Agriculture In pakistan

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 Agriculture In pakistan

Q1. What are different types of farming? [3]

KEY POINTS:
SUBSISTENCE

FARMING:
 Type of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain 
the farmer and farmer’s family, thus to fulfill the basic needs of the farmer’s family. 
CASH CROP FARMING

Type of farming in which cash crops are grown. Cash crops are those which are
produced for the purpose of generating cash or money. The products are therefore
intended to be marketed for profit. 
LIVESTOCK FARMING

Type of farming in which one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural
setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labour. 
Q2. State the meaning of the term ‘Natural Input’ [2]
KEY POINTS:

The natural or physical inputs include weather, climate, relief, soil. Farmers have little or no
control over these. Changing the natural inputs can sometime be done but it is usually involve a
lot of expense. For example areas with not enough rainfall get water from irrigation schemes,
steep slopes can be cut into terrace farming and the climate can be altered by the greenhouse etc. 
Q3. Give the examples of natural inputs for agriculture. [2]
KEY POINTS:

Weather Climate
Temperature Rain
Relief Soil etc.
Q4. State the meaning of ‘Human Input.’ [2]
KEY POINTS:

Inputs to farm provided by man for the production of crops. These usually have to be paid for,
although farmers can save money by producing some of these themselves e.g. grass is grown as
a fodder crop and animals are breed. 
Q5. Give the examples of human inputs for agriculture. [2]
KEY POINTS:
Machinery Fertilizers
Pesticides Seeds
Livestock Animal feed
Workers / labours Irrigation etc.
Q6. What is meant by processes in agriculture? [2]
KEY POINTS:
Processes are the types of work that are carried out on the farming. It varies with the type of farm e.g.
ploughing, seeding, harvesting etc.

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Q7. Describe the ploughing done by traditional method. [2]

KEY POINTS:

 Two bullocks plough the field usually. 

 Manual labour is required. 

Plough is made of wood. 

Q8. Explain why alluvial soil is good for crop growth. [2]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Fertilized and have minerals and nutrients in it.

 Less water-logging. 

 Moisture holding capacity 

 Replaced each year. 

These soils contain adequate proportion of potash, lime and phosphoric acid which
are ideal for the growth of the corp. 

Q9. What is subsistence farming? [3]

KEY POINTS:

Farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmers and
 the farmer’s family, leaving 

Pre industrial agriculture people throughout the world have traditionally practiced
subsistence farming. Some of these people moved from site to site as production
become more specialized and commercial farming developed with farmers
producing a sizable profit of certain crops, which they traded for manufactured
goods or sold for cash. 

Q10. Describe the main features of human inputs of traditional farmer. [3]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Cow dung.

 Animal plough. 

 Family labour. 

 Poor quality of seeds. 

Lift irrigation 

Q11. If a farmer has a good crop and can sell some in the market, how may he
use the money capital he earns to improve his yield or production for the
next year. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 
 Buys HYV, fertilizers and pesticides for good crop growth and to prevent loss.

 Buys good quality breeds of livestock. 

 Buys or repair machineries. 
 
Pay the debts to the landlords

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 Agriculture In pakistan

Q12. Give ways in which a small scale subsistence farmer can supplement his income
[3]
KEY POINTS:
SELL: BECOME:

Firewood Carpenter
Poultry flock Blacksmith
Honey Shoe maker
Dairy products Driver etc.
Q13. Explain why crop yields may be low when subsistence farming methods are used. [3]

KEY POINTS:
Traditional methods Animal power
Old irrigation system No mechanization
Unskilled labour Low quality seeds.
Cow dung as fertilizer No pesticides.
Q14. How the increase in agriculture has been achieved since 1947? [4]
KEY POINTS:
Mechanization Education and training to farmers
Chemical fertilizers Agriculture researches
Induswatertreaty1960– High Yield Verities of seeds
construction of dams, barrages and Pesticides
link canals Tube-well irrigation
Reclamation of deserts. Land reforms
Government policies. Loan schemes
Land consolidation Agricultural universities.
Q15. Explain why 65% of the land of Pakistan is not used for Agriculture? [3]
KEY POINTS:

 Rugged mountainous areas 

 Lack of water 

 Desert landscape 

 Water logging and salinity 

 4.8% of the land is covered by forest. 

