‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘـﻮﻯ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌــﺎﺩﺓ ‪ :‬ﻓﻴـﺰﻳــﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ــﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﲢﻮﻻ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪ : 5‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪-1‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪: E‬‬

‫‪th‬‬

‫** ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -.‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﺎﻥ ؟‬
‫‪-1-1‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ‪ :‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻭ ﳓﻚ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻦ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻧﻠﻤﺲ ﲝﺬﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ‪ :‬ﻳﺪﻝ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ، E th‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2-1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ )‪: (1‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺼﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ) ‪ (θ1 = 200 C , 200 g‬ﰲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ) ‪ ، (θ 2 = 600 C‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ θ3 = 400 C‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪. T1 = θ3 − θ1 = 200 C :‬‬
‫‪Eth 2‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ) ‪، (θ1 = 200 C , 200 g‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ) ‪ ، (θ 2′ = 800 C‬ﻭﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪θ3′ ≈ 500 C‬‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪T1′ = θ 3 ′− θ1 = 300 C :‬‬
‫‪Eth1‬‬
‫** ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪ T1′ ≠ T1‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﱵ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ )‪ : (2‬ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ) ‪ ، (θ1 = 200 C , 200 g‬ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﳍﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬
‫) ‪ ، (θ 2 = 600 C‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ θ3 ≈ 470 C‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪. T2 = θ3 − θ1 = 270 C :‬‬
‫** ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪ T 2 ≠ T1‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ) ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ )‪ : (3‬ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ) ‪ ، (θ1 = 200 C , 200 g‬ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫) ‪ ، (θ 2 = 600 C , mCu = 200 g‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ θ3 ≈ 23,50 C‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪. T3 = θ3 − θ1 = 3,50 C :‬‬
‫** ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪ T 3 ≠ T 1‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ) ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﻟﺔ ‪ Q‬ﺑﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Q = ∆Eth‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ، Q‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪-3-1‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪: Q‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ m‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭ ‪ ∆T = T f −T i‬ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ‬
‫) ‪. Q = mc (T f − Ti‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫** ‪ : c‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 1 Kg‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪. c‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻪ ‪ J / Kg 0C‬ﺃﻭ ‪ cal / g 0C‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪m (T f − Ti‬‬
‫ﺏ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ ‪C‬‬
‫‪C = m⋅c‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ‪ ، µ‬ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ . Q = µ (T f − Ti ) = C (T f − Ti ) :‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﱯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ 200 C‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪500 C‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪. c = 1 cal / g 0C ، ρ = 1 Kg / L ، 1 cal = 4,185 J‬‬
‫** ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ : Q‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ) ‪ Q = mc (T f −T i‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪∆T = T f − Ti = 50 − 20 = 300 C :‬‬
‫‪Q = 60 × 103 cal‬‬ ‫‪⇐ Q = 2 × 103 × 1× 30‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭ ‪m = ρ ×V = 1× 2 = 2 Kg = 2 × 103 g‬‬
‫‪Q = 251,1× 103 J‬‬ ‫‪⇐ Q = 60 ×103 × 4,185‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ) ‪( J / Kg C‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫) ‪( J / Kg C‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫** ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ‪ 13‬ﺹ ‪ ) 110‬ﻙ ﻡ (‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪Cu‬‬ ‫** ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ‪ 14‬ﺹ ‪ ) 110‬ﻙ ﻡ (‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪2100‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ‪A g‬‬

