Executive Summary

This entire report is aimed at describing the implications of strategic leadership in terms of
Cinnamon Hotels and Resorts. The report is started by providing an overview about the company
and industry that the company is operating.

Task 01 describes how the organizational context influences the leadership concerning to the
relevant literature sources available. Then it is followed by an analysis on the role of a leader in
achieving organizational goals.

Task 02 is an extension of the task one where it first discusses about the leadership behaviors and
skills that are necessary for the attainment of strategic goals referring to the recommended
articles, journals, and Cinnamon organizational realities. Finally, ensuring workplace diversity
and termination of operations due to Covid – 19 pandemics where regards as burning challenges
and strategic leadership approaches were suggested to overcome the stated challenges

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................1
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................2
Company Overview...................................................................................................................................3
Task 01.......................................................................................................................................................4
1. Understanding the role and context of leadership............................................................................5
1.1 Impact of organizational context on strategic leadership.........................................................5
1.2 Role of strategic leaders for setting and realizing of organizational goals..............................7
Task 02.......................................................................................................................................................9
2. Understanding the behaviors and skills for leadership...................................................................10
2.1 leadership behaviors and skills required to deliver strategic goals........................................10
2.2 How the principles of strategic leadership can be applied to respond to complex
organizational challenges................................................................................................................16
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................22
References................................................................................................................................................23

List of Figures
Figure 1- Chinese tourists drop year on year Source- SLTDA..................................................................18
Figure 2: Elements of Strategic Management Source- (Johnson & Scholes, 2002)...................................19
Figure 3: Diversity goal - JKH Group (AnnaulReport, 2020)....................................................................21

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Company Overview Source: (AnnualReport, 2021)
Cinnamon Hotels and resorts are a
reputed hotel chain in Sri Lanka which is
a key player in Sri Lankan tourism
industry. The Hotel chain was established
in 2005 with array of in stay, dinning,
cuisine, and world class service standards.

Cinnamon Hotels operates 14 hotels and

2,471 rooms in Sri Lanka and Maldives.
Cinnamon brand has catered towards
redefining the hospitality standards in Sri
Lanka.

The rooms and elegant suites are designed

with views of the city and other
remarkable locations. Has been designed
for comfort and includes amenities that
deliver superior customer experience.

346 Five Star Rooms

20 Suites 29 Executive
Revenue Employees Rooms Inventory Brand Equity
106 Premium 191 Superior
Rs. 3,661 MN 2,062 2,471 Rs. 5,001 Mn

Task 01
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1. Understanding the role and context of leadership
1.1 Impact of organizational context on strategic leadership
As per (Ireland, 1999), leadership can be defined as the ability in anticipation, envision,
managing flexibility and empowerment of people to achieve a specific goal. Strategic leadership
entails with generation of a wide array of environmental aspects that would facilitate in reaching

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organizational goals and careful monitoring of the external environment to achieve the benefits
of opportunities while curtailing threats (Gortner, 1987). Leadership involves a range of decision
making in terms of products, services human resources, markets, resource allocation and
formulation of strategic goals (House, 1997).

Leadership is impacted by various factors whereas it is needed to be given a much attention

towards how the leadership behaviour and the resulting outcomes are influenced by the
organizational context. When defining the organizational context, there is no universally
accepted components that encompass the context for leadership behaviour or performance.
However, the examination of literature sources, (Boal, 2000), (Hackman, 2005), (Mowday,
1993) and (Shamir, 1999) suggest that the following components can formulate together to create
an organizational context.

C u ltu re

G o a ls a n d P u r p o s e

P e o p le c o m p o s iti o n

P ro c e s s e s

S tru c tu re

1.1.1 Culture

As per (Pawar, 1997), when the climate of an organization is susceptible to change and adaption,
the organization will actively seek for a transformational leader and will be receptive to the
same. (Shamir, 1999) suggests in a discussion on contribution of leaders towards the creativity of
the organization, that a culture with clan and adaptive dynamics will be inclined towards a
charismatic leadership.

In a study that was conducted with 275 employees from different organizations, (Morrison,
1999) discovered that the willingness of the employees for taking the lead/charge are directly
related to senior management’s openness to change and overall climatic support for change and
innovation.

