Me teal in | Complete Theory OSS Covering NCERT | | Case Based Questions Short/Long Answer | Type Questions : CN ela ey 3 Practice Papers Mer eese) | with ExplanationsCBSE Term II 2022. _ Chemistry Class XIl Complete Theory Covering NCERT [Bi case Based Questions Short/Long Answer Type Questions & 3 Practice Papers with Explanations Authors Arshdeep Kaur ‘Aditya Jangid >arihant ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Schoo! Division Series)>\xarihant ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (School Division Series) © Publisher [No part ofthis publication may be re pracuce, tore ina retrieval system or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording. scanning, web or otherwise without the written permission ofthe publisher. rihant has obtained al the information inthis Look from the sources believed to be reliable and true, However, Avihant aris editors or author o ilustratars dar ake any ‘esponsibility forthe absolute accuracy of any information published and the damage or loss sufered thereupon, All disputes subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only. Administrative & Production Offices Regd. Office Ramchhaya' 4577/15, Agarwal Road, Darya Gan, New Dethi-110002 Tele:017- 47630600, 43518550 ‘Head Office Kalin, TP Nagar, Meerut (UP) 250002, Te: 0121-7156203, 7156204 ‘5 Sales & Support Offices ‘aro, Rhmedobad, Bengali, Barely Chennat Oe Guwahat Hyderabad, Jiaur hans Kolata Lucknow, Nagpur & Pune. ISBN: 978-93-25796-90-4 PRICE: 7150.00 PONo, :TXT-59-TO44048-11-21 Published by Arhant Publications (dia Lt, For further information about the books published by Ahan; fog onto ‘wyrarihantbookscom or &-mai at infowarihantbookscom Fottow wson @ El EBContents CHAPTER 01 Electrochemistry 7-21 CHAPTER 02 Chemical Kinetics 22-42 CHAPTER 03 Surface Chemistry 43-60 CHAPTER 04 The d-and f-Block Elements 61-76 CHAPTER 05 Coordination Compounds 77 CHAPTER 06 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 97-116 CHAPTER 07 Amines 117-135 Practice Papers (1-3) 136-748 | Watch Free Learning Videos Subscribe arihant You.) Channel @ Video Solutions of CBSE Sample Papers @ Chapterwise Important MCQs @% CBSE Updates_— a Syllabus CBSE Term II Class 12 | S.No. Unit | Periods | Marks 2 Chemical Kinetics 5 a 3 Surface Chemistry 5 4 drand flock Elements Lat! : 5 Coordination Compounds s |? 6. Aldehyces, Ketones and Carboxylic Aclds wv | 7 ‘Amines 7 49 35 1. Electrochemistry ; Redox reactions, EMF ofa cll standard electrode potential, Nemst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs eneray change and EMF of acell, conductance in electrolstic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis, 2. Chemical Kinetics : Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and frst order reactions). 3. Surface Chemistry : Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of ‘gases on solids, colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; Iyophilc,lyophobic, mult«molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation. 4. d-and f-Block Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals ~ ‘metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radi, colour, catalytic property, ‘magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. 5. Coordination Compounds : Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination ‘number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VT, and CFT. 6. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Aeids : Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of ‘earbony! group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses, 7. Amines : Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.CBSE Circular Exam Scheme Term | & Il ara arate fren até Riven sitar, rer Bente stella Cer Fae TEA) CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (Un autonaneus Orension ender he rye auenon, Govt nl) Se CBSE/DIR (ACADy2021 Date: July 05, 2024 Circular No: Acad-51/2021 All the Heads of Schools afi ied to CBSE Subject: Special Scheme of Assessment for Board Examination Classes X and XII for the Session 2021-22 COVID 19 pandemic caused almost all CBSE schools to function in a virtual mode for most part of the academic session of 2020-21. Due to the extreme risk ‘associated with the conduct of Board examinations during the second wave in April 2021, CBSE had to cancel both its class X and XI! Board examinations of the year 2021 and results are to be declared on the basis of a credible, reliable, flexible and valid alternative assessment policy. This, in turn, also necessitated deliberations. ‘over alternative ways to look at the learning objectives as well as the conduct of the Board Examinations for the academic session 2021-22 in case the situation remains unfeasible. CBSE has also held stake holder consultations with Government schools as well as private independent schools from across the country especially schools from the remote rural areas and a majority of them have requested for the rationalization of the syllabus, similar to last year in view of reduced time permitted for organizing online classes. The Board has also considered the concerns regarding differential availabilty of electronic gadgets, connectivity and effectiveness of online teaching ‘and other socio-economic Issues specially with respect to students from ‘economically weaker section and those residing in far flung areas of the country. In a survey conducted by CBSE, it was revealed that the rationalized syllabus notified for the session 2020-21 was effective for schools in covering the syllabus and helped learners in achieving learning objectives in a less stressful manner. In the above backdrop and in line with the Board's continued focus on assessing stipulated learning outcomes by making the examinations competencies and core concepts based, student-centric, transparent, technology-driven, and having ‘advance provision of allematives for different future scenarios, the following schemes are introduced for the Academic Session for Class X and Glass Xil 2021-22.