 Agricultural land is used for making residential areas, commercial areas and industrial units. 

 Land is occupied by airports, railways and roads. 

 Aridity 

 Unreliable rainfall 

 High rate of evapo-transpiration 

Soil erosion etc. 

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Q16. Explain the causes of low farm income in barani areas. [3]
KEY POINTS:

 Soil erosion –poor crop growth 

 Overgrazing –lack of animal fodder, soil erosion and desertification 

 Low crop productivity –less money for better seed and fertilizers 

 Poor quality livestock –less milk and meat 

 Less capital –cannot buy better quality of seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. 

 Traditional farming methods –low crop yield. 

 Small farms –mechanization is not possible 

 Power of landlords –poor farmers pay high rent 

 Poor climate –difficult to grow crops 

 Natural hazards –destroy crops 

 Rural-Urban Migration –skilled people leave 

 Water logging and salinity –less cultivable areas 

Lack of investment –less capital for improvement. 
Q17. State the meaning of Rabi crop. Name some Rabi crops [3]
KEY POINTS:

Rabi crops refer to agricultural crops sown at the beginning of winter season and
harvested in the early summer.

Wheat, Oil seeds, Pulses etc. 
Q18. State the meaning of Kharif crop. Name some Kharif crops? [3]
KEY

POINTS:
 Kharif crops refer to agricultural crops sown in summer and harvested in early winter 

Rice, Sugarcane, Millets, Cotton and Maize etc. 
Q19. What does cash crop mean? [3]
KEY POINTS:

A cash crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale for profit. It is typically
 purchased by parties separate from a farm

The term cash crop is applied exclusively to the agricultural production of plants;
animal rearing, is not a part of the terminology. The term is used to differentiate the
 marketed 
crops from subsistence crops, which are grown as food for the producer’s family. 
Q20. Name the cash crops in Pakistan. [2]
KEY POINTS:

Wheat Cotton
Rice Tobacco
Sugarcane Oil seeds

Q21. What human inputs have contributed to the increase in wheat production?
Explain why the increase in production of wheat has taken place
How human inputs and farming processes have given rise to output on farms [4]
KEY POINTS:
Modern irrigation Education
HYV seeds Research
Land reforms Insecticide and pesticides etc.
Governmental loans
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 Agriculture In pakistan

Q22. Describe the farming methods involved in the cultivation of wheat. [4]
KEY POINTS:

To achieve maximum yield seed sowing
should be completed before 20th
 November. 

Soil should be ploughed for better water
 infiltration and aeration 

Wheat seeds are usually sown by
 broadcasting or drilling 

A row spacing of 15 –22 cm is carried
 out 

 Timely application and proportion of 
required chemical fertilizers is of vital importance. 

 In rain –fed regions wheat crops is not irrigated. 

In irrigated regions wheat plant needs water at two critical stages. First irrigation is done one
 month after sowing second is done one month before harvesting. 

Weed and pest control measures are applied. Plant diseases can be controlled through
 resistant verities. 

The wheat crop is harvested when the grains harden and the straw becomes dry and
brittle. 
Q23. What Govt. efforts have reduced the wheat imports? [2]
KEY POINTS:
Self sufficiency in wheat due to De-silting of canals so better
increase in support prize distribution of water.
Farmers are instructed to pay more Provided HYV seeds for maximum
attention to the wheat crop yield.
Q24. Explain the reasons for the change in wheat production over the years. [3]
KEY POINTS:
Rainfall variability Family sickness / Population increase
Floods Fluctuation in wheat prices
Poor irrigation HYV, better fertilizers,
Pest attack mechanization and training to
Profit from previous cropping farmers

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Q25. Name the HYV seeds of Wheat. [2]

KEY POINTS:
Mexi Pak Bhakkar –2002
NARC 2009 AARI –II
Sarsabz Mehran 89
Zamindar –80 Shahkhan
Q26. Describe the cultivation of cotton in Pakistan. [3]
KEY POINTS:

Cotton is a Kharif crop in Pakistan and is cultivated in the
 summer season 

Sowing is mainly broadcast and begins in April in Sindh and
 May and June in Punjab. 