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Cinnamon posses a clan culture where the organization promotes more in teamwork and team
objectives rather than focusing on individualistic goals. Hence, we can state that the cinnamon
culture promotes a degree of charismatic leadership.

1.1.2 Goals and purposes

(Shamir, 1999) presented a discussion on the importance of goals specifically on their clearness
and ambiguity. The authors proposed that combining performance goals that are ambiguous
along with challenging tasks can lead into emergence and enhance the effectiveness of the
charismatic leadership.

1.1.3 People/composition

(Mayo, 1996) studied a group of heterogeneity for evaluating the extends of influence towards the
sense of self efficacy of a leader. In a study consisted with 64 workgroups, the authors
discovered that groups with a higher level of heterogeneity in terms of gender, race and tenure
demarcated lower performance scores from their leaders. Similarly, the feelings of leaders in
terms of self-efficacy were lower in the evaluation of their work groups. On the other hand, this
effect was pronounced for charismatic leaders than the transactional leaders.

As per the studies conducted by (Elron, (1997), heterogeneity from the top management levels
revealed positive results and it has led to improve the performance of the top management as
well as the organization.

1.1.4 Processes

Processes of an organization is a collection of items such as governance, mode of technologies,

HRM practices, standardizations, and fairness in the policies. (Pawar, 1997) stated that
organization with a clan mode of governance are more receptive to transformational leadership
and (Waldman, 1993) stressed out that the transformational leaders are found to be effective in
adopting TQM given their responsiveness to change that leads them to build a culture that is
supportive towards TQM.

(Whittington, 2004) suggested that the job enrichment policies can be utilized as a substitute for
transformational leadership whereas when the employees are already accustomed to a higher

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level of commitment, both the job enrichment and transformational leadership is necessary as a
mean of encouraging citizenship behaviors within the organization.

1.1.5 Structure

Size, shape, degree of formalization, centralization, hierarchies, positions, distance between the
leaders and followers are certain components of the structure in terms of organizational context.

(Pawar, 1997) suggested that transformational leadership is likely to occur in simply structured
organizations than in organizations with many divisional structures. Similarly, (Shamir, 1999)
proposed that organizations with organic structures are more likely to generate charismatic
leaders. As per (Hunt, 1990), leaders are more likely to implement their strategies effectively
when their leadership behaviors are congruent with their respective hierarchical levels.

1.2 Role of strategic leaders for setting and realizing of organizational goals
Putting of the aim and vision into the order can be considered as the most significant
responsibility of a leader. It is offering a foundation for which leaders to act with independence,
judgement, and initiative. Vision should be a broad and specific spectrum whereas it can capture
the hopes, desires of the organization and specific enough to define the scope of individual work
for fulfilling the vision. The following roles will be played by the leader in setting and realization
of organizational goals

Role of as an innovator – Bringing the novelty into the organization can be regarded as one of
the main duties of a leader. Therefore, the leader bears the responsibility in incorporating an
innovative strategic process that would curtail in creation of a competitive advantage for the
organization. The leader should be considerate about all the aspect for ensuring the effectiveness
within the organization. Careful development and execution of strategies are a fundamental
necessity as they act as a ladder towards vision and mission.

Role as an analyst – The leader needs to analyze the situations effectively for identifying gaps
between the desired state and prevailing state. Additionally, it a responsibility of the leader for
formulating plans to merge those gaps as per the situational requirements. Thereby, we can state
that it is an important task of the leadership for scanning the environmental factors. The leaders
are needed to organize and streamline planning and executing strategies as organization lessen

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the complexities involved in change management processes. Also, organization is fundamental
for leaders to perform their roles effectively.

Role as a decision maker – Leaders are making decisions that are pertaining to achieving the
vision whereas it can be claimed that decision making is an important role for leadership.
Establishing of a properly functioning organization is a responsibility of leaders. Therefore, they
are supposed make decisions in terms of what to do what not to do, how to do and who to do
with regards to planning and execution of goals. It is evident that that overall strategic
management process is relied upon the role of the leader as a decision maker. Leaders make
decisions in terms of how to achieve specific goals, what are the type of strategies to follow and
how to implement those strategies.

Role as a collaborator – Leaders are providing a foundation for strategic formulation and there
should be an effective resource collaboration when implementation of those strategies. Leaders
are held at responsibility in providing all the necessary resources. To achieve the organizational
goals, leaders are required to create collaborations with each other, employees and must have
alliances with other outside people and organizations. As a collaborator, key task of a leader is
the create network with both internal and external environments on local and global contexts.

