Proceedings
Proceedings of ASME
of ASME Turbo
Expo
IMPACT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS ON GAS TURBINE
HOT SECTION CREEP LIFE
S. Eshati M.F. Abdul Ghafir P. Laskaridis Y.G. Li
School of Engineering, Cranfield University Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the relationship between design
parameters and creep life consumption of stationary gas
turbines using a physics based life model. A representative
thermodynamic performance model is used to simulate engine
performance. The output from the performance model is used
as an input to the physics based model. The model consists of
blade sizing model which sizes the HPT blade using the
constant nozzle method, mechanical stress model which
performs the stress analysis, thermal model which performs
thermal analysis by considering the radial distribution of gas
temperature, and creep model which using the Larson-miller
parameter to calculate the lowest blade creep life. The effect of
different parameters including radial temperature distortion
factor (RTDF), material properties, cooling effectiveness and
turbine entry temperatures (TET) is investigated. The results
show that different design parameter combined with a change
in operating conditions can significantly affect the creep life of
the HPT blade and the location along the span of the blade
where the failure could occur. Using lower RTDF the lowest
creep life is located at the lower section of the span, whereas at
higher RTDF the lowest creep life is located at the upper side of
the span. It also shows that at different cooling effectiveness
and TET for both materials the lowest blade creep life is located
between the mid and the tip of the span. The physics based
model was found to be simple and useful tool to investigate the
impact of the above parameters on creep life.
1. INTRODUCTION:
During operation, gas turbine components undergo various
types of time-dependent degradation due to high temperatures
and mechanical loading. These conditions make the
components susceptible to such failure mechanisms as low
cycle fatigue, high cycle fatigue, thermal fatigue,
environmental attack and creep [32].
In the case of stationary gas turbine engines creep is one of
the most common failure mechanisms that significantly reduce
component life. The effect of creep is highly dependent on the
operating conditions of the engine, its mode of operation and
also the design parameters and details of the critical hot section
Turbo
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components in question. The design parameters of such
components are affected and determined by both aerodynamic
and structural characteristics. A proper consideration must be
given during the design stage to the possible interaction
between these parameters and intended operating condition
upon the creep life of hot section components. A better
understanding of the lifing factors of the failure mechanisms
and their interactions will help designers in the trade-off
between different design options and will also help operators to
make the wise maintenance decisions. However, the
determining factors that limit serviceable life vary significantly
from one component to another and because of uncertainties in
these factors and variations between the operating conditions
and working environment of specific engines, the original
equipment manufacturer will have estimated component life
based on the design envelope of the expected base load,
calculated component stresses and temperatures, expected
response of the material to those conditions. However, a hefty
safety factor will have been added to ensure failure free
operation, due to which most of components will be discarded
while still retaining residual life [36].
In this work the impact of operating conditions and design
parameters on creep life is investigated. Using a
thermodynamic performance model combined with a physics-
based model, mechanical and thermal stress analyses are
performed on HPT first stage rotor blade of a stationary gas
turbine. In order to estimate the blades’ remnant creep life, the
LMP method is used. The aim is to build a relationship between
design parameters such as cooling effectiveness, blade radial
temperature profile, material type and creep life consumption at
off-design operating conditions.
2. LIFE APPROACHES:
The life methodologies may be classed into three distinct
approaches; The Design approach that requires the detailed
model of the component with information of material
deformation, engine’s operational history and life fraction rule
in order to calculate the component temperature, stress and
creep life. NDE and DE can also be used to quantify the
damage further [33]. Sakai et al. [25; 29] and Tinga et al. [29]
1 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
proposed an integrated lifing analysis consisting of engine
performance and CFD models that are used to calculate heat
transfer. Then the data passed to the finite element model to
identify temperature and stress distributions on the component.
Finlay creep strain distribution obtained along the blade.
Naeem [18] and Cerri et al. [1; 2] developed a creep life
estimation approach which considered the effect of operating
conditions and engine deterioration on the component’s creep
life. The model consists of an engine performance model,
thermal and stress models, and creep damage model. By
introducing the equivalent stress and temperature into LMP
model, the blade time to failure is obtained. Koul et al. [15; 16]
creep life assessment based on traditional empirical methods is
very limited and required excessive material data, therefore a
physics based prognosis approach is proposed to deal with the
uncertainty of turbine blade failure and analyse the blade
critical creep location. The approach consists of engine
modeling, thermodynamic analysis and finite element
modeling. Rinaldi et al. [23] used a life management system
developed in form of a software tool, to predict component life
under typical operation transients and steady states. The
software tool utilizes previous thermo-mechanical data, fluid
mechanics data, material properties and blade life theory as an
input to algorithm in order to obtain the damage analysis results
such as failure mode, stress, temperature at each individual
position in the component.
JingPing [11] proposed a nonlinear continuum damage
mechanics model to predict the creep damage and blade creep
life, in which the impact of mean stress is considered and the
damage is accumulated nonlinearly. The transient temperature
and thermal stress field under a start operation are calculated
using finite element software. Then parametric creep life
prediction was used to obtained time to failure. Jin et al. [12]
present an approach that integrates mechanical and
performance engineering with metallurgy for turbine blade
remaining life. This approach combined engine operating data
with an understanding of the mechanical and metallurgical
aspects of individual turbine components for remaining
serviceable life assessment and identifying life limiting factors.
Karaivanov et al., [13] presented a computational methodology,
based on three-dimensional finite element analysis, CFD and
damage mechanics for predicting the creep life in turbine blade.
CFD was used to simulate the fluid temperature and pressure
around the airfoil. Finite element is then used to predict blade
temperate and stress. The damage mechanics based creep
model uses a scalar damage parameter. Samal et al., [26] have
implemented damage assessment methodology for creep and
fatigue failure mode using real time operating data to evaluate
the stress, temperature and damage distribution on the
components using on-line finite element techniques. After that
Robinson creep model was used to obtained creep fractional
damage.
The Post Service Approach that is based on after-service
examination sampling and calculation. The method required
direct access to components. The actual status of the
component’s material, determined either by measuring its
properties or directly assessing the extent of any damage
experienced, is compared with the standard scatter band to
provide a refined prediction. The main method of assessing the
remaining life involves destructive and non-destructive tests
and microstructural evaluation. Saniie et al. [27] used ultrasonic
attenuation measurements to investigate the material
degradation due to thermal exposure. They found it clearly
distinguished between fresh specimens and samples with creep
damage. Maraleh [17] and Ray [22] conducted a creep life
prediction for a service exposed approach to determine the
viability of the components for continued service. Accelerated
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stress rupture tests at different temperatures and stresses were
conducted to obtain creep rupture properties. Based on the test
data, operational creep life was calculated using the Robinson
life fraction rule and LMP. Kim et al. [14] performed failure
analysis on engine turbine blades. To evaluate the cause of
failure several techniques were used including visual
examination, fractographics, metallographics and coating
analysis. The analysis determined that the blade fracture was
due to high temperature creep rupture.
The Statistical approach creep life is predicted using
statistical, probabilistic and artificial intelligent methods. The
objective of this approach is to build a relationship between the
creep life and the driving factors. Zhimin et al. [36] used the
statistical Response Surface Method to build an explicit
relationship between creep life and varying operating
conditions. In this work only two operating parameters were
considered; the temperature of the hot flow and the engine
rotational speed. However, Zhimin et al. [37] extended their
work by adding six more parameters into the Response Surface
Equation. Using FE and CFD techniques, both thermal and
mechanical analyses were conducted before creep life was
calculated using the Graham-Walles theory. Wallace et al. [30]
continued the work of Zhimin by investigating 16 parameters
that influenced the creep life. Using statistical Design of
Experiment Methods those parameters were screened in order
to obtain the five most important. Using these five parameter a
highly accurate Response Surface Equation was created and
then used in a Monte Carlo simulation to perform the necessary
probabilistic analysis. In their work, finite element and CFD
were used together with the Orr-Sherby-Dorn theory in
performing the thermal, mechanical and creep life analysis.
Zhao et al. [35] recently introduced the service condition-creep
rupture property model which was based on the Z parameter
approach [34] to predict the reliability of the creep rupture life.
The dispensability of the creep rupture property and the
fluctuation of the service condition are linked together using the
probabilistic Monte Carlo method in order to evaluate the
reliability. In addition from the statistical and probabilistic
approaches, fuzzy logic methods and artificial intelligent
techniques have also been used. Harris [7] has introduced a
fuzzy logic method in creep analysis to investigate the
uncertainty of the creep response of engineering materials to
their real in-service conditions. Parthasarathy et al. [20] has
developed neural network models for usage based remaining
life computation.
Although several researchers have stressed the effect of
material and engine performance on turbine blade creep life,
2 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
very limited information is available in the literature that
considers the effect of design parameters and operating
conditions on blade creep life.
At present creep life prediction of gas turbine components
has become very complex task and time consuming. Several
creep lifing approaches that are available require the integration
of numerous complex analyses and also require a multi-
disciplinary team to calculate the blade creep life [12].
The creep life assessment model presented in this paper
does not require the integration of numerous complex analyses
velocity calculation, constant (NGV) blade design calculation
and blade details design at the root, mean and tip. Although the
turbine is a two-stage turbine, only the first stage blade was
considered during the design process. The initial data used to
design the process was selected based on a literature study. The
blade geometry specifications at the mean height are presented
in Table 2.
Table 1: Engine performance parameters.