‫‪140‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪Hg‬‬

‫‪2500‬‬ ‫ﻛﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬

‫‪4185‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫‪-4-1‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ :‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ W e‬ﻭ‬
‫ﳛﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ، Q‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪W e = Q :‬‬
‫** ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ‪ :‬ﳓﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻌﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺣﻘﻪ‬
‫** ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺒﲑ‪-‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻟﻂ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪. R = 500 Ω‬‬
‫** ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ m = 300 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪: ∆θ = 100 C‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪I 2 ⋅ ∆t‬‬ ‫‪R ⋅ I 2 ⋅ ∆t‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪0,5‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻌﺮ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﻘﻪ ‪Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ (θ f − θi ) = C ⋅ ∆θ :‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪12500‬‬
‫‪1, 0‬‬ ‫** ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ‪Q = 300 × 4,185 × 10 ⇐ Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ ∆θ :‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪12500‬‬
‫⇐ ‪Q = 12555 J‬‬
‫‪1,5‬‬ ‫‪11,1‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪12500‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪، Ee = R ⋅ I 2 ⋅ t :‬‬
‫‪2, 0‬‬ ‫‪6, 25‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪12500‬‬
‫** ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻐﲑ ‪Ee = R ⋅ I 2 ⋅ t = 12500 J :‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳓﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ -4 R ⋅ I 2 ⋅ ∆t = m ⋅ c ⋅ (θ f − θi ) ⇐ Ee = Q :‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪ Q ≈ Ee :‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﻝ‬
 ‫‪-2‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ ﳕﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1-2‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﻧﺸﺎﻁ )‪ : (1‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ‪ θ = 0 C‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﺮﺍﻗﺐﳏﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺓ ﺫﻭﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫** ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ) ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ( ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺟﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫) ‪(θ = 0 C‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫** ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﳝﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑـ ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2-2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﲢﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲢﻮﻳﻼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪:‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎ ‪ Q f 0‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺍ ‪ Q p 0‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﲡﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ‪Q = m ⋅ L‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ) ‪( J / Kg‬‬ ‫‪ : Q‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ) ‪ : m ، ( J‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ) ‪L ، ( Kg‬‬
‫** ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ‪ : Q‬ﻫﻲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ (‬
‫‪ -3-2‬ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﳕﻴﺰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬ﻛﻞ ﲢﻮﻝ ﲤﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪ L‬ﻭ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‪ Q = m ⋅ L :‬ﰲ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ )ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ (‬
‫‪QF = m ⋅ LF‬‬ ‫** ﺍﻹﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ‪ : Fusion‬ﻫﻮ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫) ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ (‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪) = 335 Kj / Kg‬ﺟﻠﻴﺪ( ‪LF 00 C‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪, LF 6600 C‬‬ ‫‪) ( Al ) = 404 Kj / Kg‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ‪ : Solidification‬ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻳﻌﻜﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪Q S p 0‬‬
‫‪QS = −QF = − m ⋅ LF p 0‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ -‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪) = 2261 Kj / Kg :‬ﻣﺎﺀ( ‪LV 1000 C‬‬ ‫‪QV = m ⋅ LV‬‬ ‫** ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ‪ : V aporisation‬ﻫﻮ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪QL = −QV = − m ⋅ LV p 0‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬ ‫**ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﻊ ‪ : Liquéfaction‬ﻫﻮ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
 ‫‪ -4-2‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪: EL‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ EL‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ) ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ‪ :‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ‪ m = 40 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺨﻨﻬﺎ ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 1 min‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﺪﺍﺣﺔ) ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﻥ ( ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ∆θ = 150 C‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ce = 4,185 J / g C 0 :‬‬