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 Task 02

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2. Understanding the behaviors and skills for leadership
2.1 leadership behaviors and skills required to deliver strategic goals
When identifying the leadership behaviors and skills that required to deliver strategic goals, we
must dissect it for better understanding. This can be essentially be interpreted as the
understanding the core concepts of strategic goals, recognizing the goals for Cinnamon Hotels,
and linking them up with the leadership.

2.1.1 Understanding the definition of strategic goals

Strategic goals can be considered as one of the most important components of strategic planning
whereas it comprises with a step-by-step process for approaching a problem effectively and
efficiently. It is one of the most important part of any process and without an underlying strategy,
it is hard for an organization to prosper. (Vera, 2004) defines strategic goals as objectives that an
organization aim at achieving in a stipulated period. It is originated through the vision and
mission of the organization as a way forward of achieving them both. Once the strategic goals
are set, a SWOT analysis will be conducted so that effective steps can be taken in going forward.
This requires a higher degree of logical and analytical skills.

Strategic goals provide a narration in terms of prioritization, resource utilization, and budgeting
purposes while properly communicating the individual and team objectives to align the efforts of
the employees within the organization. Also, they will act as a benchmark against evaluating the
organization in terms of historical and competitor performances.

A good strategic goal should include the following features

 Should be measurable whereas the success can be evaluated at any given time for adjusting
operations and planning accordingly.
 The goal should reflect the logical and analytical planning with an understanding about the
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
 The goal should be playing a crucial role in the operational success within the organization.
 The goal should be specific whereas needed to possess a clear idea about the goal.

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2.1.2 Determination of strategic goals for Cinnamon Hotels and resorts
When determining the strategic goals for Cinnamon hotels, as the first stem a SWOT Analysis
should be carries forward to determine the respective strategic goals.

SWOT Analysis

Cinnamon hotels are one of the most reputed hotel chains in Sri Lanka which is backed by the
John Keels PLC conglomerate. Hence, the company possess a great deal of financial capabilities
and supported by the strong employee base. Also, the hotels are vividly regarded for their unique
guest experience in terms of luxury hotel experience, attractive locations, interior, cuisine, and
customer service which is giving the company a distinctive competitive edge. On the other hand,
drop of tourism in Sri Lanka has led to create a high employee turnover and the hotel chain is
currently possessing a limited international exposure.

When evaluating the opportunities, we can recognize that the implications of developments in e-
commerce has led to increase the exposure and demand for local tourism and brand
development. However, with the underlying implications of Covid-19 pandemic hotels have
faced with a major revenue downturn due to not receiving adequate number of visitors locally
and internationally.

Higher financial capabilities

Streghts Strong value propostion from employee base
Authetic guest experience

Lack of international recognition

Weaknesses Employee turnover

Rise in local tourism

Opportunites Development of e-commerce
Brand development initiatives

Covid - 19 outbreak
Threats Higher competition
Economical fluctuations

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After careful analysis of SWOT following strategic goals were identified in terms Cinnamon
Hotels. The goals were defined as soft and hard goals on base of measurable and non-
measurable.

Soft Goals
Hard Goals

Customers
Customers
  Increasing
Increasing the brand
the guest by 10%awareness
per
year through guest recommendations
Employees
5% increase in the customer loyalty
 Internal promotions and vacancies
score
 Ethical and respectful work conduct
Employees
Communities
Increasing the number employees
Gaining reputation as a valued
 3%
by
 contributor
Decrease towardsretention
the employee the community
by
2.1.3 Leadership behavioral requirements
Shareholders
5% for achieving the strategic goals
 Ensuring corporate responsibility
Communities When it comes to becoming an effective
  Achieving
50% increasecompetitive advantage
in community leader, a set of behaviors and skill will be
 Becoming the leader in destination
engagement required to pull off a specific leadership role.
hotels
Shareholders The leader is required to be actively engaged
 Increasing market price per share with just not one aspect but every aspect of
by 5% the organization. The following shows a key
 Increasing the revenue by 20% and behavior that are necessary to achieve
net income by 13% strategic goals of Cinnamon Hotels.