Fields are irrigated after 1 month. Second irrigation takes
 place after 2 months 

Cotton mostly grows in rows and the minimum distance
 between row to row is 30 –45 cm. 

In Sindh picking cotton starts from August, whereas in Punjab it begins in September or
October. 

Q27. Name the HYV seeds of Cotton. [2]

KEY POINTS:
 
 Sarmast Qalandari

 Nayab 78 

 Nabab 86 

 B –57 

 149 –F 

Bt –cotton 
Q28. Why is a much smaller increase n water demand expected for cotton? [2]
KEY POINTS:

 Cotton crop has special requirements; it cannot be grown in most of the places like wheat. 

 Fluctuating export demands due to competition. 

 Increase in wheat cultivation areas. 

Cotton is not a food crop like wheat. 

Q29. Explain why cotton yield vary from year to year?

Explain the factor which reduces the cotton production in Pakistan. [3]
KEY POINTS:
Rainfall before harvest destroys Shortage of labour due to sickness or
cotton bales. rural –urban migration.
Cold temperature Leaf curl virus
Floods Lack of irrigation water reduces
Pest attack crops yield.
Fewer profits from previous cropping Water logging ad salinity.

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Loss of soil of fertility.

Q30. Explain the factors that have caused the yield of cotton to increase per hectare. [4]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Fertilizers –for nutrients

 Irrigation –to make up all rainfall deficiency. 

 Pesticides –because pest reduce crop growth. 

 Mechanization –for faster and efficient work. 

 Education –for better farming practices 

 HYV seeds –for pest resistance and double crop production 

 Capital –for buying seeds. 

Land reform –for larger fields. 
Q31. What features makes an area suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane easier [3]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Temperature 25 –35 degrees

 Alluvial soil 

 Road and railway links 

 Monsoon rainfall (500 mm) 

 Irrigation facilities 

 Fertilizer factories 

 Many hours of sunshine 

 Dry harvesting period 

Availability of sugar mill 

Q32. What happens to sugarcane from the time it is fully grown to when sugar juice is
extracted? [3]
KEY POINTS:

Sugarcane is harvested by chopping down the stems but leaving a small part i.e. Ratoon which
 re-grow in time for the next crop. Harvest times tend to be during the dry season.

The cane is immediately transported to the sugarcane mill by truck but mostly through a donkey
 or bullock cart. 

The first stage is the extraction of cane juice. In many factories the cane is crushed in a series of

large roller mills. 
The sweet juice is gushed out and the cane fibre is carried away for use in the boilers.

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Q33. Explain how the growth of sugarcane crop can be improved by irrigation. [3]
KEY POINTS:

 Sugarcane is high water requirement crop. 

 For healthy canes, potash rich fertilizers are used. 

 Needed in case of unreliable rainfall. 

 To flush salts from the soil. 

Better yield expected by irrigation. 

Q34. Explain how sugar is made from sugar cane juice? [2]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Juice collected.

 Crystallized. 

 Sugar crystals are collected and separated from the molasses by centrifuging. 

 Refined again 

Sugar made (white and brown) 

Q35. Explain why sugar mills needed to be close to farms growing sugarcane. [2]
KEY POINTS:

 Sugarcane is bulky thus its transportation is very costly. 

Sugar cane starts to lost weight and its sugar content if crushing is delayed. 

Q36. Describe the importance to Pakistan of the by –products from sugar-mills. [4]
KEY POINTS:
BAGGASE:
 
 Used for power generation

 Used for making chip boards and animal feed. 

Used for making paper. 
MOLASSES:

 Used in chemical industry 

 Used for making different types of acid and packing plastics. 

 Used in the industrial preparation of acetic acid 

Used as an iron supplement. 
Q37. What is meant by the term “fallow?”[2] KEY POINTS:

Land that is ploughed but left unsown for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a
crop rotation. 
Q38. Name the High Yielding Varieties of sugarcane. [2]
KEY POINTS:

Mardan –92. Thatta–10
Bannu –1 Mardan–93.
JN –88 –1

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Q39. Describe the natural inputs necessary for growing rice.

Why the cultivation of rice is only restricted to few districts in Upper and Lower
Indus Plains? [4]
KEY POINTS:

 Need fertile alluvial soil 

 Flat land required so that water can stand. 

