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MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
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SL# FORMULA
Second Order Determinant
1 ∣ a1 b1 ∣
det A = ∣ ∣ = a 1 b2 − a 2 b1
∣ a2 b2 ∣
Value of Determinant
∣ a11 a12 a13 ∣
2
∣ ∣
det A = a21 a22 a23 = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32 − a11 a23 a32 − a12 a21 a33 − a13 a22 a31
∣ ∣
∣ a31 a32 a33 ∣
Nth Order Determinant
∣ a11 a12 … a1j … a1n ∣
∣ ∣
a21 a22 … a2j … a2n
∣ ∣
3 ∣
… … … … … …
∣
∣ ∣
det A =
∣ ∣
ai1 ai2 … aij … ain
∣ ∣
∣ … … … … … … ∣
∣ ∣
∣ an1 an2 … anj … ann ∣
Minor
4 The minor Mij associated with the element aij of nth order matrix A is the (n1)th order determinant
derived from the matrix A by deletion of its ith row and jth column.
Cofactor
5
i+j
Cij = ( − 1) Mij
Laplace Expansion of nth Order Determinant
Laplace expansion by elements of the ith row
n
Laplace expansion by elements of the jth column
n
i=1
7 The value of a determinant remains unchanged if rows are changed to columns and columns to rows.
∣ a1 a2 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
∣ ∣ = ∣ ∣
∣ b1 b2 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
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If two rows (or two columns) are interchanged, the sign of the determinant is changed.
8 ∣ a1 b1 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
∣ ∣ = − ∣ ∣
∣ a2 b2 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
If two rows (or two columns) are identical, the value of the determinant is zero.
9 ∣ a1 a1 ∣
∣ ∣ = 0
∣ a2 a2 ∣
If the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by a common factor, the determinant is
multiplied by that factor.
10
∣ ka1 kb1 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
∣ ∣ = k∣ ∣
∣ a2 b2 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
If the elements of any row (or column) are increased (or decreased) by equal multiples of the
corresponding elements of any other row (or column), the value of the determinant is unchanged.
11
∣ a1 + kb1 b1 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 ∣
∣ ∣ = ∣ ∣
∣ a2 + kb2 b2 ∣ ∣ a2 b2 ∣
An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of elements (numbers or functions) with m rows and n
columns.
a11 a12 … a1n
⎡ ⎤
12
⎢ a21 a22 … a2n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
A = [aij ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
am1 am2 … amn
13 Square matrix is a matrix of order n × n
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16 Diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all elements zero except those on the leading diagonal.
Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which the elements on the leading diagonal are all unity. The unit
17
matrix is denoted by I
18 A null matrix is one whose elements are all zero
Two matrices A and B are equal if, and only if, they are both of the same shape m × n and
19
corresponding elements are equal.
20 Two matrices A and B can be added (or subtracted) of, and only if, they have the same shape m × n .
If
a11 a12 … a1n
⎡ ⎤
b11 b12 … b1n
⎡ ⎤
then,
a11 + b11 a12 + b12 ... a1n + b1n
⎡ ⎤
⎣ ⎦
am1 + bm1 am2 + bm2 ... amn + bmn
⎣ ⎦
kam1 kam2 … kamn
22 Multiplication of Two Matrices
Two matrices can be multiplied together only when the number of columns in the first is equal to the
number of rows in the second.
If
a11 a12 … a1n
⎡ ⎤
b11 b12 ... b1k
⎡ ⎤
c11 c12 ... c1k
⎡ ⎤
n
where cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ... + ain bnj = ∑ aiλ bλj
λ=1
(i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., k) .
bi
⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 a13
Thus if A = [aij ] = [ ], B = [bi ] = ⎢ b2 ⎥ ,
a21 a22 a23
⎣ ⎦
b3
b1
⎡ ⎤
a11 a12 a13 a11 b1 a12 b2 a13 b3
then, AB = [ ] ⋅ ⎢ b2 ⎥ = [ ]
a21 a22 a23 a21 b1 a22 b2 a23 b3
⎣ ⎦
b3
Transpose of a Matrix
23 If the rows and columns of matrix are interchanged, then the new matrix is called the transpose of the
original matrix. If A is the original matrix, its transpose is denoted AT or Ã
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24 The matrix A is orthogonal if AAT = I
If the matrix product AB is defined, then
25
T T T
(AB) = B A
Adjoint of Matrix
26 If A is a square n × n matrix, its adjoint, denoted by adj A, is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors
T
Cij of A : adjA = [Cij ] .