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Parameter Value
using different software and tools and has the capability of
Pressure ratio 23.1
considering the combined effect of operating conditions and
Power output 30.2 kW(40.500shp)
design parameters on component’s creep life. Also, this model
has considered the profile factor which identifies the gas Exhaust gas flow rate 82.5 Kg/s
temperature profile along the span of the blade. The model can Thermal efficiency 28-40%
be used to investigate the effect of different design parameters
such as RTDF, , material type as well as the effect of TET at
off-design condition on the creep life of the blade. Also, the Table 2: Blade geometry specification at the mean height.
developed model identifies the location of critical point along
the span of the blade. Geometrical Parameter at Mean Height Values Unit
Stage loading 1.48
3. PERFORMANCE SIMULATION AND BLADE Stage reaction 50%
GEOMETRY: Flow coefficient 0.4
Based on the engine configuration as shown in Figure 1, an LE/TE radius 0.3889 ݉
engine performance model was created using Turbomatch. Inlet annulus area 0.1038 ݉ଶ
Turbomatch, an existing component based engine performance Blade chord 2.909 ܿ݉
tool developed at Cranfield, was used to develop and run
Height to chord ratio 1.46
representative thermodynamic models of the engine
Stagger angle 35 ݀݁݃
investigated. The tool has the ability to simulate different
thermodynamic cycles and processes while analysing the
overall performance of the engine including among other things 4. BLADE CREEP LIFE ASSESSMENT MODEL:
the effects of cooling flows, air and gas mixing, component In this study, a creep life model has been developed and
degradation, variable geometry (including compressors, used to the high pressure turbine first stage rotor blade of a
turbines and exhaust nozzles) as well as extraction of bleed air typical stationary gas turbine. Figure 2 shows the methodology
and shaft power off takes. Turbomatch has the ability to used for the blade creep life assessment using a creep life
perform steady state engine performance calculations at both model which consists of sub-models; performance, sizing,
design point and off design conditions. Table 1 listed the engine stress, thermal and creep. The engine performance was
performance parameters. simulated using TURBOMATCH, and its output was used as
input to the blade design process and combined with the blade
geometry data to obtain blade maximum stresses and blade
metal temperatures at different locations along the span of the
blade. The output of the stress/thermal model will used as input
in the creep model (LMP) to estimate the blade’s remaining
creep life. It is worth mentioning that two Nimonic alloys
(presented in Table 3) were used in the investigation in order to
study the effect of different materials on turbine blade creep
behavior.