 Heavy rainfall between 1000 mm –2000 mm. 

 Impervious soil as a retentive to water loss. 

 Best suited for regions with assured water supply. 

 Need hot and humid climate. 

Best suited for the regions with prolonged sunshine during

harvesting period. 
Mean temperature around 20 –30 degrees. 

Q40. Explain why cultivation of rice is labour intensive. [3]

KEY POINTS:

Preparing fields. Transplanting seedlings
Irrigation Weeding
Fertilizing Harvesting rice.
Draining rice fields
Q41. Describe the measures to increase the cultivation of rice. [3]
KEY POINTS:

 Different rice planting system 

 Land leveling and consolidation system 

 Increase fertilizer use efficiency 

 Effective weed control system 

 Improved rain feed and irrigated system 

Use of machineries in the farm 

Q42. Name the HYV for rice. [3]

KEY POINTS:

Basmati –Super PK–386
Supri Irri - 6
Irri –9
Q43. What is marginal land? [1]
KEY POINTS:

Land such as upland, or desert border, which is difficult to cultivate and which yields little
profit. Millets and other cereals, jowar and barley are grown on marginal lands. 

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Q44. Name the temperate fruits. [2]

KEY POINTS:

Apple Peach
Apricots Walnut
Almonds Chestnut
Grapes Cherries etc.
Q45. Name the tropical fruits grown along south eastern Sindh. [2]
KEY POINTS:

Citrus Dates
Banana Mangoes etc.
Guava
Q46. Why are fruits grown mainly or for local use? [3]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Perishable item

 Bulky to transport 

 Inferior quality thus of little commercial value 

 Lack of international certificate 

 Insufficient market price 

Huge post harvest loss. 

Q47. Give the importance of vegetables to Pakistan. [2]

KEY

POINTS: 
 Higher yield potential

 Low cost of production 

 Higher nutritional value 

Vegetables are comparatively rich source of vitamins and minerals, which are essential for the
maintenance of good health and resistance against the diseases. 

Q48. What is ‘Shamilat’ ? [2]


Land that is common property of a village or tribe is locally known as ‘Shamilat’
It may includes forests, rangelands and pasture rich land.
Q49. What work is done on the farm by the animals? [2]
KEY POINTS:
Ploughing
Transportation
Threshing
Harvesting
Irrigation

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Q50. What do the livestock on the farm produce that the farmer can use or sell? [3]
KEY POINTS:
Milk Dung
Ghee Bones
Hides
Q51. Describe the nomadic method of farming? [3]
KEY POINTS:

Nomadic herding is the bringing of a herd of animal to an
area where natural pasture is present for the animals to
 graze on. 

After a certain period the herd is moved elsewhere for

grazing. 

Thus nomadic herding is a good practice which gives the
pasture time to recover from grazing and to stay healthy 

Q52. What are the disadvantages of keeping animal in a nomadic way? [2]
KEY

POINTS:
 Overgrazing leads to soil erosion.  
Poor breeding practices thus poor

 Low income for the live-stockers  quality / breed of animals. 

Spread of animal diseases. 
Q53. Name the animals that are reared by nomads in Pakistan. [2]
KEY POINTS:
Cattle (Cow, Ox and camel) Sheeps
Goats Lambs
Q54. What do you mean by Transhumance Farming. [4]
KEY POINTS:

It is a form of pastoralism or nomadic organized around migration of livestock between
mountain pastures in the warm seasons and lower altitudes for the rest of year. Most people
who practice transhumance also engage in some form of crop cultivation and there is usually
some kind of permanent settlement 
Q55. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Transhumance and nomadic
farming in mountain and desert areas of Pakistan? [4]
KEY POINTS:
ADVANTAGES:
Access to good pasture Source of food
Requires low cost. Dung for fertility of soil.
It can be carried out in areas of poor Camels are adapted to desert.
soil. Sheep and goats eat poor quality
Source of income grass.

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DISADVANTAGES:
Need to move about. Lack of vets in both areas.
Poor quality / breed of animals. Uncertain desert climate
Lack of water in the desert Leads to overgrazing
Q56. Give the importance of govt. cattle farms or commercial livestock farms? [5]
KEY POINTS:

 Good quality breeds produced 

 Proper housing for the farm animals. 

