10

Thermal Properties
of Matter
T°C, then the new lengths are the same. If the ratio of the
TOPIC 1 Thermometer & Thermal coefficients of linear expansion of A and B is 4 : 3, then
Expansion the value of T is : [11 Jan. 2019 II]
(a) 230°C (b) 270°C
1. Two different wires having lengths L1 and L2 , and (c) 200°C (d) 250°C
respective temperature coefficient of linear expansion a1 7. A thermometer graduated according to a linear scale reads
and a 2 , are joined end-to-end. Then the effective a value x0 when in contact with boiling water, and x0/3
temperature coefficient of linear expansion is : when in contact with ice. What is the temperature of an
[Sep. 05, 2020 (II)] object in °C, if this thermometer in the contact with the
a1 L1 + a 2 L2 object reads x0/2? [11 Jan. 2019 II]
(a) (b) 2 a1a 2 (a) 25 (b) 60 (c) 40 (d) 35
L1 + L2
8. A rod, of length L at room temperature and uniform area
a + a2 aa L2 L1 of cross section A, is made of a metal having coefficient
(c) 1 (d) 4 1 2
2 a1 + a 2 ( L2 + L1 ) 2 of linear expansion a/°C. It is observed that an external
compressive force F, is applied on each of its ends,
2. A bakelite beaker has volume capacity of 500 cc at 30°C.
prevents any change in the length of the rod, when its
When it is partially filled with Vm volume (at 30°C) of
mercury, it is found that the unfilled volume of the beaker temperature rises by DT K. Young’s modulus, Y, for this
remains constant as temperature is varied. If g(beaker) = 6 × metal is: [9 Jan. 2019 I]
10–6 °C–1 and g(mercury) = 1.5 × 10–4 °C–1, where g is the F F
coefficient of volume expansion, then Vm (in cc) is close to (a) (b)
AaDT A a ( D T - 273)
__________. [NA Sep. 03, 2020 (I)]
F 2F
3. When the temperature of a metal wire is increased from (c) (d)
0°C to 10°C, its length increased by 0.02%. The percentage 2A a D T AaDT
change in its mass density will be closest to : 9. An external pressure P is applied on a cube at 0oC so that
[Sep. 02, 2020 (II)] it is equally compressed from all sides. K is the bulk
(a) 0.06 (b) 2.3 modulus of the material of the cube and a is its
(c) 0.008 (d) 0.8 coefficient of linear expansion. Suppose we want to bring
4. A non-isotropic solid metal cube has coefficients of linear the cube to its original size by heating. The temperature
expansion as: 5 ´ l0–5/°C along the x-axis and 5 ´ 10–6/°C should be raised by : [2017]
along the y and the z-axis. If the coefficient of volume
expansion of the solid is C ´ 10–6/°C then the value of C is 3a
(a) (b) 3PKa
¾¾¾ . [NA 7 Jan. 2020 I] PK
5. At 40 C, a brass wire of 1 mm radius is hung from the
o P P
(c) (d)
ceiling. A small mass, M is hung from the free end of the 3aK aK
wire. When the wire is cooled down from 40oC to 20oC it 10. A steel rail of length 5 m and area of cross-section 40
regains its original length of 0.2 m. The value of M is close cm2 is prevented from expanding along its length while
to: [12 April 2019 I] the temperature rises by 10°C. If coefficient of linear
(Coefficient of linear expansion and Young’s modulus of expansion and Young’s modulus of steel are 1.2 × 10–5 K–1
brass are 10–5/oC and 1011 N/m2, respectively; g = 10 ms–2) and 2 × 1011 Nm–2 respectively, the force developed in
(a) 9 kg (b) 0.5 kg (c) 1.5 kg (d) 0.9 kg the rail is approximately: [Online April 9, 2017]
6. Two rods A and B of identical dimensions are at (a) 2 × 107 N (b) 1 × 105 N
temperature 30°C. If A is heated upto 180°C and B upto (c) 2 × 109 N (d) 3 × 10–5 N
P-156 Physics

