4.

Organ
Anatomy & Physiology 5. Organ System
De Roxas, Aimee Rose L.
6. Organism
Anatomy & Physiology - Study of the Structure
and Function of the Human Body Chemical Level
 Structural and Functional characteristics of
I.I Anatomy all organisms.
Anatomy - means to dissect or to cut part and  Involves how atoms, Such as: Hydrogens
separate and carbon interact and combine into
Human Physiology - Provides the basis for molecules.
Understanding the Disease
Anatomy covers a wide range of studies, Cell Level
including the structure of body parts, their  Basic structural and functional units of
microscopic organization, and the processes organisms, Such as plants and animals.
which they develop.  Molecules can combine to form organelles,
Anatomy examines the relationship between which are the small structures that make
the structure of a body part and its function up some cells.
just as structure of a hammer makes it well
suited for pounding nails, the structure of the Tissue Level
body parts allows them to perform specific  Is a group of similar cells and the materials
functions efffectively. sorrounding them.
 The characteristics of the cells and
Two Basic approaches to the Study of sorrounding materials dertemine the
Anatomy: functions of the tissue.
1. Systemic Anatomy - Is the study of body by  Make up the body are classified into 4
the systems primary sources:
Such as: Cardiovascular, Nervous , Skeletal and 1. Ephitelial
Muscular System. 2. Connective
2. Regional Anatomy - Is the study of 3. Muscle
organization of the body by areas. 4. Nervous
Such as: Head, Abdomen, Arm, all systems are
studied simultaneously. Organ Level
 Is composed of two or more tissue types
Two general ways to examine the internal that together perform one or more
structures of a living person. common functions.
1. Surface Anatomy - is the study of external  Examples of some of our organs include
features, such as bony projections which serve the heart, stomach , liver and urinary
as landmarks for locating deeper structures . bladder.
2. Anatomical Imaging - the use of xrays,
ultrasounds, (MRI),. Organ System Level
 Is a group of organs classified as a unit
I.2 Physiology because of common function or set of
Physiology - the study of nature functions.
Human Physiology - is the study of specific
organism, the human , whereas cellular
physiology and systemic physiology are
subdivisions that emphasize specific
organization levels.

I.3 Structural and Functional Organization of

the Human Body
Six Structural levels of organization of the
body:
1. Chemical
2. Cell
3. Tissue
Organism Level produce vitamin D. Consists of Skin, Hair ,
 Is any living thing considered as a whole, Nails sebaceous gland and Sweat Glands.
whether composed of one cell , Such as:
Bacterium, trillions of cells such as Skeletal System
humans.  Provides production and support allows
 Human Organism is a complex of organ body movements, produces blood cells,
systems that are mutually dependent and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
upon one another. Consists of Bones, Associated Cartilages,
Ligaments and Joints.
I.4 Characteristics of Life  Skull
Six Characteristics of Life  Clavicle
1. Oraganization - specific relationship of the  Ribs
many individual parts of an organism, from cell  Stemum
organelles to organs, interacting and work  Humerus
together.  Vertebral column
2. Metabolism - is the ability to use energy to  Radius
perform vital functions.  Pelvis
 Such as :Growth, movement, and  Ulna
reproduction.  Femur
3. Responsiveness - is the ability of an organism  Tibia
to sense changes in the environment and make  Fibula
the adjustments that help maintain its life.
4. Growth - increase in all size of all part of the Muscular System
organism.  Produces Body movements maintains
 Increase in cell number, cell size, or the posture , and produces body heat. Consists
amount of substance sorrounding cells. of muscles attached to the skeleton by
5. Development - changes an organism tendons.
undergoes through time. Human development  Temporalis
begins when the egg is fertilized by the sperm  Pectorails major
and ends with death.  Biceps Brachi
 Development usually involves growth, but  Rectus abdominis
also involves differentation.  Sartorious
 Differentiation is a change in cell structure  Quadriceps femoris
and function from generalized to  Gastrocnemius
specialized.
6. Reproduction - formation of new cells or Nervous System
new oragnism.  A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements
I.5 Homeostasis physiological processes and intellectual
Homeostasis - is the existence and maintenance functions.
of a relatively constant environment with the  Brain
body despite fluctuations in either the external  Spinal Cord
environment or the internal environment.  Nerve
 Caudia Equina
Homeostatic mechanisms -such as: Sweating or
shivering normally maintain body temperature Endocrine System
near an average value or set point.  A major regulatory system that influences
 Governed by the nervous system or the metabolism, growth, reproduction and
Endocrine system. many other functoons. Consists of
Endocrine glands, such as: pituary thaat
secrete hormones.
Figure 1.2 Major Organs of the Body
 Hypothalamus
Integumentary System  Pituary
 Provides protection regukates  Pineal gland
temperature prevents water loss and helps  Thyroid
 Parathyroids (Posterior part of thyroid)
 Adrenals Consists of the mouth, esophagus,
 Ovaries (female) stomach , intestines, and accessory glands.
 Panreas (islets)  Pharynx (throat)
 Testes (male)  Oral cavity (mouth)
 Liver
Cardiovascular System  Galbladder
 Transports nutrients, waste products ,  Appendix
gases and hormones throughout the  Rectum
body; plays a role in the immune response  Anus
and the regulation of body temperature.  Salivary glands
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and  Esophagus
blood.  Stomach
 Carotid Artery  Pancreas
 Jugular Vein  Small Intestine
 Heart  Large Intestine
 Brachial artey
 Inferior vena cava Urinary System
 Superior vena cava  Removes wastes products from the blood
 Pulmonary trunk and regulates blood pH. Ion balace and
 Aorta water balance. Consists of the kidneys ,
 Femoral artery and vein urinary bladder and ureters.
 Kidney
Lymphatic System  Uerter
 Removes foreign substances from the  Urinary Bladder
blood and lymph, combat disease,  Urethra
maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs
dietary fats from the digestive tract. Female Reproductive System
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph  Produces oocytes and the site of
nodes , and other lymphatic organs. fertilization and fetal development
 Tonsils produces milk for the newborn; produces
 Cervical lymph node hormones that influence sexual functions
 Mammary plexus and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries,
 Thoracic duct uterine tubes , uterus, vagina, mammary
 Spleen glands and associated structures.
 Inguinal lymph node  Mammary gland (in breast)
 Thymus  Uterine tube
 Axillary lymph node  Ovary
 Lymphatic vessel  Uterus
 Vagina
Respiratory System
 Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide Male Reproductive System
between the blood and air and regulates  Produces and transfers sperm to the
blood pH. Consists of the lungs and female and produces hormones that
respiratory passages. infuence sexual functions and behaviors.
 Nose Consists of the testes, accesory structures,
 Nasal cavity ducts and penis.
 Pharynx (throat)  Ductus deferens
 Larynx  Epididymis
 Trachea  Semina Vesicle
 Bronchi  Prostate gland
 Lungs  Testis
 Penis
Digestive System
 Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestions, absorption of
nutrients , and elimination of wastes.