@la arate fran até (Botan Sater, ware weaned apes wer Fara HiT) CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (An Autonomous Organisation under the Misty Even, Govt ofl) session to be divided into 2 Terms with approximately 50% syllabus in each term: The syllabus for the Academic session 2021-22 will be divided into 2 terms by following a systematic approach by looking into the interconnectivity of concepts and topics by the Subject Experts and the Board will conduct examinations at the end of each term on the basis of the bifurcated syllabus. This is done to increase the probability of having a Board conducted classes X and XII examinations at the end of the academic session. B. The syllabus for the Board examination 2021-22 will be rationalized similar to that of the last academic session to be nolified in July 2021. For academic transactions, however, schools will follow the curriculum and syllabus roleased by the Board vide Circular no. F.1001/CBSE- Acad/Curriculum/2021 dated 31 March 2021. Schools will also use alternative academic calendar and inputs from the NCERT on transacting the curriculum. C. Efforts will be made to make Internal Assessment/ Practical/ Project work more credible and valid as per the guidelines and Moderation Policy to be announced by the Board to ensure fair Details of Curriculum Transaction * Schools will continue teaching in distance mode till the authorities permit in- person mode of teaching in schools. © Classes IX-X: Internal Assessment (throughout the year-imespective of Term | and |) would include the 3 periodic tests, student enrichment, portfolio ‘and practical work/ speaking listening activities/ project. * Classes XI-Xll: Internal Assessment (throughout the year-irrespective of Term | and Il) would include end of topic or unit tests/ exploratory activities/ practicals/ projects. © Schools would create a student profile for all assessment undertaken over the year and retain the evidences in digital format. © CBSE will facilitate schools to upload marks of Intemal Assessment on the CBSE IT platform. «Guidelines for Internal Assessment for all subjects will also be released along with the rationalized term wise divided syllabus for the session 2021-22.The Board would also provide additional resources like sample assessments, question banks, teacher training etc. for more reliable and valid internal assessments.a@rdla create fran are (Raven wearer, saree ereenre ae nef eR Rena TSA) as CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (an Autonameus Organisation under the Minsryot Easton, Govt. oft) ‘Term 1 Examinations: ‘+ At the end of the first term, the Board will organize Term | Examination in a flexible schedule to be conducted between November-December 2021 with a window period of 4-8 weeks for schools situated in different parts of country and abroad. Dates for conduct of examinations will be notified subsequently. + The Question Paper will have Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) including case-based MCQs and MCQs on assertion-reasoning type. Duration of test will be 90 minutes and it will cover only the rationalized syllabus of Term | only (i.e. approx. 50% of the entire syllabus). * Question Papers will be sent by the CBSE to schools along with marking scheme. + The exams will be conducted under the supervision of the External Center Superintendents and Observers appointed by CBSE. © The responses of students will be captured on OMR sheets which, after scanning may be directly uploaded at CBSE portal or alternatively may be evaluated and marks obtained will be uploaded by the school on the very same day. The final diraction in this regard will be conveyed to schools by the Examination Unit of the Board. © Marks of the Term I Examination will contribute to the final overall score of students. ‘Term I Examination/ Year-end Examination: ‘+ At the end of the second term, the Board would organize Term Il or Year- end Examination based on the rationalized syllabus of Term Il only (i.e. approximately 50% of the entire syllabus). + This examination would be held around March-April 2022 at the examination centres fixed by the Board. , + The paper will be of 2 hours duration and have questions of different To cover this CARE Pa ea a Gicetouciee formats (case-based) situation based, open ended- short answer! long javegiven answer type), both MCQs and In case the situation is not conducive for normal descriptive examination a 90 subpnctive! 