‫‪Ei1‬‬ ‫‪Ei′2‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ) ‪ (θi‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﻪ ‪. θ f‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪EL‬‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻴﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪. Q‬‬
‫‪Ei 2‬‬ ‫‪Ei′1‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪Q = 40 × 4,185 × 15 ⇐ Q = m ⋅ ce ⋅ (θ f − θi ) :‬‬
‫‪EL = ∆Ei = Q‬‬ ‫‪Q ≈ 2500 J‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ EL‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ‪ 1 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ ρ = 0, 58 g / cm3 :‬ﻭ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ‪V = 0, 26 cm3‬‬
‫** ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ‪m = 0,15 g ⇐ m = 0,58 × 0, 26 ⇐ m = ρ × V :‬‬
‫** ﺑﺎﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺋﻌﺔ ‪ QP‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪EL = Q = 2500 J :‬‬
‫‪1× 2500‬‬ ‫‪0,15 g ← EL = Q = 2500 J ‬‬
‫= ‪EL = 16600 J ⇐ EL‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪‬‬
‫‪0,15‬‬ ‫‪1g‬‬ ‫←‬ ‫‪EL = ? ‬‬
‫** ‪ : EL‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ‪. EL = 16600 J / g‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﰲ ﳐﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺖ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ‪: 2‬‬
‫ﻧﻀﻊ ‪ 20 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺨﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﰒ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻧﺸﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﺣﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻨﺘﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﲔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ‪. m = 2 g :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﺣﺔ ﻓﻮﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ‪. m′ = 0, 2 g :‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺋﻌﺔ ‪. QP‬‬
‫‪Ei1‬‬ ‫‪Ei′2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺋﻌﺔ ‪: QP‬‬
‫‪Q′‬‬
‫‪EL‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ‪ 1 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺣﺮﺭﺕ ‪16600 J‬‬
‫‪Ei 2‬‬ ‫‪Ei′1‬‬
‫** ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ‪ m = 2 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ‪m′ = 0, 2 g‬‬
‫‪EL = ∆Ei = Q′‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﺭﺓ ‪: Q′‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬
‫‪ Q = 16600 J‬‬ ‫←‬ ‫‪1g‬‬
‫‪Q′ = 0, 2 × 16600 = 3320 J ⇐ ‬‬
‫‪ Q′ = ........ J‬‬ ‫‪← m ′= 0, 2 g‬‬
‫⇐ ‪Q′ = 3320 J‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ‪ 1 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ ) ﺃﻱ ‪ LV‬ﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ( ‪.‬‬
‫** ‪ : LV‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ‪ 1 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ )) ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﺮ ((‬
 ‫‪3320‬‬ ‫‪ Q′ = 3320 J‬‬ ‫‪←m=2 g‬‬
‫‪LV = 1660 J / g‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ LV‬‬ ‫‪J ⇐ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪) 3-‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ ‪: ( 2 g‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ Q′ ′= LV = .... J‬‬ ‫←‬ ‫‪1g‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻭ ﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ EL = 16600 J / g :‬ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ) ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ( ‪LV = 1660 J / g :‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪EL = 10 LV :‬‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ EL‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ‪EL fff Q :‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫** ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ‪ :‬ﰲ ﻣﺴﻌﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ M‬ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪ c‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ، T1‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪Tf‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺟﻠﻴﺪ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ m‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ، T 2 = 00C‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﺠﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫** ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪ ) :‬ﺍﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪( 17‬‬
‫** ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ C‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻌﺮ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﻘﻪ ‪ +‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Q1 = ( Mc + C ) (T f − T1 ) p 0‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫** ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪ ، T f‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲢﻮﻳﻼ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎ ‪Q2 00 C = m LF‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪Q3 = m c (T f − T2 ) f 0 :‬‬
‫** ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ ﺃﻱ ‪Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 :‬‬
‫‪( Mc + C ) (T f‬‬ ‫‪− T1 ) + m ⋅ c (T f − T2 ) + m ⋅ LF = 0‬‬ ‫‪ Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( Mc + C ) (T1 − T f ) + m ⋅ c (T2 − T f‬‬
‫= ‪LF‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫** ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m1 = 100 g‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ‪ T1 = 200C‬ﻳﺼﺐ ﻓﻮﻗﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪m 2 = 200 g‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ‪. T 2 = 640C‬‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪c = 4185 J / Kg C 0 :‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪ C ′‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻌﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪. T f = 400C‬‬
‫** ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ) ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ( ‪Q1 = m1c (T f −T1 ) + C ′ (T f −T 1 ) f 0 :‬‬
‫‪Q2 = m2 c (T f − T2 ) p 0‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ) ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ( ‪:‬‬
‫** ** ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ ‪Q1 + Q2 = 0 :‬‬
‫) ‪− m 2c (T f −T 2 ) − m1c (T f −T1‬‬
‫=‪C′‬‬ ‫‪⇐ m1c (T f − T1 ) + C ′ (T f − T1 ) + m2 c (T f − T2 ) = 0‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(T f‬‬ ‫) ‪−T 1‬‬
‫) ‪−0,1× 4185 ( 40 − 64 ) − 0,1× 4185 ( 40 − 20‬‬
‫= ‪ C ′‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪C ′ = 83, 7 J / C 0 :‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( 40 − 20‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪ :‬ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﻲ‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 1‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﻤ‪‬ﻲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﳔﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ ﲢﻴﻂ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 2‬‬

‫ﻧﺺ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳓﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ " :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻻﺗﺴﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻘﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺬ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﲨﻞ( ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ‪‬ﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺎ" ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪ‪‬ﻣﺔ = ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 3‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻸﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 4‬‬

‫ﻻ ‪ :‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻠﺔ ) ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻼ ( ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 5‬‬

‫ﻻ ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 6‬‬

‫‪Q = m ⋅ Lf‬‬ ‫** ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﲑ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ ‪، QV = m ⋅ L‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 7‬‬

‫‪Q′ = − m ⋅ L f‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ‪-:‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ‪، Q′ = −m ⋅ LV :‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 8‬‬

‫** ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ :‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪m = ρ × V‬‬
‫) ‪0, 5 × 4185 × ( 80 − 20‬‬ ‫‪Q m ⋅ c ⋅ ∆θ‬‬
‫‪P = 105 W‬‬ ‫=‪⇐P‬‬ ‫=‪⇐P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫⇐ ‪ m = 1× 0,5 = 0,5 Kg‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪20 × 60‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
 ‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 9‬‬
‫‪Q = 1,8 ×106 J‬‬ ‫‪⇐ Q = 500 × 3600 ⇐ Q = P × t‬‬ ‫** ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 10‬‬

‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪W1− 2‬‬ ‫‪Q1− 2‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‬
‫‪6500‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪⇐ P = 1− 2 :‬‬
‫‪E2‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪t2 − t1‬‬
‫⇐ ‪P = 650 W‬‬

‫**ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 11‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ) ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﰒ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 12‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﺝ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺘﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 13‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪Q = 148, 2 ×10 J ⇐ Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ ∆θ = 2 × 390 × 190 ⇐ Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ ∆θ :‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪148200‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪P = 801 W‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ P‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ P‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( 3 × 60 + 5‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 15‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ‪ +‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ +‬ﺍﳋﻀﺮ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ( ‪m = mAl c Al + Mce + mc + mh ch :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬
‫‪C ≈ 7899 J / Kg‬‬ ‫‪⇐ C = 0.45 × 890 + 4185 + × 4185 + × × 4185‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪.‬ﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4 2‬‬
‫‪270000‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪∆θ ≈ 340 C‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ ∆θ‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ ∆θ‬‬ ‫‪ – 2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪⇐ Q = C ⋅ ∆ ⋅ θ :‬‬
‫‪7899‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪θ f = 54°C ⇐ θ f = 20 + ∆θ :‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 16‬‬

‫** ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪420 × 5 × 60‬‬ ‫‪P ⋅t‬‬ ‫‪Q m ⋅ c ⋅ ∆θ‬‬
‫‪c = 4200 J / Kg .°C‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ c‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ c‬‬ ‫= =‪⇐ P‬‬
‫)‪1× (50 − 20‬‬ ‫‪m ⋅ ∆θ‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬
 ‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 17‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ 00 C‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ,‬ﺗﺼﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ‪. 200 C‬‬
‫** ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ‪ 75 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﻧﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪. 200 C‬‬
‫‪Q = m g c g ∆θ g + m g L f + me ce ∆θ‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ Q‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q ≈ 33, 4 × 103 J‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪.‬ﻉ ‪⇐ Q = 0, 075 × 2090 ×15 + 75 × 330 + 0, 075 × 4185 × 20 :‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 18‬‬

‫‪Q = m g c g ∆θ g + m g L f + me ce ∆θ‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ Q‬ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q ≈ 9, 36 × 103 J‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪.‬ﻉ ‪⇐ Q = 0, 020 × 2090 × 6 + 20 × 330 + 0, 020 × 4185 × 30 :‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 19‬‬

‫** ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 00 C‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ‬
‫‪mθ i + m' θ‬‬
‫= ‪θf‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ Q1 = mce ( θ f − θ i ) = m' ce ( θ − θ f ) :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫'‪m + m‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪Q' 1 = mL f + mce ( θ f − θ i ) = m' ce ( θ − θ f‬‬
‫‪mθ i + m' θ L f‬‬
‫= ‪θf‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫'‪m + m‬‬ ‫‪ce‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 20‬‬

‫‪180‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪160‬‬
‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺃ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺏ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫د‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫ج‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫ب‬ ‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺏ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪(mn)15‬‬ ‫‪θ = 600 C‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺩ ﺃﻱ ‪ θ = 1200 C :‬‬
‫‪400 × 60‬‬ ‫‪P × ∆t‬‬
‫‪c = 400 J / Kg °C‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ c‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ c‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪m ⋅ ∆θ‬‬
‫‪400 × 3 × 60‬‬ ‫‪P × ∆t‬‬
‫= ‪c = 1200 J / Kg °C ⇐ c‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ c‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪m ⋅ ∆θ‬‬
‫‪400 × 2 × 60‬‬ ‫‪P × ∆t‬‬
‫= ‪Lf‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ Lf‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ) ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺏ ( ‪⇐ mL f = P × ∆t :‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪L f = 4800 J / Kg‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫‪400 × 4 × 60‬‬ ‫‪P × ∆t‬‬
‫‪Lv = 9600 J / Kg‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ Lv‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ Lv‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺨﲑ ) ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺩ ( ‪⇐ mLv = P × ∆t :‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
 ‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 21‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺘﺼﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q1 = 39, 234 × 103 J‬‬ ‫‪⇐ Q1 = 0, 625 × 4185 × 15 ⇐ Q1 = ( M + µ ) ce (θ − θ f‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﻘﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪: 00 C‬‬
‫‪Q2 = 1, 755 × 103 J‬‬ ‫) ‪⇐ Q2 = 0.3 × 390 ×15 ⇐ Q2 = mCu cCu (θ f − θi‬‬
‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪00 C :‬‬