Table 3: Material properties [19].

Density Melting range Specific heat
(Kg/m3) C (J/KgoC)
Figure 1: General layout of the engine. Material A 8193.25 1320 572
Material B 8180.00 1310 753
The first stage of the high pressure turbine blade was sized
using the constant nozzle method [21; 28]. The design process
consists of initial performance engine simulation, inlet/outlet
annulus geometry sizing, stage efficiency prediction, rotor inlet

3 Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Blade time to
failure
Figure 2: Creep Model Life Assessment.
4.1 STRESS MODEL:
In order to perform the creep life calculation, stresses
(Centrifugal stresses and gas bending stresses) on the blade
from the root to tip were considered. The data used in the stress
model such as pressure, rotational speed and temperature were
generated from TURBOMATCH. It is assumed in the model
that the axial velocity remain constant along the span of the
blade and the forces action on the blade (centrifugal loading,
static pressure difference and momentum change) act at the
blade section centre of gravity (CG). The blade was divided
into sections, and the centrifugal force was calculated at each
section, CFsec, [4]:
‫ܨܥ‬ௌ௘௖ = ߩ × ‫ܣ‬஺௩஼௦ × ℎ௦௘௖ × ߱ ଶ × ݀஼ீ (1)
where ߩ is the blade density, ‫ܣ‬஺௩஼௦ is the average cross section
between the top and the bottom sections, ℎ௦௘௖ is the blade
section height, ߱ is the angular speed, and ݀஼ீ is the distance
between the rotation axis and the section centre of gravity
(CG). Using Equation 2 [4], the centrifugal stress at each
section ߪ஼ிௌ௘௖ was calculated where ‫ܣ‬஼ௌ is the cross section
area of the corresponding section.
∑ ‫ܨܥ‬ௌ௘௖
ߪ஼ிௌ௘௖ = (2)
‫ܣ‬஼ௌ
In order to calculate the bending moment stress due to
static pressure difference (see Figure 3), the pressure force of
each blade section, ܲ‫ܨ‬ௌ௘௖ was calculated using Equation 3 and
the pressure bending moment at each section, ‫ܲ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖ was
calculated using Equation 4 [4]:
‫ܣ‬஺௡ௌ௘௖ × ∆‫݌‬஺௩ௌ௘௖
ܲ‫ܨ‬ௌ௘௖ = (3)
ܰ௕
‫ܲ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖ = ∑(ܲ‫ܨ‬ௌ௘௖ × ݀஼ீ௦௘௖) (4)
where ‫ܣ‬஺௡ௌ௘௖ is the blade section annulus area, ο‫݌‬஺௩ௌ௘௖ is the
average section static pressure difference, ܰ௕ is the number of
blades, and ݀஼ீ௦௘௖ is the distance between the section CG to the
respective section.
PF/VFsec1
PF/VF sec2
dCGsec2
PF/VF secn
Bending moment at root
Figure 3: Bending moment at root calculation due to static
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pressure difference and momentum change
In this model, the blade section momentum forces for both
axial and tangential direction ܸ‫ܨ‬ௌ௘௖ (see Figure 3) were
computed using the following Equation [4]:
݉ ஺௥௘௔ × ‫ܣ‬஺௡ௌ௘௖ × ∆ܸ஺௩ௌ௘௖
ܸ‫ܨ‬ௌ௘௖ = (5)
ܰ௕
where ݉ ஺௥௘௔ is the mass flow per unit section annulus area,
οܸ஺௩ௌ௘௖ is the average section velocity difference for both axial
and tangential directions respectively. The momentum bending
moments (axial and tangential) about each blade section
‫ܸ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖ were then calculated using [4]:
‫ܸ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖ = ∑(ܸ‫ܨ‬ௌ௘௖ × ݀஼ீ௦௘௖) (6)
In order to obtain the resulting bending moment at the
blade direction, Equations 7 and 8 [4] were applied,
‫ ܯ‬௫௫ = ൫‫ܲ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖ + ‫ܸ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖(௔௫௜௔௟) ൯sin ߠ
(7)
+ ‫ܸ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖(௧௔௡) cos ߠ
‫ ܯ‬௬௬ = ൫‫ܲ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖ + ‫ܸ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖(௔௫௜௔௟) ൯ܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬
(8)
− ‫ܸ ܯܤ‬௦௘௖(௧௔௡) ‫ߠ ݊݅ݏ‬
where ‫ ܯ‬௫௫ and ‫ ܯ‬௬௬ are the blade section resulting bending
moments about the x and y axis, and ߠ is the blade section
stager angle. The bending moment calculated at three different
locations, LE, TE and the back of the blade section using
Equation 9 [4]:
‫ ܯ‬௫௫ ‫ ܯ‬௬௬
ߪ஻ெ = ܻ+ ܺ (9)
‫ܫ‬௠ ௜௡ ‫ܫ‬௠ ௔௫
where ‫ܫ‬௠ ௜௡ and ‫ܫ‬௠ ௔௫ are the maximum and minimum values of
the blade section moment of inertia, ܺ and ܻ are the distances
between the corresponding location to the blade’s section CG as
illustrated in Figure 4.
The output of the stress model is the maximum stress at the
blade sections when both stresses (centrifugal loading and gas
bending moment) were added. It is important to note that the
location where the maximum stress occurs (either at LE, TE or
the blade back) largely depends on the operating condition and
the geometry of the blade.
4 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