Inquisitive

A leader should be having the ability to examine complex situations and come up with
resolutions to going forward from those complications. Hence, the leader should be inquisitive to
the available options and should always question the things. If a leader is not inquisitive enough,
he/she will not be able to find strategic solutions for underlying issues and complications within
the organization.

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Inquisitive behavior of can provide numerous benefits for the leaders in Cinnamon hotels such as
building interrelationships with the people as they are curios about the overall opinions from the
internal and external parties. It also opens doors to learn new things and discover new angles to
carrying on tasks on a more effective manner.

Resourceful

The resourceful behavior is an extension of the inquisitive behavior. By becoming more curious
about the environment and industry, leaders of Cinnamon hotels can enhance their ability to
bring more things to the table. Becoming resourceful provides a package with more skills,
knowledge, and awareness.

As per (Malinak, 2012), Jason Shen, manager of Etsy has stated that there are two types of
resourcefulness that the required to be used. The first type are the internal resources that are at
grasp directly related with the ability for being innovative. The second type focuses over the
external things that are required yet cannot be controlled. They require a greater deal of
interactions with others and finding different ways of answering problems. Leaders of Cinnamon
Hotels can improve their resourcefulness through,

Enduring discomfort – Healthy handling of rejections, failures without giving up on the

established goals.

Clear communication – Clear communication channels and procedures should be followed to

communicate the goals

Acting as a preserver through hardships – With the going crisis pertaining to tourist reduction
for Cinnamon hotels whereas resourcefulness natured leader will have to grit get through that
uncertainty with determination for achieving end goals.

Improving Knowledge – The leader should also be improving their knowledge, taking actions
and following repetitive actions until the goals are met.

Influential

The behaviors stated above will not be adequate to convince people for believing on the
leadership capabilities or providing a guarantee in achieving the goals. Leaders are required to be
influential for getting people in board for achieving the said goals. Being influential provide the

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advantage of succeeding the objectives as it is easy for the others the listen and have faith on
them. Simply, if the leaders could not buy people into the plan, they will not be able to achieve
it.

The influential ability is critical as they are often involved in implementing strategies that may
seem hard to follow at first glances. For example, Cinnamon Hotels will require to change
systems can procedures which will be hard to process and adjust. Therefore, leaders must be
placed at position of ensuring other about trusting vision whereas it will be easier to achieve the
goals.

Compassionate

Compassion is one of the most important leadership behaviors in the context yet giving a lesser
important by most of the managers nowadays. The behavior emphasizes over the ability of the
leaders in listening to other people and understand their opinion. Compassion act as a key
component in achieving the strategic goal for the leaders. Leaders must be showing compassion
towards their subordinates whereas it will help the, to gain the respect and trust while onboarding
them with the goals.

In addition to that, becoming compassionate leads to understand the problems in different ways
and it enhances the creative thinking. Through asking questions and incorporating the ideas and
views of the subordinates will help to find better solutions and deal with prevailing issues.

As a mean of enhancing the compassionate behavior the leadership of Cinnamon Hotels need to
be focusing more on listening to people, increase emotional intelligence for better understanding
about emotions behind the actions performed by people, creation of a support system, not being
judgmental about people focusing them as a whole without negative and positive aspects within
them, becoming more empathetic and forgiving on the failures while encouraging to recover
from those failures.

Communicative

Brilliance communication is a fundamental requirement for any kind of leader. Leader should
have an effective way of communication for carrying their message effectively across the
organization in a clear manner. Communication will be important for Cinnamon leadership when

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dealing with the employees as well as dealing with the customers and external stakeholders. If
you are conversing properly, you care capable of getting people more invested on achieving the
established goals. The key aspect of good communication originates as follows. Learning to
listen, short/clearer messages and paying attention towards the body language.

2.2 How the principles of strategic leadership can be applied to respond to

complex organizational challenges.
Implications of technology, globalization, intense competition and rise of new business
superpowers has reshaped the business world into a more grammatically changing dynamism.
For dealing with these complexities, organizations are required to have experienced people with
high potential leadership potentials. A strategic leader should be having the ability to create
common sense out of the situations given no matter what the complexity and ambiguousness of
the situations. This is essentially critical in today’s complicated and disrupted environment with
the implications from Covid – 19 pandemics, diminishing of resources, racial tensions, trade
wars, climatic changes, and industry confusions. These fluctuations are coursing huge tensions
over the organizations encompassing a huge weight on the hands of leaders in guiding through
those challenges.

