Trace Mineral Nutrition

in Aquaculture
(with emphasis on Se & Zn)

Ilham, S.St.Pi., M.Sc., M.Aq., Ph.D.

Assoc. Professor
Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Jembrana

Presented at Politeknik AUP Webinar Series #1

17 January 2022
Overview
o

o
The Rise of Aquaculture
The Rise of Aquaculture (FAO, 2020)
World Aquaculture Production (FAO, 2020)
World Aquaculture Fish Production (FAO, 2020)
World Aquaculture Fish Production (FAO, 2020)

FACTS
BEHIND...
Increased fish concumption
By 2050, if .............
• 9 billion people
• 80 kg/meat per person
• 720,000,000 tonnes of
meat
• 30 kg fish per person
• 270,000,000 tonnes of fish
Why Fish
Fish for food security,
livelihoods and nutrition
#Did you know that 3 billion
people depend on fish for
20% of their average per
capita intake of animal
protein???
AQUAFEED DEMAND
2050 – estimate of global
aquafeed production from
100-180 MMT (Tacon &
Metian, 2008)
AQUAFEED:
CHALLENGES

Compound feed – feeds formulated from

>50% multiple ingredients – represents more
than half of the total operational costs
within aquaculture, with fishmeal (FM)
predominantly used as a protein source
due to its superior nutritional properties.

Despite the nutritional & economic

>80% importance of the aquaculture sector in
Indonesia, the finfish and crustacean
production sector is still highly dependent
upon the use of aquaculture feeds
composed primarily of imported feed
ingredients.
Aquafeed Ingredients
QUALITY
AQUAFEED
Addressing increased demands

• Defining animal requirements for nutrients

• Raw material quality characterization
• Defining feed specifications
• Optimising feed management
• Improving fish management

Understanding the animal

• Energy demand
• Feed energy density
• Feed ration required
• Daily protein demand
• Feed protein density

The inclusion of plant-derived proteins???

 ESSENTIAL DIETARY NUTRIENT REQ’S
Energy - E Protein - CP Water – H20

Arg His Iso Leu Lys Met Phe Thr Try Val Tau

18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:4n-6 20:5n-3 22:6n-3 Sterols Phospholipids

Ca Mg P K Na I Cu Fe Mn Se Zn

A D E K B1 B2 B6 Pa Ni Bio

B12 Fo Ch In C

40 + essential nutrient requirements – NOT ingredient requirements

Trace Mineral in Aquaculture
o Required in trace (milligram
or microgram amounts)

o Absorbed from the marine

environment through gills
or the body surface, but
they seldom meet the total
requirements of farmed
aquatic species

o Provided in the diet

through supplementation

o Maintain physiological
processes of aquatic animal

o Form and level affect

function
Role of Trace Minerals
Cobalt
Cobalt is a component of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B,,),
constituting nearly 4.5% of its molecular weight. Most animals
need the element for the synthesis of the vitamin by intestinal
microflora. Dietary cobalt has been found to be beneficial for
haematology and growth of fish.
Copper
Copper is important for animals as it is involved in the activity
of enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase, superoxide
dismutase, lysyl oxidase, dopamine hydroxylase and
tyrosinase.
Iron
Iron has an active part in oxidation/reduction reactions and
electron transport associated with cellular respiration. It is
found in complexes bound to proteins such as haem, in
enzymes such as microsomal cytochromes, catalase, etc
Manganese
Manganese is necessary for the normal functioning of brain
and for proper lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
Chromium
Chromium is essential for normal carbohydrate and lipid
metabolism. Chromium is considered to be a cofactor for
insulin activity and part of an organic tolerance factor .
Iodine
Iodine is related to thyroid hormones which regulate the level
of metabolic activity in fish. The hormones have wide influence
on cellular oxidation, neuromuscular control, circulatory
dynamics, nutrient metabolism and growth.
Selenium
It has been found to be an integral component of glutathione
peroxidase. The activity level of this enzyme in liver or plasma
is indicative of selenium supply to the organism.
Zinc
It serves as a specific cofactor of several enzymes. Zinc is an
integral part of about 20 metalloenzymes such as alkaline
phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase.
Fishmeal replaced by plant meal

Plant meal often contains high

amounts of phytic acid, which is
a known antagonist. Phytic acid
binds strongly to mineral ions,
making them unavailable for
absorption by aquatic species
(Prabhu et al., 2016; Domínguez
et al., 2020).

In diets containing high levels of

plant protein, mineral
supplementation is necessary
to improve growth and bone
development, especially in
carnivorous salmonid and
marine fish.
Our Previous Studies on Se Nutrition
Our Previous Studies on Se Nutrition
Our Previous Studies on Se Nutrition
Our Previous Studies on Se Nutrition

IW: initial weight (g); FW: final weight (g); FI: feed intake (g fish–1 day–1); SGR: specific growth rate (% body weight day–1);
TB: total biomass (g); FE: feed efficiency (g gained/g fed); S: survival (%)
Data are expressed as mean±S.E. Means in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different ( <
0.05).
Effects on dietary Se on farmed species
Barramundi
Effects on dietary Se on farmed species

Barramundi

Yellowtail Kingfish
Effects on dietary Se on farmed species

Barramundi
Barramundi
Our Ongoing Investigation on Zn Nutrition in Shrimp
Whiteleg shrimp
o Significantly affect ABW
o No impact on FCR and survival
o Improved THC and DHC
o Did not affect phagocityc activity
o Affected hepatopncreatic and
intestinal histological performance
o ...... Report being completed
Balanced Dietary Trace Mineral

Excess intake leads to toxicity

Deficiency increases susceptibility to disease

Take home note...

So, are we
going for...
Excellent but Affordable Aquafeed

OR

Cheap but Superb Aquafeed

???
 Incorporation of trace mineral programme can have a
significant role in maximising production and profitability
for fish and shrimp
New Raw Materials Arising
▪ Genetically Modified Crops (rapeseed)
• Advanced sources of oils and protein
• Will be here within 3 years
• Deregulation is underway
• Fishery independent sources of omega-3’s

▪ Microalgae biomass
• Potential source of oils and protein
• Was being touted as carbon offset (?)
• An emerging source of omega-3’s
• Source of some novel bioactives – Fucoidans

▪ Microbial meals
• A new source of protein and oils – not competing with food
chain
• Have near ideal qualities
• Have some interesting accessory properties
• Near to commercial readiness – within 1 to 3 years
Let’s embrace our learning
HEXAGY

29