Experiment 1(A)

Introduction to communication system and lab equipments to examine

principal operations of transformer and reciever.
Objective:
The goals of the communication laboratory are:

1. to allow to perform experiments that demonstrate the theory of signals and communication
systems that are discussed in course,
2. to introduce to some of the electronic blocks that make up communication systems (which may
not be discussed in the lecture course because of time limitations) , and
3. to familiarize with proper laboratory procedure, including precise recordkeeping, logical
troubleshooting, safety, and learning about the capabilities and limitations of your equipment

Theory:
Communication system is a system model describes a communication exchange between two
stations, transmitter, and receiver. Signals or information passes from source to distention through
what is called channel, which represents a way that signal use it to move from source toward
destination. To transmit signals in communication system, it must be first processed by several
stages, beginning from signal representation, to signal shaping until encoding and modulation.
After preparing the transmitted signal, it passed to the transmission line of channel and due signal
crossing this media it faces many impairments such noise, attenuation and distortion. This
notebook gives a brief concept about transmission line calculation and also provides an idea about
communication system impairments with an example for each one. The notebook also introduces
data communication with a simple ideas of data processing.

Linear Distortion

Non-Linear
Distortion
Key Components:
LAB Equipments:
The lab equipments used in communication system laboratory ar:
• Oscilloscope
• Modules
➢ MCM 24/EV
➢ MCM 24/EV
➢ MCM 30/EV
• Function Generator

Sources
Sources can be classified as electric or non-electric; they are the origins of a message or input
signal. Examples of sources include but are not limited to the following:
• Audio files (MP3, WAV, etc...)
• Graphic Image Files (GIFs)
• Email Messages
• Human voice
• Television Picture
• Electromagnetic radiation
Input transducers (sensors)
Sensors, like microphones and cameras, capture non-electric sources, like sound and light
(respectively), and convert them into electrical signals. These types of sensors are called input
transducers in modern analog and digital communication systems. Without input transducers
there would not be an effective way to transport non-electric sources or signals over great
distances, i.e. humans would have to rely solely on our eyes and ears to see and hear things despite
the distances.
Other examples of input transducers include:
• Microphones
• Cameras
• Keyboards
• Mouse
• Force sensors
• Accelerometers
Transmitter
Once the source signal has been converted into an electric signal, the transmitter will modify this
signal for efficient transmission. In order to do this, the signal must pass through an electronic
circuit containing the following components:
• Noise filter
• Analog-to-digital converter
• Encoder
• Modulator
• Signal amplifier
After the signal has been amplified, it is ready for transmission. At the end of the circuit is an
antenna, the point at which the signal is released as electromagnetic waves (or electromagnetic
radiation).
Communication channel
A communication channel is simply referring to the medium by which a signal travels. There are
two types of media by which electrical signals travel, i.e. guided and unguided. Guided media
refers to any medium that can be directed from transmitter to receiver by means of connecting
cables. In optical fiber communication, the medium is an optical (glass-like) fiber. Other guided
media might include coaxial cables, telephone wire, twisted-pairs, etc... The other type of media,
unguided media, refers to any communication channel that creates space between the transmitter
and receiver. For radio or RF communication, the medium is air. Air is the only thing between the
transmitter and receiver for RF communication while in other cases, like sonar, the medium is
usually water because sound waves travel efficiently through certain liquid media. Both types of
media are considered unguided because there are no connecting cables between the transmitter and
receiver. Communication channels include almost everything from the vacuum of space to solid
pieces of metal; however, some mediums are preferred more than others. That is because differing
sources travel through subjective mediums with fluctuating efficiencies.

Receiver
Once the signal has passed through the communication channel, it must be effectively captured by
a receiver. The goal of the receiver is to capture and reconstruct the signal before it passed through
the transmitter (i.e. the A/D converter, modulator and encoder). This is done by passing the
"received" signal through another circuit containing the following components:
• Noise Filter
• Digital-to-analog converter
• Decoder
• Demodulator
• Signal Amplifier
Most likely the signal will have lost some of its energy after having passed through the
communication channel or medium. The signal can be boosted by passing it through a signal
amplifier. When the analog signal converted into digital signal.