7 |__minute MCQ based exam wil be conducted atthe end of the Term I also. Questions in = a each Chapter. ‘+ Marks of the Term I! Examination would contribute to the final overall score.i | 1 a presssarae toms Rarer Hater, soe sree oreter GH FATA ATT) CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (An Autonomous Organisation uncer the Minisiyot EGveation, Govt. of Ina) Assessment / Examination as per different situations A. In case the situation of the pandemic improves and students are able to come to schools or centres for taking the exams. Board would conduct Term | and Term Il examinations at schoois/centres and the theory marks will be distributed equally between the two exams. B. In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools during November-December 2021, but Term Il exams are held at schools or centres. Term | MCQ based examination would be done by students online/offline from home - in this case, the weightage of this exam for the final score would be reduced, and weightage of Term Il exams will be increased for declaration of final result. €. In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools during March-April 2022, but Term | exams are held at schools or centres. Results would be based on the performance of students on Term | MCQ based examination and internal assessments. The weightage of marks of Term | examination conducted by the Board will be increased to provide year end results of candidates. D. In case the situation of the pandemic forces complete closure of schools and Board conducted Term | and Il exams are taken by the candidates from home in the session 2021-22, Results would be computed on the basis of the Internal AssessmentPractical/Project Work and Theory marks of Term-I and II exams taken by the candidate from home in Class X / XII subject to the moderation or other measures to ensure validity and reliability of the assessment. In all the above cases, data analysis of marks of students will be undertaken to ensure the integrity of internal assessments and home based exams. Dr. Joseph¥—mmanuel Director (Academics) ela urate fer ate a RENet Ne Electrochemistry In this Chapter... * Cells * Electrode Potential « Nernst Equation * Electrochemical Series ‘* Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions Electrochemistry is the study of production of electricity fromm energy released during spontaneous chemical reactions ard the use of electrical energy to bring about non-spontaneous ehemical transformations, Cells Cells are the devices that involves the interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. These are of two types (i) Electrochemical cell In this cell, chemical reactions are ‘carried out that result in production of electricity. [ts also called as voltaic or galvanie cell e g. Daniell cell. (ii) Electrolytic cell In this col, electricity is used to produce ‘non-spontaneous chemical changes. As there occur, breaking down of a molecule with the help of electricity, the process is, called electrolysis, Electrolytic cell and Eleetroche Electrolytic ell (Galvanic oF voice) ‘Non-spontaneous redox reaction is made to reco reaction is converted into ‘Occur in different electrolytic solutions. Salt-bridge i essential to maintain eleetrooeutality No salt-bridge is required “Cathode is negative and anode is positive electrode. Gibbs energy of the spontaneous electrical work. e.g. Daniell cll ode is positive and anode is negative electrode, Electrode Potential Potential difere he ‘metal ion, in which electrode is dipped is ealled electrode potential. At 1 atm pressure and IM concentration of electrolyte, cleetrode potential is also known as standard electrode potential (£9 According to the IUPAC convention, standard reduction potential of cell is now called standard electrode potential The difference between electrode potentials (reduction potential of the two half-cels of a cel is known as cell potential etal and the Bsa = Eaton t Erection cathode = Eat Ete rede ‘When switch isin on position, the flow of electrons is from. negative electrode to the positive electrode and the direction of current flow is opposite to that of electron flow. Electromotive force (emf) of a cell is the potential difference, when no current is drawn through the cell Tis measured in volts (V). It depends upon the following factors (i) nature of metals and its ions. (i) concentrations of electrolysis used. Gi) temperature. www.jeeneetadda.inCell Representation While representing the galvanic cell, the anode is written on the left and the cathode on the right. A vertical line separates the metal from the metal ion (electrolyte solution) and a double vertical line indicates a salt bridge connecting the two half-cells (two electrolytes) The state of the metal and the solution is written with the concentration of the electrolyte in parenthesis. My(s)| Mi" (aq) [| M3" (aq)| At g(s) Let us consider an example to understand the concept. Step 1 Write the chemical reaction ‘CBSE Term II | Chemistry xj, Some metas like platinum or gold are used as inert clectrodes. They do not participate in the reaction but provide their surface for oxidation or reduetion and for the conduction of electrons. Electrochemical Series ‘The arrangement of various standard half cells in the order of their decreasing values of standard reduction potential is called electrochemical series. Standard electrode potentials at 298K (Electrochemical series) Cell reaction Reaction (oxidised form + ne” —> reduced form) Cus) + 24g*(aq) —+ Cu** (aq) + 2Ag(s) . ay Step TL Split the reaction into two half-cell reactions File) + 2 -_ ase Half-cell reactions cae all ul ‘Aconthode (eduston) 1.0. + 24%} 20" —> 28,0 178 : . MnO; +'8AT +5 e7 —> Minit 4 41,0 15k 2Ag* (aq) +22” —> 2Ag{s) ; s At anode (oxidation) veh ose Sante aed Cals) —> Ca** (aq) + 2e° Glgle) + 26 — ect 136 Step TI Represent the complete reaction according to the me ME 0 HACE ETO aS conversion discussed above. Og(g)+ 4 + de" | —> 21,0 133 Cula}|Cu2*(aq)H1 Ag Caa)| Ags) MnOq(0)+ 4H" + 2¢° — Mn#? + 21150 123 ‘The EMF of