11. A compressive force, F is applied at the two ends of a K1 K2 K3

long thin steel rod. It is heated, simultaneously, such that
100°C 0°C
its temperature increases by DT. The net change in its
length is zero. Let l be the length of the rod, A its area of 70°C 20°C
cross–section, Y its Youn g’s modulus, and a its
(a) K1 : K3 = 2 : 3, K1 < K3 = 2 : 5
coefficient of linear expansion. Then, F is equal to :
(b) K1 < K2 < K3
[Online April 8, 2017]
(c) K1 : K2 = 5 : 2, K1 : K3 = 3 : 5
(a) l2 Ya DT (b) lA Ya DT
(d) K1 > K2 > K3
AY 16. A bullet of mass 5 g, travelling with a speed of 210 m/s,
(c) A Ya DT (d) strikes a fixed wooden target. One half of its kinetics en-
aDT
ergy is converted into heat in the bullet while the other
12. The ratio of the coefficient of volume expansion of a glass half is converted into heat in the wood. The rise of tem-
container to that of a viscous liquid kept inside the perature of the bullet if the specific heat of its material is
container is 1 : 4. What fraction of the inner volume of the 0.030 cal/(g – ºC) (1 cal = 4.2 × 107 ergs) close to :
container should the liquid occupy so that the volume of [Sep. 05, 2020 (I)]
the remaining vacant space will be same at all temperatures ? (a) 87.5ºC (b) 83.3ºC
[Online April 23, 2013] (c) 119.2ºC (d) 38.4ºC
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 1 : 4 (c) 1 : 64 (d) 1 : 8 17. The specific heat of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1 and the latent
13. On a linear temperature scale Y, water freezes at – 160° Y heat of ice = 3.4 × 105 J kg–1. 100 grams of ice at 0°C is
and boils at – 50° Y. On this Y scale, a temperature of 340 K placed in 200 g of water at 25°C. The amount of ice that will
would be read as : (water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K) melt as the temperature of water reaches 0°C is close to (in
grams) : [Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]
[Online April 9, 2013] (a) 61.7 (b) 63.8
(a) – 73.7° Y (b) – 233.7° Y (c) 69.3 (d) 64.6
(c) – 86.3° Y (d) – 106.3° Y 18. A calorimter of water equivalent 20 g contains 180 g of
14. A wooden wheel of radius R is made of two semicircular water at 25°C. 'm' grams of steam at 100°C is mixed in it till
part (see figure). The two parts are held together by a ring the temperature of the mixture is 31°C. The value of 'm' is
made of a metal strip of cross sectional area S and length close to (Latent heat of water = 540 cal g–1, specific heat of
L. L is slightly less than 2pR. To fit the ring on the wheel, it water = 1 cal g–1 °C–1) [Sep. 03, 2020 (II)]
is heated so that its temperature rises by DT and it just (a) 2 (b) 4
steps over the wheel. As it cools down to surrounding (c) 3.2 (d) 2.6
temperature, it presses the semicircular parts together. If 19. Three containers C1, C2and C3 have water at different
the coefficient of linear expansion of the metal is a, and its temperatures. The table below shows the final temperature
T when different amounts of water (given in liters) are taken
Young's modulus is Y, the force that one part of the wheel
from each container and mixed (assume no loss of heat
applies on the other part is : [2012] during the process) [8 Jan. 2020 II]
(a) 2pSY aDT
R C1 C2 C3 T
(b) SY aDT 1l 2l — 60°C

(c) – 1l 2l 30°C
pSY aDT
2l — 1l 60°C
(d) 2SY aDT 1l 1l 1l q
The value of q (in °C to the nearest integer) is______.
TOPIC 2 Calorimetry and Heat
Transfer 20. M grams of steam at 100°C is mixed with 200 g of ice at its
melting point in a thermally insulated container. If it
15. Three rods of identical cross-section and lengths are made produces liquid water at 40°C [heat of vaporization of water
of three different materials of thermal conductivity K1, K2 is 540 cal/ g and heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/g], the value
and K3, respectively. They are joined together at their ends
of M is ________ [NA 7 Jan. 2020 II]
to make a long rod (see figure). One end of the long rod is
maintained at 100ºC and the other at 0ºC (see figure). If the 21. When M1 gram of ice at –10 C (Specific heat = 0.5 cal g–1 oC–1)
o

joints of the rod are at 70ºC and 20ºC in steady state and
there is no loss of energy from the surface of the rod,
the correct relationship between K1, K2 and K3 is :
[Sep. 06, 2020 (II)]
is added to M2 gram of water at 50oC, finally no ice is
left and the water is at 0oC. The value of latent heat of
ice, in cal g–1 is: [12 April 2019 I]
 Thermal Properties of Matter P-157

