THORAX II: PLEURA, PLEURA CAVITY AND LUNGS

 
Their two pleura. The visceral and parietal pleura. It creates a cavity called the
pleural cavity within the thorax. The lung is covered by pleura and mainly
functions in respiration for the acquisition of oxygen that is needed by the body.
 
Objectives:
1. Identify the pleura and its different kinds in respect to the surface or structure
that it is in close relation to.
2. Identify the pleural cavity and its contents.
3. Identify the lobes and fissures of the lungs.
4. Identify and describe the lungs in terms of the surface depressions present, the
structures within its root, its borders or surfaces, nerve supply, blood supply, and
venous and lymph drainage.
 
Laboratory Exercises
 
1. What is pleura? Describe the pleura
The pleura is a serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered
membrane structure. The thin space is known as the pleural cavity and contains a small
amount of pleural fluid (few milliliters in a normal human). The outer pleura is attached
to the chest wall (1-9).

2. Illustrate the pleural cavities. Label properly. Include the mediastinum and
costodiaphragmatic recess.
3. Draw the trachea. Describe the relations of the trachea, its blood supply,
innervation, and lymph drainage.

Structure Anterolaterally: 16-20 tracheal cartilages

Posteriorly: Tracheal muscle

Limits Superior: inferior end of larynx (cricoid cartilage and level of vertebra
C6)
Inferior: tracheal bifurcation (level of sternal angle and upper border of
vertebra T5)

Blood supply Arterial: tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery

Venous: inferior thyroid venous plexus

Lymphatic drainage Pretracheal nodes

Paratracheal cervical and thoracic lymph nodes

Innervation Pulmonary plexus

Functions Air transport in and out of the lungs; protection

4. Illustrate the lobes and fissures of the right and left lungs. Label properly.

5. Illustrate the impressions of the right and left lungs. Label properly.
6. Illustrate the root of the right and left lung. Label properly.
7. What are bronchopulmonary segments? Describe and give the general
characteristics. Enumerate the segments for each lung.

Left bronchopulmonary segments

Apicoposterior - represents the fusion of the apical and posterior segments.

Superior lingular - one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper
lobe. It lies below the apicoposterior and anterior segments of the left upper lobe.
Inferior lingular - one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left upper lobe.
It lies below the superior lingular segment of the left upper lobe.
Anterior - It is the most anterior of the segments in the left upper lobe lying below and
anterior to the apicoposterior segment and above the oblique fissure.
Anteromedial basal - one of the bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe. It
is the most anteromedial of the segments within the base of the left upper lobe.
Lateral basal - one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe. It is
the most inferolateral of the segments in the left lower lobe, below the superior segment.
Posterior basal - one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe. It
is the most inferoposterior of the segments in the left lower lobe, below the superior
segment.
Superior basal - one of the four bronchopulmonary segments of the left lower lobe. It
is the most apical of the segments in the left lower lobe, posterior to the upper aspect of
the oblique fissure and apicoposterior segment of the left upper lobe.

Right bronchopulmonary segments

Apical - one of the three bronchopulmonary segments of the right upper lobe. It is the

most apical of the segments in the right upper lobe and the right lung.
Posterior - one of the three bronchopulmonary segments of the right upper lobe. It is
the most posterior of the segments in the right upper lobe lying below the apical
segment, posterior to the anterior segment and above the horizontal fissure.
Anterior - one of the three bronchopulmonary segments of the right upper lobe. It is
the most anterior of the segments in the right upper lobe lying below the apical segment,
anterior to the posterior segment and above the horizontal fissure.
Lateral - one of the two bronchopulmonary segments of the right middle lobe. It is the
most lateral of the segments in the right middle lobe.
Medial - one of the two bronchopulmonary segments of the right middle lobe. It is the
most medial of the segments in the right middle lobe which abuts the right heart border.
Superior - one of the five bronchopulmonary segments of the right lower lobe. It is the
most apical of the segments in the right lower lobe, posteroinferior to the upper aspect
of the oblique fissure and posterior segment of the right upper lobe.
Medial basal - one of the five bronchopulmonary segments of the right lower lobe. It is
the most inferomedial of the segments in the right lower lobe.
Anterior basal- one of the five bronchopulmonary segments of the right lower lobe. It
is the most inferoanterior of the segments in the right lower lobe.
Lateral basal - one of the five bronchopulmonary segments of the right lower lobe. It is
the most inferolateral of the segments in the right lower lobe, below the superior
segment.
Posterior basal - one of the five bronchopulmonary segments of the right lower lobe.
It is the most inferoposterior of the segments in the right lower lobe, below the superior
segment.