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On going crises and unpredicted changes disclose the gaps within strategies, readiness, ability to
response and flexibility of the organization. A long-term plan that was developed with careful
consideration can run obsolete overnight as organizations are often subjected to undeniably
different anticipations.

When an organization is faced with challenges that are potentially obstacles in reaching the
goals, it is usually the instinct of the leader that is providing personal insights and methodologies
to resolve the situations. This can be disadvantageous as when an individual is inserting personal
viewpoints over a group dynamism that can often hinder the better understanding about the
situation obstructing the future progresses in the long run. One of the key fundamentals of
strategic leadership is to take everyone on board and moving forward to same direction
committed for survival as a whole.

As per (Reardon, 1998), strategic leaders are relatively rare in organizations. They can be
regarded as a combination of both visionary and managerial leaders who are capable of
balancing short term financial and operational requirements of the organizations along with the
long-term strategic priorities. Strategic leaders integrate vision, innovation and creativity
required for long term prosperity in an operational focus and possess an understanding amount
maintaining the stability of the organization. The are required to connect the people around the
goals and should be consisted with stronger performance expectations. Apples Steve Job, who is
a frequently cited as a strategic leader, used vision, creativity, and vigor to reinvest his
organization into world class name. It was balanced by the stronger managerial and operational
understanding regarding the business

It was cleared about the importance of strategic leadership in overcoming challenges and
following discusses about key challenges pertaining the Cinnamon Hotels and how the strategic
leadership is effectively applied to overcome those challenges.

2.2.1 Loss of tourism due to Easter attack and COVID – 19

In 2019, Sri Lanka was subjected to series of bomb attack on Easter attack which one of them
was happened at Cinnamon Grand, Colombo leaving the whole country in distress. This led to
close down the tourism in Sri Lanka for nearly 3 months and luxury hotels like Cinnamon faced
a major downturn in tourist arrivals. When the shock was slowly recovering within the less than
a year Covid -19 stroked the whole world coursing a global pandemic situation. This led to

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closure of borders among countries and tourism was the highest impacted industry throughout
the world (Arunatillake, 2020). Sri Lanka is visibly experiencing a huge drop in the tourism for a
duration of two years which is essentially needed to be addressed as it is directly affecting the
survival of Cinnamon Hotel chain.

Figure 1- Chinese tourists drop year on year Source- SLTDA

The diagrams above indicates the vulnerability of Cinnamon Hotels it is very essential that an
effective strategic leadership should be put in place to mitigate these challenges. When the hotel
was target on extremist attacks, management responded quicky by displaying quality leadership
fundamentals and a discussion was carried forwards among all layers of management which
helped them to come up with a strategy that could overcome the challenges collectively.

When it comes to Covid – 19 challenges, a transformational leadership strategy needed to be

introduced within the organization. As per the leadership expert James Burns, transformational
leaders are the type of leaders who are continuously sought to change the prevailing conditions
in terms of processes, techniques, beliefs, norms, and goals for the better attainment of outcomes.
Therefore, a transformational leadership will be ideal to overcome these said challenges.

Transformational leaders set a good example for others to follow. To involve supporters in any
setting, they often employ relationship, encouragement, or empathy. Bravery, assurance, and an

17 | P a g e
inclination to do sacrifices for the superior performance are attributes that transformational
leaders possess in spades. This leadership style is effective in time management which
essentially beneficial in case like Easter attack which required quick responses without wasting
time on hierarchal discussions and approvals.
Recommendations
The strategic leadership initiatives should be followed up along with a new strategic formulation
process whereas it needs to be merged with one another. Strategic management is a fundamental
necessity as it addressed the implications of issues and come up with suggestions to overcome
the said challenges.

Figure 2: Elements of Strategic Management Source- (Johnson & Scholes, 2002)

As the first step, managers are required to analyses the current status by reoffering to the sources
and must have a clear idea about where the organization standing in terms of operations,
finances, people, and market. This can be followed up with a SWOT and PESTEL analysis
where it would provide the management with an enhance overview about their capabilities and
environmental concerns that would be give them more opportunities or act as obstructed.