Tangential
Direction
Axial Direction
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the blade and gas flow
directions [4].
4.2 THERMAL MODEL:
Radial distribution of gas temperature was used in this
model to calculate the temperature variation at each blade
section. Taking the radial temperature distribution profile
(RTDF) as 0.1, the maximum, ܶ௠ ௔௫ and the minimum gas
temperature, ܶ௠ ௜௡ were calculated using Equations 10 [31] and
11:
(10)
ܶ௠ ௔௫ = ܶைூே + (ܶோாி × ܴܶ‫)ܨܦ‬
(5ܶ௢ூே − 2ܶ௠ ௔௫) (11)
ܶ௠ ௜௡ =
3
where ܶைூே is the rotor inlet temperature and ܶோாி is
temperature rise of the burner. By assuming that the maximum
temperature will occur around 75% distance from the root,ܶ଻ହΨ
the gas temperature at each blade section was predicted. A
typical value for the RTDF is 0.1 and not more than 0.2 [31] [3;
6; 9]. The location of the maximum temperature is based on the
fact that the rotation of the turbine blade causes the peak gas
temperature to shift from the mid of the span of the blade
toward the tip region [10].
Equation 11 is derived through extrapolation of several
defined gas temperature points (ܶ௧௜௣ǡܶ௥௢௢௧ǡܶ଻ହΨ ...etc.) along the
blade. At this point, assumptions were used (i) the minimum
gas temperature will occur at the root and the tip of the blade,
(ii) the reduction in gas temperature from the maximum
temperature, ܶ଻ହΨ to the tip of the blade, ܶ௧௜௣ is linear, (iii) the
rise of the gas temperature from the root,ܶ௥௢௢௧ to ܶ଻ହΨ is also
linear, and (iv) the average of those defined temperature points
should equal to the rotor inlet temperature, ܶைூே .
The value of the rotor inlet gas temperature, ܶைூே used in
Equation 11 is determined by considering the mixing effect
between the core flow and the coolant flow exiting the nozzle
guide vane (NGV) using Equation 12:
݉ ௚ ‫ܲܥ‬௛ ܶைூே (஻௘௙) + ݉ ௖ே ீ௏ ‫ܲܥ‬௖ܶ஼௢ேீ௏
ܶைூே =
൫݉ ௚ + ݉ ௖ேீ௏ ൯‫ܲܥ‬௛
where ݉ ௚ is the gas mass flow,‫ܲܥ‬௖ and ‫ܲܥ‬௛ are the specific
heats of the cold and hot gases respectively, ܶைூே (஻௘௙) is the
rotor inlet temperature before mixing, ݉ ௖ேீ௏ is the NGV
coolant mass flow, and ܶ஼௢ே ீ௏ is the NGV coolant exit
temperature. In order to use Equation 12, ܶைூே (஻௘௙) and ܶ஼௢ே ீ௏
are calculated using Equation 13 and 14 [9]:
݉ ௖ேீ௏ ‫ܲܥ‬௖
ܶைூே (஻௘௙) = ܶ‫ ܶܧ‬− (ܶ஼௢ே ீ௏ − ܶ஼௜ேீ௏ ) (13)
݉ ௚ ‫ܲܥ‬௛
ܶ஼௢ே ீ௏ = ܶ஼௜ேீ௏ + ߟ௖௢௡ேீ௏ (ܶேீ௏ − ܶ஼௜ேீ௏ ) (14)
where ܶ‫ ܶܧ‬is the turbine entry temperature, ܶ஼௜ேீ௏ is the NGV
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inlet coolant temperature, ߟ௖௢௡ே ீ௏ is the NGV’s convection
efficiency and ܶேீ௏ is the NGV metal temperature. The
ߟ௖௢௡ே ீ௏ and the ܶே ீ௏ in Equation 14 are determined using
Equation 15 and 16 [9]:
ܶே ீ௏ = ܶ‫ ܶܧ‬− ߝ(ேீ௏) (ܶ‫ ܶܧ‬− ܶ஼௜ேீ௏ ) (15)
ߝ(ேீ௏)
ߟ௖௢௡ே ீ௏ = (16)
݉∗ ேீ௏ ൫1 − ߝ(ேீ௏) ൯
where ܶே ீ௏ is the NGV metal temperature, ߝሺேீ௏ሻ is the NGV’s
cooling effectiveness, and ݉ ∗ ேீ௏ is the NGV coolant non-
dimensional mass flow which was assumed to be around 1ൗ2.5
of the NGV total coolant mass percentage[8; 24].
To predict the blade section metal temperature a similar
approach is employed. Each blade section is treated as
individual blade where the metal temperature is assumed to be
constant at both chord wise and span wise. It is also assumed
that all blade sections have the same cooling effectiveness and
the inlet coolant temperature for the blade section is taken from
the exit temperature of the section below. The section metal
temperatures ܶெ ௌ௘௖ were then calculated using [9]:
ܶெ ௌ௘௖ = ܶீௌ௘௖ − ߝ(ܶீௌ௘௖ − ܶ஼௜ௌ௘௖) (17)
where ܶீௌ௘௖ is the section gas temperature which is taken from
the gas temperature points respectively, ܶ஼௜௦௘௖ is the section
inlet coolant temperature and ߝ is the rotor cooling
effectiveness. Similar to the NGV analysis, the section coolant
exit temperature, ܶ஼௢ௌ௘௖ is determined using [9]:
ܶ஼௢ௌ௘௖ = ܶ஼௜ௌ௘௖ + ߟ௖௢௡ௌ௘௖(ܶெ ௌ௘௖ − ܶ஼௜ௌ௘௖) (18)
where ߟ௖௢௡ௌ௘௖ is the section’s convection efficiency which is
calculated using Equation 20 [9]:
ߝ௥௢௧௢௥
ߟ௖௢௡ௌ௘௖ = (19)
݉ ∗ ௥௢௧௢௥∗ (1 − ߝ௥௢௧௢௥)
where ݉ ∗ is the rotor coolant non-dimensional representation
(12)
of coolant mass flow which was assumed to be around 1ൗ2.5 of
the total rotor coolant mass percentage [8; 24].
4.3 CREEP MODEL:
The creep life of the blade at each section of interest can be
obtained as a function of the blade section stress and the blade
metal section temperature using the LMP approach. Because
5 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
the metal temperature of blade and maximum stresses may
occur at different points along the span of the blade, the blade
creep life will be different for different blade sections. The
lowest creep life of any individual blade section will be
considered as the minimum blade life (blade’s remnant life).
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of engine
operating conditions and engine component’s design
parameters on the HPT blade creep life of stationary gas
The relative creep life increased from a minimum value of 96%
to 217% at the tip. In contrast the lowest relative blade creep
life for RTDF 0.15 and 0.2 as shown in Figure 8 were located at
75% of the span of the blade with a relative value of 35% and
9% respectively. Although the temperature at the root for
different RTDF slightly different, the creep life at the root is the
same since at that section of the blade the creep is mainly
different by the centrifugal force.
Comparing Figure 5, Figure 7 and Figure 8, it can be seen
that for RTDF of 0.1 has a higher metal temperature at the

