Introduction to

Immunology

JILLIAN MARIE M. CUEVAS, RMT, MSMT

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 Immunology
◆ The study of organisms’ body protection from foreign
invading/disease causing microorganisms.

◆ The study of the molecules, cells, organs, and

systems responsible for the recognition and disposal
of foreign (nonself) material

◆ A science that deals with the immune system and

the cell mediated and humoral aspects of immunity
and immune responses
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 IMMUNITY

◆ The condition of being resistant to

infection.

◆ VARIOLATION

◆ VACCINATION

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 HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY
◆In 1798, Edward Jenner (an English Physician)
demonstrated that a scab from a cowpox lesion
can replace smallpox scabs for variolation.

◆This procedure was called: Vaccination (from

‘Vacca’ for cow in Latin).

◆Eventually led to the eradication of smallpox

from the world in 1970s
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COWPOX SMALLPOX

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 HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

◆ He described how he
deliberately inserted matter
taken from a sore on the
hand of a diarymaid, into the
arm of the boy by means of
two superficial incision.

◆ Barely penetrating the cutis,

each about half an inch long.

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 HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY

◆ The technique of vaccination against smallpox

quickly spread through the world.

◆ In 1980, the World Health Assembly officially

declared "the world and its peoples" free from
endemic smallpox.

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 “ Taking a break can lead to
breakthroughs.
You can take a 5- 10 mins break. Get up from
your chair and grab a snack or take a short walk.
Freshen and lighten up!

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 History and Milestones
in Immunology
Scientists and their Discoveries

WEEK 2
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History and Milestones in Immunology

◆Voltaire (1773)
○ Reported on Chinese practice of variolation
◆Edward Jenner (1798)
○ Smallpox vaccination
◆Haeckel (1862)
○ Phagocytosis
◆Pasteur (1880-1881)
○ Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax
vaccines;
○ (1885) live attenuated vaccine for rabies
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History and Milestones in Immunology

◆Elie Metchnikoff (1883-1905)

○ Cellular theory of immunity through
phagocytosis
◆Von Behring, Kitasata (1890)
○ Humoral theory of immunity proposed
◆Robert Koch (1891)
○ Demonstration of cutaneous hypersensitivity
◆Gruber and Durham (1896)
○ Discover agglutination reactions
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 History and Milestones in Immunology

◆Ferdinand Widal (1896)

○ Devised agglutination reaction for the diagnosis of typhoid
fever
◆Paul Ehrlich (1900)
○ Antibody formation theory
◆Karl Landsteiner (1900)
○ Discovery of the ABO Blood Group
◆P.Portier and Charles Richet (1902)
○ Immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis
◆Almorth Wright, Stephen Douglas, Joseph Denys (1903)
○ Discovered opsonins and describe its relation to phagocytosis
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 History and Milestones in Immunology
◆Von Pirquet and Schick (1906)
○ Describe the relationship of immunity and hypersensitivity
◆Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin (1921)
○ 1st successful vaccine against tuberculosis
◆Pfeiffer (1894- 1895), Buchner
○ Complement mediated cytolysis
◆Jules Bordet
○ Received Nobel prize for his pioneering works on complement
◆Salk and Sabin
○ Development of polio vaccine
◆George Snell (1903)
○ Worked out the genetics of the murine major histocompatibility
complex and generated the congenic strains needed for its biologic
analysis JMMC
 History and Milestones in Immunology

◆Niel Jerne (1911)

○ Developed the hemolytic plaque assay and several important
immunological theories including an early version of clonal selection
◆Peter Medawar (1915- 1987)
○ Made studies on acquire immunologic tolerance
◆Jean Dausset (1906)
○ An early pioneer in the study of MHC or HLA
◆Baruj Benacerraf (1920)
○ Discovered immune response genes and collaborated in the first
demonstartion of MHC restriction
◆Rodney Porter (1920- 1985)
○ Worked out the polypeptide structure of the antibody molecule, laying out
the groundwork of its analysis by protein sequencing
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 History and Milestones in Immunology

◆Rosalyn Yalow (1921)

○ Developed RIA of peptide hormones
◆Alexander Flemming (1922)
○ Described the action of lysozymes
◆James Gowan (1924)
○ Discovered that adaptive immunity is mediated by lymphocytes
◆Cesar Milstein (1927) and George Kohler (1946)
○ Developed the technique of monoclonal antibody formation
◆Gerald Edelman (1929)
○ Made crucial discoveries about the structure of Ig, including the
first complete sequence of Ab molecule
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 History and Milestones in Immunology

◆Michael Heidelberger (1888- 1991)

○ Developed the quantitative precipitin assay.
○ In 1930- 1935, collaborated with Kndall in conducting qualitative
precipitin assay studies on antigen-antibody reactions
◆Max Theiler (late 1930), Reed (1951)
○ Developed a vaccine against yellow fever
◆Susumu Tonegawa (1939)
○ Discovered the somatic recombination of immunological receptor
genes that underlies the generation of diversity in human and
murine antibodies and T cell receptors
◆Alic Isaacs and Jean Lindemann (1957)
○ Discovered interferon JMMC
 History and Milestones in Immunology

◆Luc Montaigner (1980)

○ Isolated retrovirus from a non-immune deficient
homosexual man with lymphadenopathy and called the
virus lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV)
◆Robert Gallo (1980)
○ Renamed the retrovirus as Human Immunodeficiency Virus
◆Mosmann (1986)
○ Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper function
◆Edward Dounal Thomas and Joseph Murray (1991)
○ Introduced the concepts of tranplantation
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 History and Milestones in Immunology

◆1996- 1998
○ Identification of toll-like receptors
◆Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel (1996)
○ Work on the mechanism of cellular response mediated
by T-cells towards virally infected cells
◆2001
○ Discovery of FOX3p, the gene directing regulatory T-cell
development
◆Frazer
○ Discovery of the HPV vaccine JMMC
 Thanks!
Any questions?
jmcuevas@fatima.edu.ph

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 “ Taking a break can lead to
breakthroughs.
You can take a 5- 10 mins break. Get up from
your chair and grab a snack or take a short walk.
Freshen and lighten up!

JMMC