the cell can be represented as yt oe 10 2 ag By NOj+4H"+3e" 4 NO(g)+ 2H,0 0.97 For cell reaction; | Het + 20° — Het 92 Cuts) + 2Ag* (ag) —> Cu**(aq) +2A¢(s) B| Ae +e — Agls) 0.80 | 3 Fett = Epesng ~ Dc, B Feit ee — Fe? om : aat “edhe B| ong) 2H +2 5 #0, oss | Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) Bl eae a oss |= ‘The construction of the SHE is shown in the figure below gf orte — Cals) 052 |S B | cut + 20° — Cals) oss |% or Z| acle)+e > Ags) er oa2 | E ‘bat | AeBr is) + SS Ag(s)+ Br 010 | & B | ane +20" — Bye) ao | Pern | pb? + 267 —> Pb(s) -013 | 2 Sa + 267 — sale) 014 } nay ved platinum Nit 4 Be — Nite) 025 coated on patna a Fe" 4.207 =3mG) ah Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) cr + 567 — cr6) 074 ‘The standard hydrogen electrode consists of a platinum Znt* + Be" — ta(s) 076 electrode coated with platinum black. The electrode is 2H,0 + 26 HH, (@)+ 208faq) -0.83 dinpedin a acidic soltion and pure hydrogen i anes = ita Se yubbled through it Seat : Mgt + 20 — Mats e ‘AL 208K, the emf is measured by combining the SHE of the Me he an ae anode and another half-cell of the cathode, resulting in the ere Ne -27 standard reduction potential of the other half-cell (cathode). oa — Cafe) 2.87 EMF ofthe cell =Eey =E 4-2 ie ek) -293 As Ey for SHE is zero, E” ee He) 3.05 www.jeeneetadda.in a SSS SS| CBSE Term Ii | Chemistry xi Note + Negative £* means thatthe redox couple i sronge reducing agent thanH” /H,, eg 2n (-0 76), + Positive £°menns thatthe redox couple fsa weaker reducing agentthanH” / Hee. Ag(= 0.60) From top to bottom in the table, the standard electrode potential decreases and with this, decreases the oxidising power of the species on the left and increases the reducing power ofthe species on the right hand side of the reaction, Electrochemical series also helps to predict the feasibility of a redox reaction, thermal stability of metal oxides and spontaneity of an electrochemical cell by choosing the halfells with appropriate E® values Ifthe standard electrode potential of an electrode is greater than zero, then its reduced form is more stable as compared to hydrogen gas and vice-versa ‘The standard electrode potential for flourine is highest which, indicates that fluorine gas(F.) has maximum tendency to get reduced to fluoride ion (F~). In case of lithium, lithium ion is weakest oxidising agent while lithinm metal is the most powerful reducing agent in an aqueous solution Nernst Equation + Fora general electrochemical reaction of the type aA+bB—“—9cC +dD erst equation is written as 2.303R7 1, [CI (DI* nF (ayts)? Ea = Even — A295 K, 0591, [C1 (DI* Fea Fea Tata where, E-=electrode potential E°=standard electrode potential ' R= gas constant, T =temperature, F= Faraday constant n=number of electrons invelved in reaction + Nemst equation is used to find equilibrium constant and Gibb’s free energy change by using the formula's 0.0591 ‘where, K = equilibrium constant @ Ep = logKe fs Atequilibrium , Exgy = 0) where, AG?= standard Gibbs free energy change (i) 4,6" =-2303RT og, If two half reactions having potentials B,E3 are combined to give a third half reaction having a potential 3, then, AG} =AG; + AG} or E} amet male Relation between Eq and pH 1 - 0.0591 log—— eH] =0-0.0591 (—log| H*]) =-0.0591 pH fs pH =-log/H") Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 4) The electrical resistance (A) of any object is directly proportional to its length Zand inversely proportional to itsarea oferosesection A ‘Thus, R or or R= a where, pis resistivity (or specificresistance) ofthe object. ‘The ST unit of resistance is ohm (Q) and it can be measured with the help of a Wheatstone bridge. Ai) Resistivity (specific resistance) is defined as the BO etc gaily a substance of m length with ae of eross-scetion tol m? Tts Sfunit is ohm metre (Q-m). E, ity Pe my The ainntty Lis called the cell constant. Itis denoted by the symbol G* twill be given by, co ateaxn ‘The unit of cell constant (") is m7? Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance and dofined as the ease with which the electrie current flows through the conduetor, G = Here, R= Resistance SI unit of G=Siemen (S) or ohm (iv) Conduetivity or specific conductance (x) of an electrolytic solution may be defined as the conductance of solution of lm length with its area of eross-section equal tol m® x cell constant R Its unit is Sm“ or ohm? mm” (¥) Molar conductivity (A,,)is defined as the conducting power of all the ions produced by dissolving one mole of an electrolyte placed between two electrodes with area of cross-section ‘A’ and at a distaneo of 1 em. kis given by, Ay Here, x is expressed in Sm! and in mol m~ thus, unit of A,, isSm?mol™ or ohm~'m?mol www.jeeneetadda.inwhere, M =molarity of solution Ifcis Sem" The then unit is Q"em*mol"! or § em®mol~! olar conductivity can a xa inne “aT Since, 1 =1 and A=V (volume containing 1 mole of electrolyte) 0 be written as, ev Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration Conductivity always decreases with decrease in concentration both for weak and strong electrolyte. This is due to the fact that the number of ions that carry current in a unit volume of solution always decreases with decrease in concentration. Molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration because the total volume V of solution containing 1 mole of electrolyte increases. When the concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity reaches a limiting value, known as limiting molar conductivity and is denoted by