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turbine. The study was carried using two different blade turbine
materials (Nimonic alloys A and B) at different RTDF, TET,
and cooling effectiveness (ߝሻǤ
5.1 THE EFFECT OF RTDF ON CREEP LIFE:
In this section, the effect of RTDF on creep life is
investigated by changing its values from 10% to 15% and to
20%. During this investigation, the TET, the relative rotational
speed (PCN), and ε were maintained at 1550K, 0.98 and 0.6
respectively. A PCN value of 0.98 means a rotational speed
that is 98% of absolute design rotational speed.
The temperature, stress and creep life distribution along
the span of the blade at different RTDF values for material A
are shown in Figure 5 to Figure 8. From the Figure 5, it can be
seen that as the value of RTDF is increased from 0.1 to 0.2, the
maximum metal temperature increases from 1141K to 1177K at
a point 75% along the span of the blade. However, lower
RTDF values result in high metal temperature at the root and at
the tip of the blade. Figure 6 shows the stress distribution along
blade root than for RTDF of 0.15 or 0.2. Since the maximum
stress and higher temperature are located at the blade root as
shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, the combined effects of the
two factors is considered to be the main driving factor
producing the lowest life at or near the blade root. In contrast,
although the maximum stress for RTDF 0.15 and 0.2 is similar
to RTDF 0.1, which is about 124.7MPa at the root, the location
of the lowest relative creep life is different from RTDF 0.1.
This is because for both RTDFs 0.15 and 0.2, the effect of
higher metal temperature at 75% the span of the blade was
greater than the effect of maximum stress at the blade root, thus
changing the location of lowest relative creep life.
100
75
Span

