Unit 14 Erosion ____ mea o PAGE? UNIT 11 Excretion MCQ Section Where is urea produced? 4. ‘The four structures listed are part of A. bladder the human exoretary 93 B_ dlood cells 1 bladder © kidney 2 kidney D liver 3 ureter fpo1/pi/qey) 4 urethra In which order does a molecule of Which substance is present at a _-Wre# Pass through these structures? Tower concentration in the renal aa artery than in the renal vein? [st —— ast A amino acids 34 B carbon dioxide 3 2 a 1 © glucose 4 D urea fas001/P1/Qu6r 1120007 1/@20} he diagram shows @ kidney ma: chine. 5. Where is urea made in the human body? A bladder © kidneys B gall bladder D_ liver pw2000/P1/@211 Which of the following is an example What must be at the same concen. __of excretion? tration in the dialysis fluid and in A release of insulin from the pan the blood? croas A. glucose B release of salva from the sali B salt vary glands Ge removal of carbon dioxide from pera the esos tm te ta2001/P1/@21) Sere aceal 1900/P1/Q19} ‘G'mcaanswers 4. © Therendarey cates blood contiing a igh concentration of urea ino the tone. Uree removed by vlrafiation process in the Koy fu ule and excetd by the Kedney as une 2B Therendatery caries xygenated Hood, dissolved uents and metabolic wastes ito the ney. The oxygen and tions are required by the Kdney cls or reso rato, Ureais excreted by the tne 3. “A. Glucose must be atthe same concer ‘ion to ensure that her is 10 dfision grant for ‘dlvose, This iso provent toss of gucnee fom the ood tp the dalysis fue by diusion, 4D Usa is loved fram lod inte omer ofthe Kidney ules and cared together wth ther wast in wine to the la: derby heweler The ine 's stored temporary in the adder unt ts removed from the body tious the wet, 5. D-_Deaminaten of ‘excess amin acd inthe vor produces urea hie is excreted bythe hie, 6. © Excrotonis the Yonovl of harmil waste products of meltalic re: ‘actions in the body. Both iui and salva ae se cretions. produced by ‘lands. The removal of {aces (undlgesod mates) is caled egeston.Thinkin moan sraces Thinkin 1. Ima kidney machine, which of the 10, Samples of blood from the renal ax. 9 MGQAnswe flowing posses from the blood to tery and the renal vein are analyed the dialysis fluid? What does the blood in the renal 7, p The urea wh A elocose tiiery contain in comparison with Latatgne cicada B plasma protein the blood in the renal vein? in blood diffuses into © red blood celle A lese carbon dioride and more dil i. The & ‘ rea contetaton gan oe nore carbon dioxide and lose obzaseastiedass! (avorervqany Bmore carbon dioxide and less To nine) sane conertanot The diagram shows the structures as- e ‘cose as in blood. D_ more oxygen and loss urea sociated with a human kidney. y wss/Pirqeiy & A Blod vets | 1 to ae, BS esse Yi th real \\"| 11, Which substance is present at a anatubuleZisihe ut lower concentration in the rena bs & "9. D The dial = artery than in the renal vein’ | ‘ery : ‘uid contains a regu | ‘A amino acids C glucose —_rouat oases | B carbon dioxide D_ urea ‘cose and ano 8 1D9e/PI/quay wh 8 camposton Bn tote teed plasma vena cava : cut eo) A concena rl rr GT LCGLlU DEE ana ay aude tlomerular filtrate in the kidneys of Stes pod whch « mammal? ‘a higher concentratio * a 2 — ‘urea and mineral si A high low high [[ameeee[romn sate] fos gn nc Bo high low low t Urea and exces in Clow high high a ” ‘ ‘salts diffuse from patie hh ce i 7 | permeate wals of ae | ‘coled tubule nto ned a 2 x “ sis fd. The dalysis 9. ‘Tho dingram represents a dialysis a i changed rogat machine (kidney machine) coon ace eee Which substances in the dialysis soe/P1sqony Sercesndtomactat {Tui should be ata lower concentra siasen gadeibetn tion than in the blood? the patents Boos re ‘A amino acids and hays tid slucose 40. A. Tre ronal sty sipples oxygenated bond B glucose and salts shite concenton of ea and sats he ey Te respraton, ulraflaton and selectvereabsoption rooe inthe Kidney resus in he formation of carbon