A,,, For strong electrolytes, 4, increases slowly with dilution: This can be represented by Debye-Huckel Onsager equation, Ag =X, -Ave ‘The value of constant ‘a’ depends upon the typeuf electrolyte, ie. the charges on the cation and anfon produced on the dissociation of electrolyte in the solution. Therefore NaCl, CaClp, MgSO, are known as 1152: Land 2:2 electrolvtes, respectively In case of weak electrolytes, like aectic acid, a lower value of degree of dissociation is observed at higher concentration and hence, there isa rapid increase inthe value of A, with dilation, The limiting molar conduetivity can he determined by using Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Kohlrausch’s law states that limiting molar conductivity ofan electrolyte is the sum of individual contributions of conductivity of cation and anion of the electrolyte. Keg aay tyke (rand jumber of cations and anions) Some important applications of Kohlrausch law are as follows (i) Degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte ean be 4, determined as, a= 4" Am jolar conduetivity at a given concentration, ting molar conductivity). CBSE Term II | Chemistry Xi) (i) Dissociation constant ean be determined as Cat K 5 for weak electrolyte) [C-=concentration, « =degree of dissociation] Products of Electrolysis Products of electrolysis depend upon the nature of material being cleetrolysed, the type of electrodes being used, different oxidising and redueing species present in the electrolytic cell and their standard electrode potentials, over voltage (kinetic barrier) Some important examples of electrolysis are as follows : + Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride At eathode Na” (ag) +e" —> Nas) 201° (aq) —> Cla g) + 2e7 Atanode + Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride Atcathode 11,0 (I) +67 > H,(g) + OH" (aq) Atanode CI (aq) 3 Chala) +> Net reaction NaCllaq) + HO) —> Nat (aq) + OH (aq) + Shale) Ey 5Ole) Note Ar cathode, H, i produced due to higher value of and at anode due to oxygen over potential liberation af chlorine gas is prefered + Blectrolyss of sulphur acid Atanode 2H,0 (1) —> O,(g) + 4H%(aq) + 46°; By =128 Vf) 280} (aq) —> 8,03-(0q) +e"; Bigg =1.96 V fi) For dilute sulphuric acid, reaction (i is preferred but at higher concentration of H,SQ,, reaction (ii) is preferred Atcathode H* +e” —> FHales E24 =0.00V + Electrolysis of brine using, Hg as a cathode, Ateathode Na +e” —> Na Na+Hg—> Na— Hg. 2Na— Hg + DH,O—» 2NcOH + Hig +H4(g) Atanode CI” (aq) —+ EOsle) +e". Boy =1.36V 2H,0() —+ 0, (e) + 4H" (aq) +4e"; E24 =1,93" www.jeeneetadda.in «Solved Examples Example 1. (i) Formulate the electrochemical cell representing the reaction 2Cr(s) + 3Fe** (ag) —> 2Cr** (aq) + 3Fe (5) (ii) Calculate Bo. [Given, E>, 56 ¢, =-0.74 Ve E%, 2+ p= 0-44 VI Sol. () Representation of the given cell, Cris) | Cr ¢ag)|] Fe? (aq) | Fets) 044-078) 044 +074=030V Example 2. Calculate the potential for half-cell containing 0.10 M Cr,03 (aq), 0.20 M Cr**(aq) and 1.0x 104M H" (aq). The half-cell reaction is Cr,0} (aq)+14H" (aq) +6e” —>2Cr**(aq)+ THO) and the standard electrode potential is given as #?=1.33 V. Sol. Given, [C0 ]=0.10 M,[Ce"] = 020 M and [HT] =1 104M, fa = 138 V0 6 «00501, [eet Boa = Fey — ——— 8 or iv "cor TWF Loa v_2081Y jy 03)" 6 anon 107 0.0501 V 4x10? sunv- gto a 6 oD 10 2133-2091 fog d «10 =133V- 0.0501 V 55,6021 sav-0saTTV 7323 Example 3. The standard electrode potential (£9 for Daniell cell is +1.1 V. Calculate the A G° for the reaction. Za(s) + Cu?* (ag) ——> Zn** (ag) + Culs) a F= 96500 C mol!) Sol. Zn(s)+Ca®*(ag)——> Zn (aq) + Cols) Bes 411 V,AG* LF = 96500 Cmol™,n =2 AG? =~ nFE® =~ 2 x96500%1.1 212300 J mot * Example 4. Calculate emf of the following cell at 25 °C. Fe|Fe** (0.001M)|| H * (0.01M)|113(g) (Ibar) |PU(s) =0.00V (Delhi 2015) ‘Sol. For the fvén cell representation, the cell reaction will be Fe(s )+ 201" (eq)—> Fe**(aq) + #,(@) ‘The standard emf ofthe cell will be Boa Evy yim Ekgtires Baa =0~ (048) = O44 ‘The Nemst equation for the cell reaction at 25°C, .. 0.0591 en Lh = ora nee ont 22521 og 2200, 2 oor = 0.44 0.02955 (log10) = 0.44 0.02955 (1) 41045 V = 0.41 Example 8. Calculate tho cell emf and A,G°for the cell reaction at 25°C, ‘Za(s) | Zn** (0.1M)}| Cd**(0.01M) |Cd(s) [Given, E°,,24 2, =~ 0.763 V, B%y2* ca =~ 0.403 V 1 F= 96500 C mol, R = 8.314 JK“ mol] Find Ez, = E°,ataie — E°aoae then, A,G?by using formula, A,G?=—nFE?.)- =~ 0.403 ~ (- 0.763) = 0.36 V fe fogio= 1) SO! Fan = Bye Eka 0.059 | zn?* (ag) Bea Bea, -—— 8 ay, > Caen) eg = 036-2239 jog OL 2 Sool gy = 0.36~ 0.0295 log 10 = 0.36~ 010295 1= 0.3305 V A,G® == nPE%) =~ 296500 0.36 =~ 69480) mol = 69.48 kd mot” www.jeeneetadda.in, CBSE Term il | Chemistry xy, Example 6. Conductivity oftwo electrolyte solutions Aand Example 8, The electrical resistance of column of Beach havinga concentration of 0.1 M are8.5x 10°28 em~!_ 0,05 M NaOH solution of diameter 1 em and length 50 em and 4.1x 10 $ cm“ respectively. Which ofthe two offers. is555 10° Q. Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and less resistance to the flow of current ? molar conductivity. 