50
%Span

the span of the blade. Since the stress distribution on the PCN RTDF 0.1

alone, the RTDF was not affected. RTDF 0.15

%

25 RTDF 0.2
100

0
75
0 50 100 150
Max Stress (MPa)
Span
%%Span

50 Figure 6: Maximum Stress Distribution along the span of

the blade at Different RDTF for Material A.
RTDF 0.1

25 RTDF 0.15
100
RTDF 0.2

0 75
1050 1100 1150 1200
Span
Span

Temperature K 50
%%

Figure 5: Turbine Blade Inlet Temperature Profile along the

span of the blade at Different RTDF for Material A. RTDF 0.1
25

Figure 7 and Figure 8 illustrate the creep life variation for

RTDF 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2. The values of creep life in both figures 0
are presented as relative values, expressed as percentages of the 50 100 150 200
creep life at the root. From Figure 7, it can be seen that the
lowest relative creep life was located at 25% of the span of the Creep life %
blade with a value of 96%. This means that at this location, the
blade’s creep life was 4% less than the life at the blade root. Figure 7: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the
blade at RTDF=0.1 for Material A.

6 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 100 maximum stress decreases the blade life exponentially. The
negative effect of the stress factor exceeds the favourable effect
of the temperature factor, and the blade creep life of material A
75 with a different RTDF was therefore lower than for material B.
Span

100
pan

RTDF 0.15
50
%S
%

RTDF 0.2
75

%%Span
25

Span

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50
RTDF 0.1

0
0 25 50 75 100 25

Creep life %
0
Figure 8: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the
0 100 200 300 400 500
blade at RTDF=0.15 and 0.2 for Material A.
Creep life %

Investigation using material B was carried out and the Figure 10: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the
results are presented in Figure 9 to Figure 11. The temperature blade at RTDF=0.1 for material B.
profile of the blade of material B is essentially the same as that
shown in Figure 5 because the engine TET and ε remain 100
unchanged. However, Figure 9 shows a different maximum
stress distribution caused by a different material density, so that
75
the blade creep life is different as shown in Figure 10 and
Span

Figure 11.
pan

RTDF 0.15
100 50
%S
%

RTDF 0.2

75 25
span
%%Span

50 0
RTDF 0.1
0 25 50 75 100
RTDF 0.15
25
RTDF 0.2
Creep life %

Figure 11: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the
0
blade at RTDF=0.15 and 0.2 for material B.
0 50 100 150

Max Stress (MPa)
Figure 9: Maximum Stress Distribution along the span of
the blade at Different RDTF for Material B.
Figure 10 and Figure 11 show the creep life variation for
RTDF 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2. In Figure 10, for RTDF of 0.1, it is
clear that the lowest relative creep life is located between the
root and 25% of the span of the blade. As the distance along the
span of the blade increases the relative creep life increases to a
maximum at the tip where the stress is minimum. In contrast,
see Figure 11, for RTDF of 0.15, the lowest relative creep life is
located half-way along the blade with a stress value of about
70MPa and creep life value of 48% relative to the creep life at
the root. For RTDF 0.2 it can be seen that the lowest relative
blade creep life is seen at around 75% of the span of the blade
with stress value of about 35MPa and creep life value of 16%.
The variation of the blade creep life of material B relative
to material A is resulted from the difference in position of the
maximum stress along the blade. A small increase in the
It is clear from the figures that with both materials (A and
B) changing the value of the RTDF led to a change in the
location of maximum and minimum temperatures along the
span of the blade. At the lower RTDF it is clear that the
temperatures at the tip and root are higher than for the higher
RTDF. On the other hand the maximum metal temperature
which occurred about three-quarters along the span increased
with increase in RTDF. It is concluded that more consideration
should be given to the selection of the combustor RTDF and
blade material to better control creep life
5.2 THE EFFECT OF COOLING EFFECTIVENESS ON
CREEP LIFE:
Blade temperature will be a function of combustor outlet
temperature, blade geometry, and cooling effectiveness. The
reduction of could be the result of any combination of the
following factors; increase in air cooling temperature, increase
in TET or/and degradation in the cooling system [5].
In this investigation, the effect of cooling effectiveness on
blade creep life is evaluated. The off-design point selected for

7 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

consideration was RTDF = 0.15, TET = 1550K and ε = 0.6. In 100
the analysis, ε was decreased from 0% (ε =0.6) to 10% (ε =
0.54) with an increment of 2% for both materials A and B, to
75
assess any variation of the blade’s creep life from the root to the
tip. However to maintain clarity in Figures,  of only 0%, 6%

Span
Span
50 10%
and 10% reduction are shown here.

%%
6%
Figure 12 to Figure 14 show the temperature, stress and
0%
creep life distribution along the span of the blade for different 25
values of ε. Reducing ε by 6% increases the maximum metal

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temperature three quarters the way along the span from about 0
1116K to 1148K. Reduction of ε by 10% increased the 25 50 75 100
maximum metal temperature to 1170K as shown in Figure 12.
Creep life %

100 Figure 14: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the blade at
Different Cooling Effectiveness for Material A.