dixie the remenal of urea and excess mineral sais which ‘excreted in une, The deorygenatod bod in the ronal hastheleasturea as almostll urea ae removedin hekic > dialysis tubules. fou 411, B The ena any caries blood which supp high concentration of exygen (herefre, alow concent of carbon doxde) and a high concenraton of mutient ‘issue respiration in the kicney oes. also cai a concentaon of urea tore Kidney to be excreted. Ther vein canes deoxygenated blood away from the Ke Wards the neat. The bloc inthe renal von has the | ea ats removed inte kidney tubules by uta and excreted in une © glucose and ures D salts and urea loadin —e ays nwdin 1499/P1/Q20)Unit 14 Exeston 18. Which blood vessel earries blood with the lowest concentration of urea? A hepatic portal vein B_ pulmonary vein © renal vein D_ vena cava 1098/P1/Q4) From which of the following is urea formed? A fat B glycerol € protein D_ starch ty98/P1/Q20} 5. The diagram shows the kidney and three tubes associated with it x, vena cava , + trom aorta —z 4 to biacer Where will urea be found? Z only B X and Z only © X and Y only D X,YandZ [D9r/P1/Qet) 16. The diagram shows part of the human urinary system. Where is urea most concentrated? ava A 8 (997/P1/@21) whi Mca 11 > PAGES h substance is present in the blood but mot in the urine of a healthy person? A B c D glucose salts water 1096/P1/Q13) . About 170 litres of fluid are filtered by the kidneys avery day. Only 1.5 litres are excreted in urine What happons to the remaining 168.5 litres? A B © D It becomes tissue Mui. It is stored in the bladder, It is reabsorbed into the blood. It is lost a8 sweat. 1296/P1/@18) . Uren is produced in one organ, fil: tered from the blood by a second organ and stored inside 9 third ar: ‘gan before boing expelled from the body. Which organs carry out these fune tions? 20, A B c D production filtration storage kidney bladder liver kidney liver bladder liver bladder kidney liver kidney bladder 1095/P1/Q18) The structures listed below are parts of the human excretory aystem, 1 2 3 ‘ bladder kidney urethra In which order does @ molecule of urea pass through these structures? first 12 14 24 203 (94/P1/Q13) Thinking Process Gimcaanswers 12. B_ Blood proteins ate 100 large to pass through the semiperme- able membrane of the glomerulus inthe Bvwman's capsule even, under igh pressure fia tion 13. € Thebbotinine renal venhastheleasturea astisremored nthe ke- ey bul by aie Ain and excreted urine. ‘he Blood in the hepatic pata vein has Be highest ‘amount of soluble food substances e.g. amino ‘acs, uoose. The vena cavahas ahigh concent tion of carbon dioxide whereas the pulmonary vein has the highest co ‘entaon-of oxygen, ‘Ue ©, Deamination of expeos amino acts inthe Iver prodces urea which ‘secreted by he tne. 48. D_ Note that the ‘qe didnot mention anyting aboutheconce tralonof te wea Altes esos conan urea butin dierent concentrations teres. The blood plasma frome ena airy enter ing Ndney contains urea (produced by the deans ‘on of excess ain acids intheliver. The omoentra tion of urea is highest (about 2%) in urine found inZandlovestintheblood leaving the kidney (2bout 003%) 18. D Urine which contains the highest con- ‘cerration of urea is ca- et he urinary badder for storage via the rter. AT. A Tho idnoyofa healthy person should selectively reabsorb gu case sothat noe’ stn the urine.21. The dingram shows part of the ex: eretory system of a mammal 24, 1 2 3 4 bladder ureter kidney urethra bladder urethra kidney ureter kidney ureter bladder urethra kidney urethra bladder ureter 95 Sow> fIs4sPLiQe 22, The diagram shows part of the ur ary system of a mammal, What are the structures labelled X, Y and 2? 