1 See () Galeulate area from ri y using, A= nr Hence, B will offer greater resistance. (ii) Calculate resistivity from the formula, p- Example 7. Conductivity of 0.00241 M acetic acid eI Ei solution is 7.896% 10-5 ii) Calculate conductivity (x) from resistivity as k=1/p Calculate its molar conductivity in this solution. IfA%, for |v) Calculate mblar conductivity, A,, by using the formula | acetic acid be 390.5 § cm? mol", what would be its Ae | dissociation constant? (NCERT) = J | (i) First, find molar conductivity using the formula, ce _ ex 1000. io Resistivity i) Then, find degree of dissociation (a) and dissociation constant (K, )by using formula, m ‘50cm | Ae a - = A and K, = CF respectively = #11350 ae Dea Conductivity, = bw 1 emt ae — p 87438 | lee n= 16H Sea Eas A ascoo = 2905 Sem? mol — Ae a " = 1,148 x 107 $ em aud Molaity (M) = 0.00241 M 7 = 1000 “Molar conductivity, Molar conductivity, AG, = Ssrm0 | Ne Nota me 7.896% 10S em! 31000 Oe 1 10° 1000 2 mot 0.00241 M{tmiol cm~*) a ops 229.6 S em" mol a Degree of dissociation, a = 2.76 S exh mol Example 9. Calculate A%, for acetic acid, Given that, A’. (icy = 426 S em* mol For dissociation constant of acetic acid, CH,COOH =126 Sem? mol"! CH,COOH == CH,COO"+ HY =pUpia® anit Initial cone o o Aer time ~Ca cca ‘at.coo- Dissociation constant, (cH,COO"] p1"] «"" [CH,COOt} 1.00261 (8.4 x 10%)? (= 0084) * Nexo * var Nn nich * 4 cexscoona ~ A pssct) = (126+ 91~ 126) § em? mol"! =991S em? mol www.jeeneetadda.inChapter Practice Objective Questions * Multiple Choice Questions 1. The electrode potential of a half-cell depends upon (a) nature of metal (b) concentration of metal fons in solution (¢) temperature of the solution (4) all ofthe above 2. For the electrochemical cell, ‘Ag| AgCl|KCI || AgNOs| Ag”, the overall cell reaction is (a) Ag’ + KCL—> AgCl() +K* 1b) Ag AgCl—+ 248+ 3. (@ AgCle) —> Ag + cr (a) Ag” + Cl’ —> Agcy 3. For the cell, CulCu”"||Ag*| Ag. Ecqy = 40.46 V_ Ifconcentration of Cu ions is danbled, then E31 will be (@ halved (b) doubled (6) four times (d) remains the same 4, In the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution, which of the half cell reaction will occur at anode? (a) Na*(oq) + ©” —> Nas), By =-271V (6) 211,01) —> 0, (g) + AH (ag) + 4 ES) ()H* (aq) +" —> ; Hy, (a) Ezy = 0.00 Cr (ay) pb tg) + Ray #136 = Abutton cell used in watches, funetions as following: Za(s) + Ag,O(s)+ 1,0 2Ag(s) + Zn?" (aq) + 20H" (aq) es i Ifhalf-cell potentials are : Zn* (aq) +2e° —> Zn(s); E°= +0.76V ‘Ag,0(s) + HOC!) +2e” —> 2Ag(s) +208 E°=0.34V. ‘The cell potential will be @uv woa2v (osiv (Lav Compound? XA, XB, XC are added into separate test tubes containing A. B, C solutions. XB react with A and ©. XA does not react with any of these. XC reacts with A. Arrange the anion in the decreasing order of their oxidation. (@) A> B>C WB >C >a (QO >a>B (@) B> A> Using the data given below find out the strongest reducing agent. E®agbice* = 133V; E®ayer =1.36V E°vnoq/Me2* =1L51V; Eee cr = - 074V @cr Wer face (Mn In the given reaction, 2Cu* (aq) Cu (aq) +Cu(s) =06Vand FE)» o41V E 2 ‘cur ieu The equilibrium constant for this reaction will be (0) 2.76 «10 () 276-10" (9) 2.760108 (2.76 x10" Electrode potential for Mg electrode varies according to the equation www.jeeneetadda.inThe graph of Ey, vs log [Mg Jis Me ‘egig?"}> logiMa* 1+ af ) @ Ny, ioalve > ‘eaMg > 10. Which of the following statement is comrect? (2) E,qand A, Gof cell reaction both are extensive properties (b) Ea and 4, Gof cell reaction both are intensive properties (©) Eq isan intensive property while A, Gof ell reaction is ab extensive property (@) Ecayis an extensive property while A,C of cell rescton is at'intensive property 11. The Gibbs energy for the decomposition of Al,O at 500°C is as follows 24,0, > 4a1+0,5 4,6=+ 9601) nol! The potential difference needed for the electrolyti¢ reduction of aluminium oxide (Al 05) at 500°C is atleast (a45v (b) 3.0V () 25V @iov 12, Ifthe Ejay for a given reaction has « negative value, then which of the following gives the correct relationships for the values of AG?and Key? (@)AG?>0K, 0.K, >1 (acre Ka >l @acr Ag(s); £°=0.80V HY (ag) +e" —> ZH: E°= 0.00 On the basis of their standard electrode potential values, which reaction is feasible at cathode and why? Long Answer Type Questions 21. (i) Calculate Ey for the following reaction at 298 K: 2AN(s) + 3Cu?*(0.01 M) —> 2a¥* (0.01 M) +8Cu(s) Given, Egu = 1.98V ii) Using the £° values of A and B, predict which is better for coating tho surface of iron [B°GRe**(dFe) =-0.44V] to prevent corrosion and why? Given ® E°(A%*/A) =-2.87 V, E(B") B) =-0.14V (Delhi 2010) 22<(i)’The emf of the following cell at 298 K is 0.1745 V. Fe{s)|Fe7* (0.1 M)||1” (@ M)|H2(z)(1 bar) Pt(s) Given, Ext jp = OAV Caleulate the H” ions concentration of the solution at the electrode where hydrogen is being produced, (3) Why on dilution the A,, of CH,COOH increases, drastically, while that of CHyCOONa increases gradually? (NCERT Exemplar) 23. (i) State Kohlrausch law . (ii) Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K: Al(s)] Al®*(0.15 M)||Cu** 0.025 M| Cu(s) (Given : E", a aa a Jog 0.15 = ~0.8239, log 0.025 = -1.6020) 24, (i) On the basis of E® values identify which amongst the following is the strongest oxidising agent? Clylg) + 26° — 2C1; F°=41.36V MnO; + 8H* +5 e°—>Mn™ +4H,0; EP=151V CnO% + 14H" + Ge" 2cr* + 7,0, BP=+1.33V (ii) The following figure 2, represents variation of (Ap, 08 VC for an electrolyte. Here, Ag, is the molar conductivity and C is the concentration of the electrolyte www.jeeneetadda.in1500. 