 Hygienic conditions 

 Better nutritional diet 

 Veterinary facilities 

 Funds and research provided by the government 

 Trained personnel 

 Modern techniques used i.e. Suction machines for milking etc. 

 Improvement in quality and quantity of milk 

Cold storage for farm products. 

Q57. Explain the importance of livestock farming. [5]

KEY POINTS:

 Important source of food for people. Provide meat, milk, butter, ghee and other dairy products. 

 Animals are used as draft power on the farms. 

 Livestock sector contributed 9% to the GDP and 37% to the agricultural sector. 

 Earn foreign exchange which formed 5.3% of the overall export of Pakistan. 

 Responsible for supplying 15% of total household energy in the form of dung 

Contributes in the production of organic fertilizer andfuel in the use of marginal nutritional

resources which are not directly accessible to mankind.
Provide raw material for the industrial output. 

Q58. Why livestock farming is an important part of rural life? [5]

KEY POINTS:

Livestock production is one of the major activities as about 30 –35 million people of rural areas
 are engaged in raising livestock and earning 30% - 40% of their total earning. 

Besides its importance and share in the national economy, the history of livestock rising is
embedded in the rural life since inceptionof our civilization. It is still a sign of prestige for the
 people associated with agriculture sector.

An integral part of socio –economic activities of the rural areas and plays a very supportive role
in mitigating the effects of poverty by providing essential items of daily use. 

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Q59. Name the types of buffaloes. [3]

KEY POINTS:
Nili Bar Ravi
Kundi

Q60. Explain the importance of buffalo farms to urban areas like Karachi? [3]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Provides regular and fresh milk supply.

 Products such as butter and ghee are made from milk 

 Meets the demand of large population 

 Transportation costs are reduced if the farms are located in urban areas. 

Old or male buffaloes are slaughtered, meat and leather are obtained. Karachi is an important

area for the production of leathergoods. 
Cow dung can be used as a fuel.

Q61. Explain why buffaloes are not reared in Balochistan? [2]

KEY POINTS:

 Lack of water 

 Lack of fodder crops 

 Lack of demand because of low population 

 No industrial units for dairy and leather production 

Buffaloes are not sure –footed animals and cannot move from place to place due to their bulky
body on hilly train. 

Q62. Explain why goats are important in Pakistan? [3]

KEY POINTS:

Meat is obtained which is comparatively more tasty and delicious than other animals. Due to no

acid in the milk it is better digestive to thosewho have weak digestive system. 
 In mountain areas goats are reared for milk.

Goats are also brought up in unpopulated areas and desert areas in addition 
to all types of

climatic conditions where other animals find it difficult to remain alive.
 Skin is used in making gloves, sandals, and book bindings. 

 Dung is best natural fertilizer for fruit, flower and vegetable plants. 

 Less expensive and less eating animal (stall fed only) 

Its dried intestine is very much useful in making tennis rackets. 

Q63. Name the poultry products. [1]

KEY

POINTS:
 Chicken

Egg 

Q64. Suggest the reasons why government of Pakistan discourages the rearing of goats. [3]

KEY POINTS:

Overgrazing is considered  to be detrimental to the nearby forests and as a result goat rearing is

largely being discouraged.
 Loss of vegetation thus deforestation 

Deforestation causes soil erosion and eventually floods. 

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Q65. What factors leads to the development of poultry industry in Pakistan? [3]
KEY POINTS:

With increase population, eggs and chicken have been instrumental in off-loading demand
 pressure on our meager resources of supplies of animal protein foods. 

Poultry farming is within the reach of small entrepreneurs and is, therefore, offering them
 opportunities for investment. 

 It is also providing means to the rural and sub –urban population for augmenting their income. 

To make up for acute deficiency in animal protein foods, the government gave priority to the
development of poultry which is an effective and economical source to reduce the protein
supply gap in the shortest possible time. 
Q66. What are the problems associated with livestock farming in Pakistan? [4]
KEY POINTS:

Adequate nutrition is a major problem in livestock production, the availability of green fodder
 is not sufficient. 