26, KY 2 artery vein urethra artery ureter urethra vein artery ureter vein ureter urethra 1092/P1/Q18) moam> 23. The diagram represents the process of dialysis in a kidney machine. ais a vt alysis tubing “cays ibaraly permeable) ass din mca 11 2 PAGES Which substance would not be present in the dialysis fluid flowing A glucose urea B salt D water 102/P1/@20} What happens to blood as it passes ‘through a kidney machine! A Carbon dioxide is removed. B Glucose is added © Oxygen is added. D_ Urea is removed (Do2sP1/@20) Some of the structures in the excre- tory system are listed. 1 bladder 2 ureter 3 urethra In which order does a molecule of urea pass through these structures? first last Aji 2 3 Bllos 2 cl2 1 3 pis 1 2 pbossP1/Qug} How is a working kidney dialy machine similar toa healthy kidney A. It takes sugar molecules out of the blood. B_ It regulatos the concentration of the blood. © It deaminates amino acids to D_ It removes large molecules from the blood, (DossP1/@20} 20, Una sired inthe Kidneys: i then passes touch te ureter ino the bladder, Deore beng cscharged vo te wet tC Fett 2) A The renal van (Yeates bloodavay tan the kidney and tho terial tery (0) caries blood towadstbekidhey Zisthe str 2.6 Thesertsday. ‘6 tus sitar f blood asain that Ht cone 2 carefully regulated amount of dissolved sais and sugars butthoutany rirogencus wastes 24D“ tn-the kioney machin, a,eoneorraion gradient Is malntained ebdeén the aj fd and bloc. piasma. Urea framthebloolises tom a tigher soncataton a the oe piesa into the Ally fd. The dass fad has a glucose tor ‘contaton sia to ge ons plasmatoredicatie lostoflucase by dfusion to a miciru, B.C Usne produced Dy te Rey tubules are cated tthe blader by the rots, The unne Sofed fenporay m the ‘Mae uni removed ‘nom the body troagh te wet 25, 8 Acorcorraion gradients setup when he pallens bod, which hes 1 higher Concentration of ‘reed minerasals and te das Mid Suround ‘ing the ‘tubules. Urea an en0es8 mineral Sas. ‘use, fom patents blood across the selective pat- moablewalls ofthe tubies ‘ibe dais fd.Unie-14 Exeston = © PAGES 27. The dingram shows the flow of blood and dialysis fluid through a kidney machine, ane \ | We ays fig out Where would the concentration of urea be highest? A WandX YandZ BOXeniY D ZandW (0e/P4/@24) ‘The diagram shows part of the bu- man urinary system. Where is urea ‘most concentrated? sorta (04/PL/QIB} What is an example of excretion? relegse of adrenalin from the ‘adrenal glands release of sweat from the sweat lands removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs removal of facces from the ali ‘mentary canal ppo4/P1/Q19) Thinking Proc es § ‘Gr mca anewore 2. 0 the joo plasma W frm the ary tenlerog tidney machine czas the Nghe! cor craton of res. The ‘ob X as the fea urea asiisrenavedinthecoed ‘Ubu by vtvatraton and excreted the daly ie ud Z 28. 0 Theronalatay’ tari id conning a ian concentaton of rea in the idney. Ure is ‘eae by wafiraton pronase in he Klay 1 ‘ule and ecole by the ‘dey 25 wine: Urea cared together wit ler wast urn tothe bla er by the ureter 2°) Baeionle ne removal of harmful waste products of metabolic re. aconé andtoxe mater ‘ro ebay of organ ‘sm. Corton. dxwte fs 3 melabobcnase oduct ‘aerobic respiration inal Iiing tsues which te moved from the (unas ding expan,Unit 14 Exeeton ___THEoRY 11 2 PAGE: UNIT 11 Excretion THEORY Sectio Question 1 | Fig. 5.1 shows a longitudinal section through the abdomen of a person (not | all abdominal organs are shown) and some detail of the membrane, R, that Tines the abdominal cavity | | srscsot teen | | | | | Fig. 5.1 (@) On Fig. 6:1, name the structure labelled §, T and U, wi | (&) Fig. 52 shows a method of dialysis used by pationts whose kidneys have | > ceased to function | | | | a] u ‘iaysing fe atsing fis poured intothe abdominal cavity and the opening to tubo V | issealedat L few hours ater, the fis draines out and fresh thisie nvacuces Fig. 52 | While the fluid is in the abdominal cavity, chemicals can pass into it from | the blood in the capillaries, through membrane R, ‘To prevent useful chemicals leaving the patient's blood, certain chemicals | may be added to the dialysing uid before it enters the abdominal cavity. 