1488: 04 Drs Evees Ss Sure wa 70. © 005.010 .0f5 080 025 alo ass en" (a) Define molar conductivity. (b) Identify the nature ofelectrolyte on the basis of the above plot. Justify your answer. (©) Determine the value of A, forthe electrolyte, (@) Show how to calculate the value of Afor the electrolyte using the above graph, 25. (3) Calculate emf of the following cell Zn(3) /Zn**(0.1 M) || (0.01 M) Ag* / Ag(s) Given Ey,2.,,, =— 0.76V, [Given, log 10 (i Xand Y are two electrolytes. On dilution molar conductivity of 'X” increases 2.6 times, while that OfY increases 25 times. Which of the two is a weak electrolyte and why? (All India 2020) 26. (i) The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 M_ KOH solution of length 50 em and arca of cross-section 0.625 em? is 5 x 10° ohm. Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and molar conductivity. (ii) Prodict the products of electrolysis of an aqueous solution of CuCl, with platinum electrodes. (Given: Be, 2. oy =F OVE yg gay gy) 2 138V Ei gig. re 7 200 Eso, 1,0) =* 123 ¥) (All India 2020) 27. (i) When a bright silver object is placed in the solution of gold chloride, it acquires a golden tinge but nothing happens when itis placed in a solution of copper chloride. Explain this behaviour of silver. CBSE Term It | Chemistry yy [Given: Fe, 2 qy “+ O34 Bags jpg =+0-80V, Ej, gy 2t140V) (i) 2c ser pie T ste savin 80° ea) i 2aP* (ag) Consider the figure given above and answer the following questions: (a) What is the direction of flow of electrons? (©) Which one is anode and which one is cathode? (©), What will happen if the salt bridge is removed? (@) How will concentration of Zn** and Ag* ions be affected when the cell functions? | (c) How will concentration of these ions be affected when the cell becomes dead? © Case Based Questions 28. Read the following and answer the questions from (i) to (iv) given below Molar conductivity, A, is defined as the conducting ower of al the ions produced by dissolving one gram mole of an electrolyte in solution. It is related to conductivity (or specific conductance), «as follows Molar conductivity, A,, =“ a In the above equation, if k is expressed in Sm“! and the concentration C in mol m~* then the units of Ay are inSm*mol~ Now, I mol m™ =molarity (mol/L)x1001 / m? Hence, A,, (Sm? mol) =k (Sm) /molarity (mol L)x1000Lm™ Ifk is expressed in Som and C in mol em, then the units for A,, areS em? mol. It can be calculated by using the equation (Sem) 100 (em? /L) molarity (mol/L) Both type of units are used in literat are related to each other by the equations. nd A(S cm? mol www.jeeneetadda.in(CBSE Term Il | Chemistry XII 18 m*mol™ = 10'S cm*mol 1S em*mol' = 10~§ em?mol Equivalent conductance, A (lambda). [t is defined as the condueting power of all the ions produced by dissolving one gram equivalent of an electrolyte in solution, {i) The molar conductivity of a 1.5 M solution of an electrolyte is found to be 138,9 Sem? mol. Calculate the conductivity of the solution. (ii) How is the unit of molar conductivity arrived ? (ii) Calculate the degree of dissociation (a) of acetic acid if its molar conductivity(A.q )i8 40.05 S cm? mol Given: 2°CH *)= 349.68 em® mol and 4°(A)= 50.98 em*mol (iv) Why does the conductivity of a solution decrease with dilution? Or What is the effect of decreasing concentration on the molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte? 29. Read the following and answer the questions from (}) to (iv) given below Standard potentials are physical electrochemical quantities that represent essential properties of systems that involves metals and gases on the one hand and ions in solution on the other. ‘The standard potentials are always measured under standard conditions, ie. when the pressure of a gas is atm, concentration of ions is 1 mol dm ~ and the temperature is 298 K. However, practically standard conditions are hardly achieved or used. The potential of the electrode whose reaction can be written (in the form or reduction) as ‘M"* (aq) +ne" —> M(s) which is measured against standard hydrogen electrode, is written as * rE ar, (Ml ering Bia ae Tae] ‘This is known as the Nernst equation () Write Nemst equation for the following cell reaction Zn | Zn?*(aq)||Cu2* (aq)|Culs) (ji) What isthe effect of increase in concentration of zinc ions of the electrode potential of zine electrode for which E,,>,., equals -0.76V? (iii) How can the reduction potential of an electrode be increased? (iv) What does the standard electrode potential of a metal being negative (E>, +, =~ 0.7632) indicate ? Or How does temperature affect Nernst equation? www.jeeneetadda.inEXPLANATIONS Objective Questions 8. (c) Overall cell reaction, a 1. (@) Bleotrode potential of any half-cell depends al of the Beara ——y Gale) + Cte) given options, ie, on ngture of metal, concentration of metal ell potential (E; o fons in the solution and temperature of solution. ce 2. (c) For the electrochemical cell, As we Know that ‘Ag | AGC! | KCI || AgNO, | Ag* =nFE* =~ RT In Ky ‘The celll reaction is we on AgCl (6) +e” —> Ag+ CI’Caq) = PK" (3300RTF) ——__As > Aa"(ag) + 6° 76x 10° Overall cell reaction, ‘AgCi(s) —> Ag’ + cr 3.) Fo = Fostete ~ Bone This equation represents equation of straight bine. 1 ie. itdoes not depend upon the concentration of fons comelated as Hence, if the concentration of Cu** ions is doubled. then Fey wilremaine theta — Kage” iia) 4. @) Incase of electrolysis of aqueous NaCl, oxidation . t if t feaction occurs at anode a follows y uw x “ De intercept (C= 2050) oct Mee" I+ Es ve 0.059) OF (ag) > BOL la) +e; Keg = 138 059) 2H,O() —+ Og(2)* AIT" (ag) M40": E, Slope = 8S But due to lower By value, water should get ovine’ Tha eaation eae preference of CI” (aq) However, the actual reaction taking place in the concentrated solution of NaCl i (d) and not (b)4f, Clais produced and not 0, u This unexpected result is explained on the basis ofthe concept of ‘overvoltage’ ie. water needs fester voltage for vooia > oxidation to O, (as it is kinetically slow process) than that 40 aphically represented as 0.059 ‘Siope C= Evrae ne . c) Eis am intensive property as it does not depend upon needed for oxidation of CI” ions 16, smn ot pects (yore ofpuciated Bat Siete cae ‘Thus, the correct option is (d}wot(). reaction s an extensive property becatise this depends upon 5. (a) Anode is always the site of oxidation ancl cathode is the ‘mass of species (number of particles) site of reduction. 