75 Figure 15 and 16 shows the blade maximum stress and

creep life using material B. Since the TET and ε have not been
%SSpan
pan

changed, the temperature profile of the blade will not change

50
10% and is similar as the profile given for material A, see Figure 13.
%

6% 100
25 0%

75
%SSpan
pan

0 0%
50
1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
%

6%

Temperature K 25
10%

Figure 12: Turbine Blade Inlet Temperature Profile along

the span of the blade at Different Cooling Effectiveness for 0
Material (A). 0 50 100 150

Max Stress (MPa)

Figure 14 shows that for all three values of ε, for material
A the shortest creep life is located at 75% of the span of the Figure 15: Maximum Stress Distribution along the span of
blade. From Figure 13 we see that the maximum stress at that the blade at Different Cooling Effectiveness for Material B.
point is 35MPa. For the ε= 0.6, the blade creep life at this point
is about half that at the root. Reducing ε by 10% decreased the 100
blade creep life at the same location to about one-third that at
the root. It is clear that reducing ε increases the maximum blade 75
temperature at 75% of the span of the blade and that, combined
Span
Span

with the maximum stress at that region, reduces the blade creep
50
life at that location more than at either the blade root or mean 10%
%%

length. 6%

25 0%
100

0
75
25 50 75 100 125 150
%%SSpan
pan

Creep life %
50 10%

6%
Figure 16: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the
25
0%
blade at Different Cooling Effectiveness for Material B.

As creep is a function of temperature and stress, blade

0
creep life will vary as function of both of these factors. Figure
0 50 100 150
16 shows that for Material B the lowest blade creep life is
Max Stress (MPa) around the mid-point of the blade. At 0% drop in ε, (ε = 0.6)
Figure 13: Maximum Stress Distribution along the span of the
the blade creep life at the mid-point is 59% of creep life at the
blade at Different Cooling Effectiveness for Material A root. Reducing the cooling effectiveness by 10%, the blade

8 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

creep life at the mid-point is 46% of creep life at the root. This increase in stress is due to the increase in TET which in turn
change of blade creep life results from the change of the blade resulted in increased rotational speed.
stresses along the span of the blade, since the maximum blade
temperature has not changed. Reducing the cooling 100
effectiveness by 6% and the blade creep life will be 54% of the
creep life at the blade root 75

Span
Note that the creep life in Figure 14 and Figure 16 are

pan
given relative to the life at the root of the respective material. 50

%%S
However, this does not provide information regarding how it 1600

deviates from the chosen reference point. Table 4 lists the ratio 1500

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25
1400
between the creep life at the blade root of the respective
material with the life of the blade root at the reference point. As 0
an example the value of 0.023 means the life at blade root is 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150
2.3% of the life of the reference point’s blade root. For this Temperature K
study the reference point chosen is at TET=1500K, and
Figure 17: Turbine Blade Inlet Temperature Profile along
RTDF=0.15.
the span of the blade at Different TETs for Material A.
Table 4: creep life ratio for both material at different  Figure 19 shows the blade creep life distribution along the
Material A Material B span of the blade. The minimum life is found to be three-
10 0.023 0.024 quarters along the blade. At TET=1400K the creep life at that
 (%) 6 0.055 0.059 location is only 20% of the creep life at the blade root. At TET
0 0.215 0.236 = 1600K the creep life decreased to 52% relative to the blade
life at the root.
Comparison of the impact of on the two materials (A and Comparing the relative effects of temperature and
B) makes it clear that the location and the duration of creep life maximum stress distribution within the blade it is clear that
will be different mainly due to different stresses and temperature has the greater effect.
temperatures. The stresses along the span of the blade in
100
material B resulted from the change of the material density and
not change of the turbine speed, since the TET and PCN were
75
constant. Also, material B appears to give a longer life then
n
% Span
a

material A. This is because the change of the values of the

Sp

1600
%

50
maximum stress along the span of the blade in material B was 1500

less than the material A. 1400

25

5.3 THE EFFECT OF TET ON CREEP LIFE:

The effect of TET on blade creep life is studied by 0
0 50 100 150
changing the TET from 1400K to 1600K in increments of 50K. Max Stress (MPa)
Here, only TET =1400K, 1500K and 1600K are presented to
demonstrate the blade’s creep life along the span of the blade. Figure 18: Maximum Stress Distribution along the span of
The reference off-design point selected in this investigation the blade at Different TETs for Material A
were RTDF = 0.15 and ε = 0.6. Also, the change of the TET is
applied on both materials A and B. 100
Figure 17 shows the temperature distribution along the
span of the blade of material A with different TETs. It can be 75
%SSpan

seen that by increasing the TET the maximum blade metal

pan

temperature three-quarters the way along the span increased 50 1600

from 1015K at TET 1400K to 1145K at TET 1600K. However,
%

1500
the minimum temperatures, which occurred at the blade root 1400
25
are 944K at TET 1400K, and 1062K at TET 1600K.
Figure 18 shows the maximum stresses along the span of
the blade varied as the TET changed. From the figure, the 0
maximum stress at the root increased with temperature, from 0 25 50 75 100
96.3MPA at TET 1400K to 128.7MPA at TET 1600K. Three- Creep life %
quarters along the length of the span of the blade the
Figure 19: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the
corresponding stresses were 27.2MPa and 36.3MPa. This
blade at Different TETs for Material A.