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Sent oe Sree mye eee ae Pump. (to drive blood Cellophane tube mann the oo congentaon graient botwoen the patent's blood and the ciaysis fai. In the dialysis unit of the kidney dialysis machine, the patient's blood in To prevent tekst of the coiled cellophane tubule is bathed in sterile dialysis fuid which collcta ahucose om the the waste molecules. The cellophane tubule acts as a semipermeable mem- Hood dung iis brane which allows small molecules of substances to diffuse through and the coneraton of prevents the pasaage of blood cells and large proteins. The dinlysis uid iucose inte diss fis maitened at contains a carefully regulated amount of dissolved salts and glucose with the same as hatin composition similar to the blood plasma (without nitrogencous waste) patients bod. Since A concentration gradient is set up and nitrogeneous wastes, excess mineral fire ain carci salts and other toxins diffuse from patients blood across the collophane into ton aden het the dialysis fluid, The dialysis fluid is changed regularly to remove the waste Soci a eee substances and to maintain the diffusion gradient between the patient’ blood te ta os ‘and the dialysis fuid. The patient's blood is led from an artery in his forearm eens through the coiled cellophane tube in the dialysis machine and then re-enters the body via a vein in the same arm, The blood is prevented from clotting _(@) The dference ts in in the machine by addition of an anti-clotting chemical. The temperature of the source andthe the dialysis fluid is maintained at body temperature ‘ype of substances ee | Same choos in al Removal of faeces (dofaecation) is the removal of undigested or indigestible substances from the alimentary canal through the anus, Since faecal matter is not produced by metabolism, removal of faeces eannot be considered as | Question 3 | Explain how the blood aystem carries a named waste product from the liver | to the kidneys a) | (oasrprcua | J Solution Ures is produced in the liver during the deamination of amino acids. It is carried in the blood as a dissolved substance in the plasma. It is earried in the renal artery to the kidney.Unit 44 Exelon i Question 4 Fig. 2 shows a diagram of a kidney and associated structures. The tables list the percentages of certain components found within structures B and C. in svete B ] in sructre © Component | Cancenratony% | urea 0.03 | Concentrations 0.10 COMMENT QUESTION | | | $1) ner mat bo i asd oon wat A al | seen es a—' URLs (6, onsite te cage | in he urine cositi- 10/1 | tan under be 2 conditions. COMMENT cn ANSWER | 06 ve en vn fe2 peoed ces (o) On the diagram, label structures A, B and © | 2 eee a Which chamber of the heart first receives the contents of structure A? | dey (668 atow for > the heart frst the cntants of suture A? | — ) Us ily the info the . | (© Using only the information in the tables in Fig, 2 deduce the functions of the Kidney. (2) | ©) The ier vena cave ‘rings bond nt the (@ Explain how the proportions ofthe components present in C would change igh aun of be (i) after eating meat; wr (i) if a person suffering from diabetes had not taken enough insulin. (6) Eh ries 80 ty @ ita “ te tl i insulin. (6) | ©) Gaming ts i ms4rPe/Q2} ad sas ae fund i eee ee | gh concentrator in | the wet, These ae Solution {er excreon fem te (a) A Inferior Vena Cava body, B_ Renal Vein COMMON ERROR © Uneter a Se) Stade tnd ost © Right atrium ‘unto of Key (©) The kidney plays an important role in removing urea and excess salts from wien ae nt shown the body. inthe tables.Unit 44 Sesion ‘THEORY 11 9 PAGES (@ (‘The concentration of urea in the urine would increase. This is because meat contains a large proportion of proteins, which are broken down to amino acids in the small intestine, Excess amino acids are deaminated in the liver and converted to ammonia and then to urea. The urea is transported to the kidneys to be removed in the urine. The