11, () The half-cell reactions are ‘Thus, anode half-cell is AAI” —s 4A1+ 126" [Reduction] Za(s) —+ Zn? (aq)+2e"; E°= -076V fis 60% yoy), [oaiaty and cathode half-cell is es ‘Ag,0(0) + H,O(I) + 20° —> 2Ag{s) + 20H (ag) or {A —s4al+4e7 [Reduction] E=034V ee es Bele 4+20h 50, (Ostdationl ° Sphise are As we know that, Boy =034-(-076)=11V ae 1 6.) Oxidising tendency oa pol Given, AG = + 96010 mol"! = 9601000 3 mot”! XA —+ No reaction n= AF = 4965000 XB —> AC 2 9601000 =~ 496500 xE° XC —> A 60000 Order of electrode potential is XB < XG < XA. Fees 28 ‘Order of oxidation of anion B- > C~> AX Pileulil Uiierencew sy. 7. (b) Hore, out of given four options standard reduction 12, (The standard free energy (AG) potential of chromium has highest negative value henee clactrode potential(*) ann, {ler peatland most powerful reducing agent is chromium, AC*=—nFE* and AG°=~ RT log, K www.jeeneetadda.inCBSE Term Il | Chemistry xi ‘Thos, if Eo is ~ve, then AG*is + ve, ie. AG?> 0. Henes,Ku Would be ueatve sd les ha sag <2 13, c) Solution consists of electrolytes is known as electrolytic solution and conductivity of electrolytic solution depends upon the following factors oe (i) Size of fons As ion size increases, ion mobility Aecreases and conductivity decreases. (i) Viscosity of solution Greater the viscosity ofthe salvent, lesser will be the conductivity ofthe solution, (i) Solation of ons Greater the solvation of ons af an cectralyte, lesser willbe the cletrcal conductivity of the solution seme condueny (iv) Temperature of medium Conduetiity of solution Increases with increase in temperature. 14. (a) inthe given graph, “A’ represents weak electrolyte like CALCOOHS Ay increasing teepyon tion stow concentration region and ‘B' represents strong electrolyte like NaClas Ay is increasing slowly with dilution. 15, (b) When concentration approaches 20r9, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity So, here Kiniting molar conductivity is near about 150. 16, (b) Given, x = 0.002765, R= 4000 ere, & resistance, «= specifi conductivity] Call constant (G) = Rx (4009) x(0.002765 mho cm” 106cm™ 17. ®) Kooatcn =X, gay * Sacer Saosacta =X, guar) + Aaoary Raouer = Mayu) * Mary Boa onigen + Men song ~ Be sich =A 08 Henee, option (b) is eorrect choice. 78. (a) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. Current stop flowing when Fag) =0 AS at Ey 0, reaction reaches the equilibrium 19, (-) Ais tue, but Ris fale Copper sulphate cart he stored in zine vessel as zinc is more reactive than copper due to negative value of standard reduction potential of Zn 20. (b) Both A and R are true but Ris not the correct explanation ofa 2p 2050 jog 1 a fag*] E=E? + 0.059 log|Ag*] Thus, E, .,,. increases with increase in concentration of Ag”. 21. (a) Both Aand Rare trueand Ris the correct explanation ofA. Explanation Electrolysis of NaCl is represented by following chemical reactions Atcathode 11"(ag)+e° —> 3HAC@) 22. 24. At anode er(an)— shar, +6 Boy =136¥ a3v 2H,0 (ag) —> O4(a)+ 4H (aq) + 40 Ea Ey for this reaction has lower value but formation of oxygen at anode requires over potential: (©) Both A and R ate true but Ris not the correct explanation, of A. pH of brine solution increases due to formation of [NaOH at cathode during electrolysis. ‘Atcathode, 2Na—Hg + 2H,0 —> 2NaOH + Ha + He) «1000 () ©) Here, Ay =P _ 7.896 10 «1000 =" o.0024t =32.768 om”! mol” ‘Ay Molarity or cn ne G0) An = Saly _ 1.96% 10 x 0.01 ~ 1000 (iii) (@) The increase in molar conductivity of any strong. cleetolyte like HCI with dilution is due to decrease in the interione forces (09) la) Statement () is wrong sbout molar conductivity. Glucose isn non-electroyte and hence question of having molar conductivity does not arise. or (0) Ag =n XV, where V isthe volume of solution containing 1 mole ofthe solute. Specific eonductivity () decreases with dilution but volume increases much more on dilution. Hence, Ay, increases with dilation, AAsvolime containing 1 mole of NaCl will be highest for 0.005 M NaCl solution, the product of x xV will be highest and hence A,, will also be highest. (i) (@) Emfof.a cell depends on the temperature of electrode, concentration of electrolyte in two half-cells, balure ofthe electrode and the distance of separation between two electrodes. It does not depend on its shape and size. (i) (¢) The electrical conductance inereases with increasing temperature. As the temperature increases, the mobility of ions present in the solution increases and as a result, conductance increases (G8) () A salebridge is used to connect the oxidation and reduction halfcells ofa galvanic cell and it maintains the electrical neutrality between both hal-cells. 1 completes the cycle of the charge flowing through the call {iv) @) The reduction of Zn** involves 2 electrons. Zn** + 20° —+ Zn{s) So, 2 Faradays oF 2 x 96500 = 193000 C charge is required .26% 10 or (@) When the cell reaction attains equilibrium, then the value of emf of a cell becomes zero. www.jeeneetadda.in