Trace of a Matrix
27
If A is a square n × n matrix, its trace, denoted by tr A, is defined to be the sum of the terms on the
leading diagonal: trA = a11 + a22 + … + ann .
Inverse of a Matrix
28 If A is a square n × n matrix with a nonsingular determinant det A, then its inverse A − 1 is given by
adjA
−1
A =
det A
If the matrix product AB is defined, then
29
−1 −1 −1
(AB) = B A
If A is a square n × n matrix, the eigenvectors X satisfy the equation AX = λX , while the
30
eigenvalues λ satisfy the characteristic equation |A − λI | = 0
a1 x + b1 y = d1
{
a2 x + b2 y = d2
Dx Dy
x = , y = (Cramer\'s rule),
D D
where
31 ∣ a1 b1 ∣
D = ∣ ∣ = a 1 b2 − a 2 b1 ,
∣ a2 b2 ∣
∣ d1 b1 ∣
Dx = ∣ ∣ = d1 b2 − d2 b1 ,
∣ d2 b2 ∣
∣ a1 d1 ∣
Dy = ∣ ∣ = a 1 d2 − a 2 d1
∣ a2 d2 ∣
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If D ≠ 0 , then the system has a single solution:
Dx Dy
x = , y = .
32 D D
If D = 0 and Dx ≠ 0( or Dy ≠ 0) , then the system has no solution.
If D = Dx = Dy = 0 , then the system has infinitely many solutions.
⎧ a x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
⎪ 1
⎨ a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
⎩
⎪
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3
Dx Dy Dz
x = , y = , z = (Cramer\'s rule),
D D D
where
33
∣ a1 b1 c1 ∣ ∣ d1 b1 c1 ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
D =
∣
a2 b2 c2
∣
, Dx =
∣
d2 b2 c2
∣
,
∣ a3 b3 c3 ∣ ∣ d3 b3 c3 ∣
∣ a1 d1 c1 ∣ ∣ a1 b1 d1 ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
Dy =
∣
a2 d2 c2
∣
, Dz =
∣
a2 b2 d2
∣
.
∣ a3 d3 c3 ∣ ∣ a3 b3 d3 ∣
If D ≠ 0 , then the system has a single solution:
Dx Dy Dz
x = , y = , z = .
34 D D D
If D = 0 and Dx ≠ 0( or Dy ≠ 0 or Dz ≠ 0) , then the system has no solution.
If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 , then the system has infinitely many solutions.
35 Matrix Form of a System of n Linear Equations in n Unknowns
The set of linear equations
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + … + a1n xn = b1
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + … + a2n Xn = b2
⎨
⎪
⎪
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
⎪
⎩
⎪
an1 X1 + an2 X2 + … + ann Xn = bn
can be written in matrix form
a11 a12 ... a1n X1 b1
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
i.e. A ⋅ X = B ,
⎛ a11 a12 ⋮ a1n ⎞ X1 b1
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ X2 ⎟ ⎜ b2 ⎟
a21 a22 ⋮ a2n
where, A = ⎜
⎜
⎟, X = ⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟, B = ⎜
⎟ ⎜
⎟
⎟
.
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⋮ ⎟ ⎜ ⋮ ⎟
⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠ Xn bn
an1 an2 ... ann
Solution of a Set of Linear Equations n × n
⋅ B,
−1
X = A
36
where A is the inverse of A.
−1
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