After a proper analysis an inclusive strategic plan should be designed to address the given issues
and bouncing back into their usual revenue level. This will require a greater deal of innovation,
creativity, and analytical skill from the leaders. For example, they will have to consider other
means of generating revenue without relying upon the foreign tourists entirely. Entering to a
more local centric market by offering discounts, introduction of packages, and promoting
experiential tourism will help to increase revenue levels.

Next, it is necessary to be focused over the human aspect of the organization as this might
involve increasing of the workload of the employees, change management dynamism, enhanced

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skills, competencies, and training requirements. So, it is vital that the human resource
management is maintained at a highly effective level ensuring employee satisfaction.

Finally, the leaders are needed be conscious about the changes in the environments even after the
implementation of the strategic plans. Needs to identify the gaps between the plan and the actual
status and needs to come with solutions to merge those gaps.

2.2.2 Equity and diversity challenges for Cinnamon Hotels

In the 21st century, it is leadership plays a critical role in facilitating and identifying the equality
and diversity on the workplace. The culture of the organization should be transformed on the
base of differences among the workforces (Rees, 2001). Most of the organizations are tailoring
prevailing programs and processed to address the underlying inequities within organizational
contexts in terms of culture, structure, and systems. Discretionary decisions that are authorized to
be taken on behalf of the organizations, a study revealed that leadership is having a greater
impact over establishing equality within the organization (Korac‐Kakabadse, 1999). Team
activities along with the social connectivity will be influenced by the demographics within the
top managements that would also be having a direct impact over the outcomes of the
organization (Patsiurko, 2012).

Cinnamon Hotels, have recognized the critical importance of the employees as a core asset for
business whereas the management prioritize over maximizing the employee value though
cultivating engagement, enhancing productivity, attraction of talent at a higher caliber, increasing
employee satisfaction and maintaining the retention at a minimum score. The management
systems and processes are aimed at ensuring a safer working environment with an extra emphasis
over innovation, excellence, and generation of mutually beneficial results for both Hotels and the
employees (AnnualReport, 2021).

The leadership of the Cinnamon Hotels is

committed to cultivate a diversified, equitable
and comprehensive workplace which is giving
all the employees a common platform for equal
opportunities. The human resource philosophy
of the group accept the mutual respect and
dignity as fundamental beliefs and it is
Figure 3: Diversity goal - JKH Group (AnnaulReport, 2020)
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formalized through the code of conduct, non-discriminatory and equal opportunities policies.
This aimed at creating a comprehensive workspace where employees are capable of performing
at their best. Similarly, all the employees are made responsible for treating their fellow
employees with respect despite of any differences and it is supported through the modification of
organizational culture and open communication (AnnualReport, 2021).

During 2020, JKH group, mother company of Cinnamon hotels concluded their initiatives under
International Finance Corporation (IFC) ‘SheWorks’ partnerships aimed implementing gender
smart solutions from increasing number of women participations in workforce. As a continuation
of this momentum, they also have joined ‘Target Gender Equality’, the United Nation’s program
towards increasing representation women in leadership not only in business but also in the value
chain and community. On the international Women’s Day, the group formally announced their
commitment to increase the female participation in their employee base by 40% by the FY2026
as a strategy for ensuring gender parity within the workforce (AnnualReport, 2021).

In September 2020, the Group established a Diversity, Equity, and

Inclusion (DE&I) team to upsurge the diversity and making the
workplaces more comprehensive, as well as launching the 'ONE
JKH' brand to merge its exertions towards diversity and inclusion
and to increase diversity metrics within the organization. Some of
the fundamental factors of (DE&I) programs include employer
supported childcare, providing women with nontraditional job
roles, training programs centric to women and group policy
launching. The primary research has indicated that adoption of
this agile workplace policy has led to an improved work life
balance and encourages the household mothers and differently
able people to join the Group workforce.

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Conclusion
Cinnamon Hotels and resorts is one of the leading hospitality company in Sri Lanka and
implications of strategic leadership in terms of the company was discussed. First the influence of
the organizational context over the leadership was identified followed by an examination of the
role of a leader in achieving organizational goals.

In the next chapter, strategic goals for the organization were determined and leadership behaviors
and skills that are necessary to attained that established goals were discussed. Next, Covid-19
and workplace diversity were recognized as the key challenges for the organization and strategic
leadership approaches were suggested to overcome those challenges.

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