Output transducer
The output transducer simply converts the electric signal (created by the input transducer) back
into its original form. Examples of output transducers include but are not limited to the following:
• Speakers (Audio)
• Monitors (See Computer Peripherals)
• Motors (Movement)
• Lighting (Visual)

Other
Some common pairs of input and output transducers include:
1. Microphones and speakers (audio signals)
2. Keyboards and computer monitors
3. Cameras and liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
4. Force sensors (buttons) and lights or motors
Again, input transducers convert non-electric signals like voice into electric signals that can be
transmitted over great distances very quickly. Output transducers convert the electric signal back
into sound There are many different types of transducers and the combinations are limitless.

Experiment(1B):
Practice on MCM 24/EV, MCM 25/EV to SHOW and examine the principle operation of a
transmitter and Receiver (Amplitude Modulator and Demodulator)

Objective
• To understand the theoretical foundations of Analog Communications as well as of
Double-Side-Band Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation (DSB-AM)
• To design the Simulink model of the DSB-AM to analyze each signal in time and frequency
domains using time scope and spectrum analyzer
• To examine the effects of the Additive Gaussian Channel (AWGN) in the Simulink Model
of DSB-AM
• To observe the real-time music transmission for DSB-AM modulated signal via USRP
trans-receiver

Theoretical Background
a. Review of Signals & Systems, Probability and Noise and Starters’ Guide
In order to understand the theory along with the experiments behind this course, the review
sections were prepared. It is highly recommended that the Review and the Starters’ Guide
are understood. Please see the instructor for any further information.
As a reminder, Review of Signals & Systems, Probability and Noise is valid for all
experiments.
b. Fundamentals of Analog Communications
Analog Communication is an information transmitting mechanism, i.e. music, voice, and
video using broadcast radio, walkie-talkies, or cellular radio, and broadcast television. The
significant invention made by Marconi in 1895 was a radio. Later, the foundation of Trans-
Atlantic Communication Systems had been taken place. Although digital communications
systems are much more efficient, cost-saving, more reliable, some communication systems
are still analog.

Basics of Analog Communications

Analog communication techniques can be summarized as
Advantages of modulation:
• Size of the antenna reduces when a signal is modulated by a larger frequency of a carrier.
• Antennasize=L=λ=cfc,wherec=speedofthelight=3×108m/sAntennasize=L=λ=cfc,wherec
=speedofthelight=3×108m/s
• Using modulation to transmit the signal through space to long distances. Therefore,
Wireless Communication techniques has raised our standards considerably.
• Modulation allows us to transmit multiple signals in the same medium (i.e. Frequency
Division Multiplexing, FDMA)

c. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

Let ωc=2πfcωc=2πfc be the carrier frequency in radians per second where
where fc>>Wfc>>W. Then the amplitude modulated signal s(t)s(t) can be expressed
[1] (H. Taub, 2008, p. section 3.3) as
• s(t)=AC[1+μm(t)]cos(2πfct)s(t)=AC[1+μm(t)]cos(2πfct)
• s(t)=ACcos(2πfct)+Acμm(t)cos(2πfct)s(t)=ACcos(2πfct)+Acμm(t)cos(2πfct)
• , where uu is the modulation index defined in −1<μ<1−1<μ<1
• As an example, the following figure shows the Amplitude Modulation
with m(t)=sin(2πt),AC=1,μ=0.9,andfc=10Hzm(t)=sin(2πt),AC=1,μ=0.9,andfc=10Hz,

Recall: Modulation Property

m(t)m(t) is multiplied by cos(2πfct)cos(2πfct);
m(t)∙cos(2πfct)⟺12[M(f−fc)+M(f+fc)],wherefisthefreqencyofm(t)m(t)∙cos(2πfct)⟺12[
M(f−fc)+M(f+fc)],wherefisthefreqencyofm(t)
In general, the AM modulation is summarized as:

In case of carrier, which could be used sine or cosine wave. Practically, there is no difference
except -90-degree phase shift.
Remark:
Any signal is summed by a constant value means that this signal is raised by the same constant
value with respect to the vertical axis in time domain. In frequency domain, the constant value is
represented by an impulse at f=0Hzf=0Hz.

