Chapter 1

THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
 ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
"The study of structure and function of the body"
ANATOMY The scientific discipline that
Ana means"apart" Tomy means"to cut" deals with the
The scientific discipline that investigates processes or FUNCTIONS of living
the STRUCTURE of the body things
Systemic Anatomy- by SYSTEM. Regional
Anatomy- by AREAS. Surface Anatomy-
The Major Goals of
external features
Physiology
PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomical Imaging- involves body molecules Ex:
the use of X-Ray, MRI, Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Ultrasound, etc. (DNA) & Glucose
part works
Structural and
1.
Function 3. TISSUE LEVEL
Organizational of group of cell that perform
1. 2.
the same function
the Body HISTOLOGY- study of
tissues 4 TYPES OF TISSUE
To understand and predict
CHEMICAL LEVEL 1. Epithelial Tissue- covers
the body's responses to
simplest level of the body surface; lines hollow
stimuli
structural ladder organs and cavities and
To understand how the includes atoms and forms glands.

2. CELLULAR LEVEL 2. Connective Tissue- connects,

basic structural and supports and protects body organs
functional units of an while distributing blood vessels to
organism that are composed of other tissue
chemical. 3. Muscle Tissue- contracts to
CYTOLOGY- study of the make body part move and
microscopic appearance of cell generates heat

Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell, 4. Nervous Tissue- carries

Epithelial Cell information through nerve
impulses

ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
4. ORGAN LEVEL
composed of two or more
tissues that perform the sam
function
Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain,
Skin, Bones, Lungs
PERISTALSIS- movement of
gastrointestinal organs
5. SYSTEM LEVEL
consists of related organs
with a common function
Ex: Digestive System- breaks
down and absorbs food
mouth, salivary gland,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small inestine, large
intestine, gallbladder, liver and
pancreas.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
generates action potentials
(nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities
detecs changes in body's
internal and external
environments, interpret
changes and respond.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
achieves physical and
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
chemical breakdown of food
absorb nutrients
eliminates solid wastes
6. ORGANISM LEVEL
any living thing considered as a
whole whether composed of one
cell such as bacterium, or
of trillion of cells, such as
human.
Anatomy and
Physiology of Body
Systems
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
heart pumps blood through
vessels
blood carries oxygen and
nutrients to cells and carbon
dioxide and wastes
leps regulate acid-base
balance, temperature and
water content of body fluid
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
transferred oxygen and
 carbon dioxide air flowing out of lungs
helps regulate acid-base through vocal vocal cords
balance of body fluids produces sound.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
gonads produce gametes
(sperm or oocyte) that unite
to form a new organism
gonads also releases hormone
that regulate reproduction and causing microbes
other body processes transport
SKELETAL SYSTEM
and store gametes
supports and protects body
URINARY SYSTEM provides surface area for muscle
attachment
produce, store and eliminate
aids body movements
wastes
houses cells that produce
eliminate wastes and
blood cells (flat bones)
regulates volume and
store minerals and lipids
chemical composition of blood
(fats) (long bones)
maintain body's mineral
balance
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
helps regulate production of red
participates in body
blood cells
movements
ERYTHROPOETIN
maintain posture
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM produce heat

returns proteins and fluid to

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
blood
protects body
carries lipids from
regulate body temperature
gastrointestinal tract to blood
eliminates some wastes
contains sites of maturation and
poliferation of B cells and T cells helps make vitamin D
that protect against disease- detects sensation such as touch,
pain, warmth, and cold store fat
 and provides
insulation
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Basic Life
Processes
1. METABOLISM
ability to use energy
Two Phases of Metabolism 1.
CATABOLISM (catabol=
throwing down; -ism= a
condition) - breakdown of
complex; produce energy
ANABOLISM (anabol= raising up)
- building up smaller to complex;
uses energy
2. MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION
refers to the specific
interrelationships among the
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
regulates body system by
releasing hormones
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
parts of an organism and how
those parts interact to
perform
3. REPRODUCTION
formation of new cell for
tissue growth, repair or
requirement
production of new individual
4. RESPONSIVENESS
ability of an organism to
sense changes in the
environment
5. GROWTH
increase in body size; increase in
the number of cells
6. DEVELOPMENT/ DIFFERENTIATION
changes of an organism through
 time
DEVELOPMENT- growth but
also involves differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION- changes in
cell structure and function from
Component of Homeostatic
generalized
Homeostasis
Homeo- sameness
Stasis= stand still
"The existence and
maintenance of the balance"
VARIABLE- factor being
regulated
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ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
SET VALUE POINT- normal
range
Control System
RECEPTOR- detects changes
and signal the control center
CONTROL CENTER- analyzes the
information it receives and
determine the appropriate
response
EFFECTOR- receives output
and produce the response
Feedback System
1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
reverse a chage in variable
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
strengthen or reinforce a
change
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy

BODY POSITION have an ANATOMICAL

initial
reference point POSITION
standard position called RECLINING POSITION PRONE- face
ANATOMICAL POSITION down SUPINE- face up
 facing the observer; face lower limbs are
forward parallel and feet are flat
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy
CRANIAL- skull
Directional FACIAL- face
CEPHALIC- head
Terms FRONTAL- forehead
TEMPORAL- temple
ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper part OTIC- ear
INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower part BUCCAL- cheek
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL- front NASAL- nose
POSTERIOR/DORSAL- back ORAL- mouth
MEDIAL- inner side MENTAL- chin
LATERAL- outer side CLAVICLE- neck
INTERMEDIATE- in between STERNAL- breastbone
SUPERFICIAL- more external AXILLARY- armpit
DEEP- more internal
INSPILATERAL- same side
CONTRALATERAL- opposite side THORACIC- chest
PROXIMAL- near to the trunk MAMMARY- breast
DISTAL- far to the trunk BRACHIAL_ arm
ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow
ANTERBRACHIAL- forearm
DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger
ABDOMINAL- abdomen
PUBIC- pubis
UMBILICAL- navel
FEMORAL- thigh
COXAL- hip
PATELLAR- front of knee
INGUINAL- groin
CRURAL- leg or shin
PELVIC- pelvis
TARSAL- ankle
POLLEX- thumb
DIGITAL- toe
MANUAL- hand
PEDAL- foot
PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm
DORSUM- top of foot
CARPAL- wrist
HALLUX- great toe
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
 Language of Anatomy
OCCIPITAL- base of skull back of elbow side
SCAPULAR- shoulder blade GLUTEAL- buttock A. MIDSAGITTAL/
VERTEBRAL- spinal 1. MEDIAN PLANE- eqaul left
column DORSAL- back SAGITTAL PLANE and right side
LUMBAR- loin vertical plane that B. PARASAGITTAL PLANE
SACRAL- between hips separates right and left unequal side
OLECRANAL/CUBITAL

PERINEAL- region of anus & external organs

DORSUM- back of hand POPLITEAL- hollow behind knee
SURAL- calf
PLANTAR- sole
CALCANEAL- heel

Body Planes
& Section

PLANES
flat surface that pass
through the body parts
pertains to cut

SECTION
image/view of the body or one of its organ
pertains to the view
2. FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE vertical plane that separates anterior (front) and
posterior (back) portions
cut runs from right to left side or vice versa

3. TRANSVERSE PLANE
horizontal plane that
separates superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions also known as CROSS
SECTIONAL/HORIZONTAL PLANE

4. OBLIQUE PLANE
diagonal cut; angle other than the right angle (90 degree)

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy
Body Cavities
CAVITIES
The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the nasal
cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The trunk
contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body:
the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity The
thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the
abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right and
left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The mediastinum
is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the
esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side of
the mediastinum.
The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and
contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas,
and the kidneys.
The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and
contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal
reproductive organs.
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and
 sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy
Serous Membrane
Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these
cavities.
To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ,
imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon.
The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the visceral
serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the
parietal serous membrane.
The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes
is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by
the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the
body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction

The thoracic cavity contains three serous The pericardial cavity surrounds the
membrane lined cavities: a pericardial heart. The visceral pericardium covers
cavity and two pleural cavities. the heart, which is contained within a
connective tissue sac lined with the
parietal
PLEURAL CAVITY
pericardium. The pericardial cavity,
A pleural cavity which contains pericardial fluid, is
surrounds each lung, located between the visceral pericardium
which is covered by and the parietal pericardium.
visceral pleura. Parietal pleura lines the
inner
surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral PERICARDIAL CAVITY
surfaces of the mediastinum, and the The abdominopelvic cavity contains a
superior surface of the diaphragm. The serous membrane-lined cavity called the
pleural cavity is located between the peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum
visceral pleura and the parietal pleura covers many of the organs of the
and contains pleural fluid abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal
PERICARDIAL CAVITY peritoneum lines the wall of the
abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum
surface of the diaphragm. The peritoneal and contains peritoneal fluid.
cavity is located between the visceral
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy

The serous membranes can become inflamed—

usually as a result of an infection.
PERICARDITIS (per′i-kar-dı′tis) is inflammation
of the pericardium, PLEURISY (ploor′i-s̄) is
inflammation of the pleura, and PERITONITIS
̄
(per′i-t-nı′tis) is inflammation of the peritoneum.

MESENTERIES (mes′en-ter-z̄ ), which consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect
the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body
wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs. The mesenteries anchor the
organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have
mesenteries. Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs, which are said to be retroperitoneal
̄
(re′tr̄ -per′i-t-n̄′̆l; retro, behind). The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys, the adrenal glands,
the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy
The upper limb is divided into the arm,
Body Parts & Region forearm, wrist, and hand.
The central region of the body consists of The arm extends from the shoulder to the
the HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK. elbow, and the forearm extends from the
The trunk can be divided into the thorax elbow to the wrist.
(chest), abdomen (region between the The lower limb is divided into the thigh,
thorax and pelvis), and pelvis (the leg, ankle, and foot.
inferior end of the trunk associated with The thigh extends from the hip to the
the hips). knee, and the leg extends from the knee
to the ankle.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Language of Anatomy

Body Parts
& Region

The abdomen is often subdivided superficially

into four sections, or quadrants, by two
 imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical
—that intersect at the navel.
The quadrants formed are:
right-upper,
left-upper,
right-lower,
left-lower quadrants.
The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into
regions by four imaginary lines—two horizontal
and two vertical. These four lines create an
imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen,
resulting in nine regions:
epigastric (ep-i-gas′trik),
right and left hypochondriac (hı-p̄-kon′dr̄ -ak),
̆
umbilical (̆m-bil′i-kl),
̆
right and left lumbar (lm′bar),
hypogastric (hı-p̄-gas′trik), and
right and left iliac (il′̄-ak).
Clinicians use the quadrants or regions as
reference points for locating the underlying
organs. For example, the appendix is in the right
lower quadrant, and the pain of an acute
appendicitis is usually felt there.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
ANATOMY
1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body.
2. Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems. Regional anatomy is the
study of the body by areas.
3. Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures, and anatomical
imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures.

PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body.

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

1. The human body can be organized into six levels: chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, and organism.
2. The eleven organ systems are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic,
respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive
systems.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth,
development, and reproduction.

HOMEOSTASIS
1. Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the
internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life. 2.
Negative-feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
3. Positive-feedback mechanisms make deviations from normal even greater. Although a
few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, most positive-feedback
mechanisms are harmful.

BODY POSITION
1. A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides,
and the palms facing forward is in the anatomical position.
2. A face-upward position is supine and a face-downward one is prone.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual
position.

BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. 2. The
abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are useful
for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

SUMMARY
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. 2. The
abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are useful
for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.

PLANES
1. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, a transverse plane divides the
body into superior and inferior parts, and a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and
 posterior parts.
2. A longitudinal section divides an organ along its long axis, a transverse section cuts an
organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long axis at an
angle other than a right angle.

BODY CAVITIES
1. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. The mediastinum divides
the thoracic cavity into two parts.
2. The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
3. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones.

SEROUS MEMBRANES
1. The trunk cavities are lined by serous membranes. The parietal part of a serous membrane
lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral part covers the internal organs. 2. The serous
membranes secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral membranes.
The serous membranes protect organs from friction.
3. The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural cavities surround the lungs, and
the peritoneal cavity surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs.
4. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and
provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs.
5. Retroperitoneal organs are found “behind” the parietal peritoneum. The kidneys, the
adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder are examples
of retroperitoneal organs.

REFERENCE

Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition.

No Copyright Intended.