concentration of glucose would increase. Without sufficient insulin, glucose cannat be converted to glycogen for storage, or utilised by the tissue cells in tissue respiration. The blood glucose concentration rises ‘and some glucose is subsequently lost in the urine = | Question 5 | G@ Define the term excretion. e) (@ What part is played in excretion by (i the lungs, and Gi) the kidneys? (5) | (© Explain how a kidney machine helps a person whose kidneys have ceased | function (5) H194722/@8} l Solution (@) Excretion isthe process by which metabolic waste products (e.g. urea, carbon dioxide and water) are removed from the body of an organism. ©) @ The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and water vapour from the body in the expired air i) The kidneys excrete excess mineral salts, nitrogenous waste produets (urea, creatinine and uric acid) and excess water in the urine. (©) Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient's arm and is allowed to flow through the tubing in the dialysis machine. The tubing, which has selectively permeable walls, is bathed in a specially controlled dialysis fluid. Urea and other waste products diffuse out of the tubings into the dialysis uid. The filtered blood is then returned to a vein in the patient's arm. In this w the dialysis machine acts as a substitute kidney and helps remove waste products which would otherwise have accumulated in the body. Thinking Pro es 8 ‘COMMENT cn QUESTION (0) Name the waste oducts etreted by each of he organs and tho means by which tis is done, {@) Describe the process otdayss, COMMENT on ANSWER (a) From defintion (©) Tho kidney machine, ot ass machine, takes over ho task of the tdney ia removing wea and ober waste procs ‘ich ae normaly ‘crete intheUnit 14 Erceon THEORY 11 2 PAGE | Describe how the following help to maintain a constant internal environment. | Question 6 |) the skin | | @) the kidneys | Solution (#) Changes in the body temperature is kept within narrow limits by the process of homeostasis. The skin helps to regulate blood temperature and tke regu latory processes involve a negative feedback mechanism. An increase in blood temperature is detected by the hypothalumus of the brain and feedback this information to the sensory organs in the central nervous system. This cause 8 series of corrective mechanisms in the body to produce the opposite effect ie. to reduce the temperature and return it to the normal body temperature of 87°C. The adjustments initiated in response to an increase in body tem: perature include: 1) An increase production of sweat by sweat glands and evaporation of sweat removes heat from the skin, 2) Vasodilation of arterioles and blood capillaries near surface of the skin so that more heat from blood can be loss to the surroundings by radia- tion, () Bosides getting rid of urea, the kidneys also help to maintain the level of water and salts in the blood. Depending on the diet, there is likely to be ‘more than the body needs, so the kidneys remove whatever is in excess. In order to keep the correct saltwater balance in the body, the composition of the urine i varied, Blood passing through the hypothalamus of the brain is constantly monitored; if its water content falls, then a hormone Anti Diuretic Hormone is released into the blood (from the pituitary gland, near to the hypothalamus). The ADH passes via the bloodstream to the kidneys, whore it causes more water to he reabsorbed from the nephrons, As a result, ‘more water enters the blood, so that its blood concentration is kept ecnstant, tnd the urine becomes more concentrated COMMENT =1QUESTION (a) Homeostasis is ofined a the maintenance of @ constant intra! snvroament Ing ogenism. COMMENT on ANSWER (0) ach ndney cons ‘out rion very fine ubules caled ephrans wich produce rns by 2 mein sages ‘Urata nthe ‘lomeinus ofthe Bowman's capsule and selecive eabscrpto of vitor ‘ad mineral san ‘8 Loop of Here of. the nephron. *