Demodulation
For AM demodulation, we will examine the Square-Law and Envelope Detector techniques.
Demodulation by Squaring

• s2(t)=((1+μm(t))cos(2πfct))2,wherecos2(wct)=12(1+cos(4πfct))s2(t)=((1+μm(t)
)cos(2πfct))2, wherecos2(wct)=12(1+cos(4πfct))
• s2(t)=12(1+μm(t))2+12(1+μm(t))2cos(4πfct)s2(t)=12(1+μm(t))2+12(1+μm(t))2
cos(4πfct)
• The high frequency is removed after filtering,
• =12(1+μm(t))2,then=12(1+μm(t))2
• then M(t)=14(1+μm(t))M(t)=14(1+μm(t))

Synchronous Demodulator:
The block diagram of synchronous demodulator is as shown
In order for the low-pass to detect the information envelope, the frequency of the carrier must be
as high as possible. However, as you can imagine the noise from the nature (i.e. white noise) cannot
be filtered/removed perfectly in such analog transmissions (AM, or FM).
• s(t)=sin(2πfct)+m(t)2sin(2πfct−2πfmt)−m(t)2sin(2πfct+2πfmt)s(t)=sin(2πfct)+m(t)2sin(2
πfct−2πfmt)−m(t)2sin(2πfct+2πfmt)
o After the multiplication of
• s(t)×sin(2πfct)s(t)×sin(2πfct)=−m(t)2sin(2πfmt)−12sin(2πfct)−m(t)2(4πfct−2πfmt)+m(t)4
sin(2πfct+2πfmt)=−m(t)2sin(2πfmt)−12sin(2πfct)−m(t)2(4πfct−2πfmt)+m(t)4sin(2πfct+2
πfmt)
• Then, the low-pass filter removes the higher frequency components, so we can recover m(t).
2. Building Simulink Model of Amplitude Modulator and Demodulator
Modulation
The Simulink design of an Amplitude modulator is in the following

Parameters:
• Double click on the signal generator, and then set the frequency as 1 kHz with a waveform
of sine
• Adjust the carrier sine wave’s frequency as 20 kHz
• Set the simulation time such as 0.01 to observe the signals clearly
• Run your simulation
• In order to observe the spectrum analyzer, please increase the simulation time to 1 or 2
seconds.
As it is clearly seen that the AM model is exactly based upon the mathematical foundation provided
in the theoretical section. The message signal is multiplied by the modulation index, then it is
added a DC carrier, finally is multiplied with a sinusoidal carrier signal in order to transmit the
AM modulated signal.
Demodulation (Square-Law Demodulator)

• Specify the band edge frequency as 2*pi*X

Connect your modulation and demodulation models as shown.

• Run your model, you will then observe the following

8:Signals in time scope
Simulation time is chosen to be 2 secs for the spectrum analyzers.

Results in Spectrum Analyzers

3. Building Simulink Model of the Music Transmission Using DSB-AM Modulator and
Demodulator (Baseband)
Here, we will implement the DSB-AM baseband modulator and demodulator using a music file as
a source. In this case, since the source is a multimedia file rather than a pure sine wave, we need
the DSP process, which is the resampling and filtering. You will not be kept responsible for DSP
processes. However, you can find them very useful when comprehending sampling rate, rate
conversion, Finite Impulse Response (FIR), decimation and interpolation etc. You can also check
the following resource:
➢ The model is shown below.
Simulink model of the Music Transmission

• Resampling

• Baseband Demodulation

Transmitting and Receiving a Multimedia File using DSB-AM via USRP

➢ Now, we will go one further step to transmit a music file, and then receive it via USRP
hardware. In this case the transmission is real time, therefore unlike the simulations, you will
observe the noise through the air.
• The model is expressed as
 Transmitter (TX)

• Baseband Modulation and Transmission

• Resampling and Filtering

Receiver (RX)
• Receiver
• Demodulation Blocks (subsystem)

• Demodulation

Hardware Stimulation :
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation using MATLAB functions:
t=linspace(0,0.02,10000);
fc=5000;
fm=200;
fs=40000;
Am=5;
Ac=10;
m=(Am/Ac);
wc=(2*pi*fc*t);
wm=(2*pi*fm*t);
ec=(Ac*sin(wc));
em=(Am*sin(wm));
y=(Ac*(l+m*sin(wm).*sin(wc)));
d=(y.*ec);
dl=(conv(d,exp(-t/0.000795)));
l=10000;
subplot(4,1,1),plot(t,em)
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude in volts(V)');
title('Massage SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,2),plot(t,ec)
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude in volts(V)');
title('CARRIER SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,3),plot(t,ec)
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude in volts(V)');
title('MODULATED SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,4),plot(t,ec)
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude in volts(V)');
title('DEMODULATED SIGNAL');
Output: