid medium.
Fourier' s equation:

At steady state, the average face temperatures are recorded (Th and Tc) along with the rate of heat
transfer (Q). Knowing, the heat transfer (q) and the thickness (~x) of the sample across which the
heat transfer takes place, the thermal conductivity of the sample can be calculated using Fourier's
law of heat conduction.
Q = kA ~T/~x = kA (Th-Tc)/ ~x
Heat transfer area= A (area perpendicular to direction of heat flow)

• DESCRIPTION: The apparatus is based on well-established "Gaurded hot plate" method. It is a

steady state absolute method suitable for materials, which can be fixed between two parallel plates.
The essential component of the set-up are the hot plate, the cold plate, and heater to heat the hot
plate, cold water supply for the cold plate, RTD PT-100 sensors and the liquid specimen holder.
In the set-up, a unidi rectional heat flow takes place across the liquid whose two faces are
maintained at different temperatures by the hot plate on one end and by the cold plate at the other
end. A heater heats hot plate and voltage to the heater is varied with the help of variac to conduct
the experiment on different voltages as well as different heat inputs. Temperatures are measured
bv, RTD PT-100 sensors attached at three different places on the hot plate as well as on the cold
plate. These sensor readings are used as Th and Tc at steady state condition.
Heat is supplied by an electric heater for which, we have to record the voltmeter reading (V) and
ammeter reading (A) after attai ning the steady state condition. The temperature of the cold surface
I \1 1' ,·,,Id pltlll') i., 111:1111t:1i11l·d b~ l' i1Yul:1ti11g .:nl<l wntl'r (a) 1-.'i 1pm . 1·hl' gap ill'.l\\ l'l'll hot platl' arrd
1

1.,1 l,l 11 l.1t,· ti,rrn:- tlw liquid 1.' l'IL irr "hii.:h liquid sumpk is tilled .
n,,. dq,th 11 ( thl' li,prid in thl' diri.:.:ti,111 ,,r thl' thl\\ must bl' small to cnSLll'l' th.: absi.:ncc or thl'
1·,,n,i.:1.·tiun i.:urr\'nts :111d a liquid snmpk
of high viscnsit) and density shall runhi.:r l'n~u re thi.:
:1hsrn.:l' nr rnn,,xti,111 and thl' lwat transt~r cnn be safely assumed to take place by convect ion
,II,'111.' .

l' l'ILITIES RE()lllRED:

• Fll'l:trkity Supply: I Phasl'. 220 V AC. 2 /\rnps.

I • \\'atl.'r supply : 1-5 1pm

EXPERII\IEN TAL PROCEDURE:

I. Fill thl' liquid .:di "ith thl' snmpk liquid (glycerol) through the inlet port. keeping the
appar:llus tilk·d t1.1\\ards uppl.'r sidl' so that there is complete removal of air through the
mrtkt port . Liquid tilling should be continued till there is complete removal of air and also
gl~1.·1.•rol i.:1.,1111.'s out of the outll't port. Close the outlet port followed by inlet port.
' .-\llo" mid \\:ltt:r to Ila\\' through the water jacket.
3. Start the l'lectric heater to heat hot plate. Adjust the voltage of hot plate heater in the range
vf -W-60 volts.
-+. •\d_just thl' rnld \\'Htl'r flow rate such that there is no appreciable change in the outlet
11:lllpl.'raturl' or cold water.
5. Go on recording the sensor readings on hot side as wel I as on cold side. and once steady
state is achieved (may be I hour): (steady state is reached when there is no appreciable
change in the sensor readings) Record the three sensor readings (T1. T~, TJ) on temperature
indicator 011 the hot side and three sensor readings (T~. Ts. Tr,) on the cold side along with
the voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) readings.
6. Stop the eki.:trii.: supply to the heater. and continue with the supply of cold water till there
is decrease in temperature of hot plate (may be another 30-40 min).
7. Open the liquid outlet , ·alve slightly in the downward tilt position and drain the sample
liquid inn rl'Cl'iver. keeping liquid inlet port open.

SPECIFIC.-\ TIONS:
I . I lot platt"
\1::itnial Copper
Diaml!ter 170 mm
Co ld pl:ite
~1at~rial aluminum
Di ameter 170mm

I , '-amr,ll' liq uid depth 17 mm

•
 -

·I. Te111peraturc sensor

r ype RTD p·1.100
Quantity 6 No!-..
:i. Di gital temperature indicator
Range
0 to 199.9 deg
Least count 0. 1 deg
6. Variac
2 Amp. 230 V AC
7. Digital voltmeter 0 to 250 Volts
8. Digita l ammeter 0 to 2.5 Amp.
9 . Heater
Nichrome heater 250 Watt

•
FORMULAE:
I. Q = -K /\ (T2-T1 )/ ~x
")
k = q ~x/ A (Th -Tc)

OBSERVATION:

S. V I w Thi Th2 Th3 Tel Tc2 Tc3 Cold water no,.. ra IC

No.
-

PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

• I. Use the stabilize A.C. Single Phase supply only.

2. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches given on
the panel are at OFF position.
3. Voltage to heater shou ld be increased slowly.
-L Keep a ll the assembl y undi sturbed.
5. Ncvcr run the apparatus if power suppl y is less than 180 volts and above than 230 volts.
6. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
7. /\ l\\ a)s kc.:ep the apparatus free from dust.
8. rc ~tin g liq uid should be ful ly filled .
I here.: is a poss ibility of getting abrupt result if the suppl y voltage is fluctuating or if the
'>,Hi <ifactnr) 'lteady state condition is not reached .