‫= ‪θ f ≈ 13.3°C ⇐ θ f‬‬
‫‪36309‬‬
‫= ‪⇐ θf‬‬
‫‪39234 − 0.3 × 390 × 25‬‬
‫= ‪⇐ θf‬‬
‫‪( M + µ ) ceθ + mCu cCuθi‬‬
‫‪2733‬‬ ‫‪0.625 × 4185 + 0.3 × 390‬‬ ‫‪( m + µ ) ce + mCu cCu‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 22‬‬

‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪m = D× ρ ×t ⇐ D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ :‬ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫‪t ρ ×t‬‬
‫) ‪Q ≈ 1, 25 × 106 J ⇐ Q = 0,1× 60 × 1× 4185 × 50 ⇐ Q = D × 60 × ρ × ce × (θ f − θi‬‬
‫‪Qg ≈ 1,5 × 106 J‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪⇐ Qg = 1, 2 × Q :‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 23‬‬

‫‪Ei 2‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Er‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺮﺝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ‪ :‬ﲝﻴﺚ ‪S = 10 × 20 = 200‬‬
‫‪Er = 1200 ×103W‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ‪⇐ Er = 1000 × 200 ⇐ Er = P × S :‬‬
‫‪Ei1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺘﺼﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ) ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ( ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Q = 174 × 103 J‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ Q = 0,87 × 200 ⇐ Q = ρ × Er ⇐ ρ‬‬
‫‪Er‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪m = D×t ⇐ D‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺮﺝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺨﻦ ‪ :‬ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫) ‪⇐ Q = D × 1× ce (θ f − θi‬‬
‫‪174000‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪θ f = 67°C‬‬ ‫‪⇐ θ f = 15 +‬‬ ‫‪⇐ θ f = θi +‬‬
‫‪0,8 × 4185‬‬ ‫‪D ce‬‬

‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 24‬‬

‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪m = D × ρ e × 365 × 24 ⇐ m = D × ρe × t ⇐ D‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ :‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪t ρe × t‬‬
‫‪Q = 3671012 J‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪⇐ Q = 200 × 1000 × 365 × 24 × 4185 × 50 ⇐ Q = D × ρ e × 365 × 24 × ce × (T1 − T ) :‬‬
‫‪367000‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪M = 8738 tonnes‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ M‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ M‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪tep‬‬
‫‪8738 × 1000‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪v = 10923 m3‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ v‬‬ ‫=‪⇐ v‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺼﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪ρp‬‬
 ‫** ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪: 25‬‬
‫‪ **-1‬ﳝﺘﺺ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ Q1‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ −200 C‬ﺇﱃ ‪: 00 C‬‬
‫) ‪Q1 = (mc + m' c' )(T2 − T1‬‬
‫** ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ T2‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭ ﳝﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪Q2 = mL f : Q2‬‬
‫** ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ Q3 = d .θ .ce (T − T2 ) : Q3‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﳓﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪Q1 + Q2 = Q3 :‬‬
‫ﰒ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪. Lf‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 00 C‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 200 C‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ‪: Q1′‬‬
‫) ‪Q' 1 = {c e (m + dθ ) + c' m' }(T3 − T2‬‬
‫** ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ Q' 2 = ce dθ ' (T − T3 ) : Q2′‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﳓﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‪Q' 1 = Q' 2 :‬‬
‫ﰒ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪. θ ′‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻘﺪﺗﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ‪. Q" 1 = m1 c Al (T' 1 −T ' 2 ) :‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﻌﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ) ‪ M = m + d (θ + θ ′‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪Q' ' 2 = {m.ce + ce .d (θ + θ ' ) + c' m' }(T ' 2 −T3 ) : Q2′ ′‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﲔ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪. cAl‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﳓﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m1 c Al (T ' 1 −T ' 3 ) = C‬‬ ‫) ‪(T' 3 −T2‬‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫‪22.4‬‬
‫ﰒ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪ ، C‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ C = M × c2‬ﻭ ‪ M‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻭ ‪ c2‬ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