9 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 Investigation of different TETs using material B were also
carried out. Once again the temperature profiles of the two
materials was so similar that Figure 19 is a perfectly adequate
representation of the turbine blade inlet temperature profile
along the span of the blade for different TETs for material B.
Figure 20 shows the maximum stress distribution along the
span of the blade at different TETs for material B. It is clear
that from Figure 20 that, as the TET increased, the maximum
stress increases all along the span of the blade. Figure 21 shows
the turbine blade creep life along the span of the blade at
longer service life than a component operating at a higher TET.
However, the location of position of minimum creep life will be
determined by both stress and the temperature. In this case the
effect of high metal temperature on creep life location is seen to
be greater than the effect of the stress at the root
With both materials A and B, increasing the TET will
decrease the blade creep life along the span of the blade.
However, the location of the minimum life creep will depend
on the maximum blade metal temperature, maximum stress and
creep behavior of the material. Small change in the stress value

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different TETs for Material B. It is clear that minimum blade along the span of the blade will move the location of the blade
creep life is located around the blade mid-length, which is creep life from three-quarters of the blade length to half.
different from material A.
Similar to Section 5.2 the Table 5 lists the ratio between 6. CONCLUSIONS:
the creep life at the blade root and the creep life of the reference This paper has investigated the effects of the design
point at the same blade location for different TET. parameters and operating conditions on the turbine blade creep
life. In addition, the paper highlights how different operating
Table 5: Creep life ratio for both material at different TET conditions and design parameters can influence the location of
Material A Material B the lowest blade creep life along the span of the blade. By
1600 0.041 0.045 understanding the relationship between the design parameters
1500 1.787 1.807
and operating conditions with creep life, both the gas turbine
TET(K)
designers and users will be able to trade-off between different
1400 130 178
design options and maintenance decisions.
A stationary gas turbine engine model was developed and
100 simulated at both design and off-design conditions using a
thermodynamic performance model. Also, the first stage of the
75 high pressure turbine blade was sized using constant nozzle
method in order to facilitate the estimation of creep life. Then
%Span
Span

50 1600 the stress and temperature along the span of the blade was
%

1500
calculated to obtain the blade’s remnant creep life.
25
1400
The effects of using different RTDF, cooling effectiveness,
TET and blade turbine materials on the blade creep life were
0 investigated. For both materials (A and B) investigated,
0 50 100 150 changing the value of the RTDF led to a change in the location
Max Stress (MPa)
of maximum and minimum temperatures along the span of the
Figure 20: Maximum Stress Distribution along the span of blade. At the lower RTDF the temperatures at the tip and root
the blade at Different TETs for Material B. for both materials were seen to be higher than at the higher
RTDF. On the other hand the maximum metal temperature
100 which is at 75% of the span of the blade increased with the
increase in RTDF. For lower RTDF the lowest creep life was
75 located at the lower section of the blade whereas at higher
%Span

RTDF it was at around 75% of the span of the blade.

Span

For both materials, the maximum metal temperatures

50
increased as cooling effectiveness was reduced. However the
%

1600

1500
location of those temperatures remains unchanged. In addition,
1400
25 the location of the lowest creep life was seen to be changing as
different material was used (75% of the span of the blade for
0
material A and 50% of the span of the blade for material B).
40 60 80 100 120 140
This is mainly due to the difference in the material density at
Creep life % the same temperature, which in turn results into different
Figure 21: Turbine Blade Creep Life along the span of the maximum stress values along the span of the blade.
blade at Different TETs for Material B. With both materials A and B investigated, it was found
that increasing the TET increases the blade creep life along the
For material B the minimum creep life at TET = span of the blade. However, the location of the minimum creep
1400K, 1500K and 1600K were about 46%, 59% and 66% life depends on the maximum blade metal temperature,
respectively, relative to the creep life at the blade root. This is maximum stress and creep behavior of the material.
because a component operating at a lower TET will have a

10 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

 The variation of blade metal temperature and maximum ߪ஻ெ = Bending moment stress
stress along the span of the blade for all cases has a strong ߪ஼ிௌ௘௖ = Centrifugal stress at each blade section
influence on the blade’s creep life. Thus, small change in these Tref = Temperature rise of the burner
two factors will determine the value and location of the lowest ܺ, ܻ = Distance between the corresponding
creep life. Therefore, more consideration should be given location to the blade’s section CG
during component life assessment to the stresses and ߝ = Cooling effectiveness
temperature values and their locations along the blade, in order ߠ = Blade section stagger angle
to identify the location of minimum creep life. ߩ = Blade density
߱ = Angular speed
NOMENCLATURE

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
2-D = Two dimensional I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr Ken Ramsden
DT = Destructive test for his assistance, valuable and continuous advice.
HPT = High pressure turbine
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