Lack of knowledge and awareness about the productive benefits of disease control. Vaccination
 and treatment for the animals was generally ignored by the livestock farmers. 

Pakistan has breeds with low genetic potential. The breeds with best potential such as Sahiwal
cow and Nili Buffaloes are rarely found. Pure breeds are in fact in danger. There is need to save
 and exploit the genetic potential of the high yielding breeds. 

To establish the modern livestock farms, it needs huge investment. Unlike crop sector, livestock
sector required more capital. The absence of credit disbursement to small and medium scale
 farmers the involvement of poor in the commercialization f livestock production is restricted. 

Livestock extension wing in the country ispoorly performing and biased toward large farmers
tending to neglect poor rural live-stockers.

Poor marketing system is also a significant constraint in the animal productivity. 
Q66. What is Green Revolution? [2]
KEY POINTS:

Green revolution refers to a series of research, development and technology transfer initiatives
 agriculture production around the world and saved over a billion people from
that increased
starvation.

Q67. Why some farmers were unable to use Green revolution? [2]
KEY
 POINTS:

Insufficient information and resources available to small farmers to effectively
 apply the technology. 

The absence of government support for small farmers. 

Q68. Why so many farms in Pakistan are small in size? [2]

KEY POINTS:

Inheritance law; after the death of the farmer, the distribution of land among 
heirs,
farms are divided and further subdivided and left with small fragments only.

 Division f land among tenants farmers 

 Sale of proportion of fragmented farms, farms are sub-divided. 

Lack of institutional rule of selling property. 

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 Agriculture In pakistan

Q69. What do you mean by land fragmentation? [2]

KEY POINTS:
 
The division of a farmer’s land into a usually the result of inheritance.
Q70. What are land reforms? [2]
KEY POINTS:

Land reforms means to break up large estates in small size for distribution to the
farmers with or without payments. Land reform in the past was mainly carried
primarily for equity and social justice. Now it is mainly carried out for increasing
agriculture productivity as well as the income of the farmers. 
Q71. What did the land reforms aim to do? [3]
KEY POINTS:

 To abolish feudalism, this means overthrowing the lad lord class. 

 It allowed land to be redistributed amongst tenants and others. 

It provided for security of tenants as well as for preventing the subdivision of land
 holdings. 

 Reducing poverty and empowering the poor, especially farmers and the agriculture class. 

It will help to solve the problems caused by the fact that farmers often use relatively
inefficient capital –intensive techniques due to distorted factor market prices and
those small farmers do not have access to the liberal credit subsidies on imported
machinery and capital equipment. 
Q72. Give reasons for the failure of the land reforms. [3]
KEY POINTS:
Lack of political will Transfer of papers
Incomplete land records Lack of efficient enforcing
Weak position of tenants machinery / officials.
Q73. What is land consolidation? [2]
KEY POINTS:

Land consolidation is a planned re-adjustment and re-arrangement of land parcels and their
ownership. It is applied to form larger and more rational land holdings. Land consolidation can
be used to improve the rural infrastructure and to implement the developmental and
environmental policies. 

Q74. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tractors instead of animals for
work on farm? [4]
KEY POINTS:
ADVANTAGES:

Work is done faster More efficient
Less manual work Saves animal cost
More convenient for larger fields.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Higher cost for maintenance  
Soil compaction if wrong size tyre is

 Creates unemployment 
  used. 
Can be dangerous if operated by an 
untrained person Higher initial purchase  Pollute the environment 

cost   No dung to be use as fertilizer 

 
Difficult to use on small farms etc 
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 Agriculture In pakistan

Q75. How the use of chemical fertilizers affects the physical environment? [3]
KEY

POINTS: 
 Chemical fertilizers sterilize the natural minerals and nutrients found in soil.

They affect the soil along with the water ways. In ruins 
the marine life and inland fishing

grounds making a heavy loss for the fishing department. 
Can be dangerous for the health of animals and humans.

Q76. What are the steps of sustainable agriculture? [3]

KEY POINTS:
Conserve and create healthy soil
Conserve water and protect its quality
Mange organic waste and farm chemicals so they d
Manage pests (weeds, insects and diseases etc.)
Encourage biodiversity (making of hybrids)
Conserving energy resources.

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