50 M 2 5M1 27. A metal ball of mass 0.1 kg is heated upto 500°C and
(a) -5 (b) M - 50 dropped into a vessel of heat capacity 800 JK–1 and
M1 2 containing 0.5 kg water. The initial temperature of water
50M 2 5 M2 and vessel is 30°C. What is the approximate percentage
(c) (d) -5 increment in the temperature of the water? [Specific Heat
M1 M1
Capacities of water and metal are, respectively, 4200 Jkg–
22. A massless spring (K = 800 N/m), attached with a mass 1K–1 and 400 Jkg–1 K–1 ] [11 Jan. 2019 II]
(500 g) is completely immersed in 1kg of water. The spring (a) 15% (b) 30%
is stretched by 2cm and released so that it starts vibrating.
(c) 25% (d) 20%
What would be the order of magnitude of the change in
28. A heat source at T = 103 K is connected to another heat
the temperature of water when the vibrations stop
reservoir at T = 102 K by a copper slab which is 1 m
completely? (Assume that the water container and spring
thick. Given that the thermal conductivity of copper is
receive negligible heat and specific heat of mass = 400 J/kg K,
0.1 WK–1 m–1, the energy flux through it in the steady
specific heat of water = 4184 J/kg K) [9 April 2019 II]
state is: [10 Jan. 2019 I]
(a) 10–4 K (b) 10–5 K (c) 10–1 K (d) 10–3 K
(a) 90 Wm–2 (b) 120 Wm–2
23. Two materials having coefficients of thermal conductivity (c) 65 Wm–2 (d) 200 Wm–2
‘3K’ and ‘K’ and thickness ‘d’ and ‘3d’, respectively, are
29. An unknown metal of mass 192 g heated to a temperature
joined to form a slab as shown in the figure. The
temperatures of the outer surfaces are ‘q2’ and ‘q1’ of 100°C was immersed into a brass calorimeter of mass
respectively, (q2 > q1). The temperature at the interface is: 128 g containing 240 g of water at a temperature of 8.4°C.
[9 April 2019 II] Calculate the specific heat of the unknown metal if water
temperature stablizes at 21.5°C. (Specific heat of brass is
394 J kg–1 K–1) [10 Jan. 2019 II]
q1 9q 2 q 2 + q1 (a) 458 J kg K
–1 –1
(b) 1232 J kg–1 K–1
(a) + (b) (c) 916 J kg–1 K–1 (d) 654 J kg–1 K–1
10 10 2
q1 5q2 q 2q 30. Temperature difference of 120°C is maintained between
(c) + (d) 1 + 2 two ends of a uniform rod AB of length 2L. Another bent
6 6 3 3
24. A cylinder of radius R is surrounded by a cylindrical shell 3L
of inner radius R and outer radius 2R. The thermal rod PQ, of same cross-section as AB and length , is
conductivity of the material of the inner cylinder is K1 and 2
that of the outer cylinder is K2. Assuming no loss of connected across AB (See figure). In steady state,
heat, the effective thermal conductivity of the system for temperature difference between P and Q will be close to:
heat flowing along the length of the cylinder is: [9 Jan. 2019 I]
[12 Jan. 2019 I]
L
K1 + K 2 4
(a) (b) K1 + K 2
2 A B
2K1 + 3K 2 K1 + 3K 2 L
P L Q
(c) (d)
5 4 2
25. Ice at –20°C is added to 50 g of water at 40°C, When the
(a) 45°C (b) 75°C (c) 60°C (d) 35°C
temperature of the mixture reaches 0°C, it is found that 20
g of ice is still unmelted. The amount of ice added to the 31. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is
water was close to [11 Jan. 2019 I] dropped in a copper calorimeter of mass 100 gm, filled with
(Specific heat of water = 4.2J/g/°C 170 gm of water at room temperature. Subsequently, the
Specific heat of Ice = 2.1 J/g/°C temperature of the system is found to be 75°C. T is given
Heat of fusion of water at 0°C = 334J/g) by (Given : room temperature = 30° C, specific heat of
(a) 50g (b) 100 g copper = 0.1 cal/gm°C [2017]
(c) 60 g (d) 40 g (a) 1250°C (b) 825°C (c) 800°C (d) 885° C
26. When 100 g of a liquid A at 100°C is added to 50 g of a 32. In an experiment a sphere of aluminium of mass 0.20 kg
is heated upto 150°C. Immediately, it is put into water of
liquid B at temperature 75°C, the temperature of the mixture
volume 150 cc at 27°C kept in a calorimeter of water
becomes 90°C. The temperature of the mixture, if 100 g of equivalent to 0.025 kg. Final temperature of the system
liquid A at 100°C is added to 50 g of liquid B at 50°C, will is 40°C. The specific heat of aluminium is :
be : [11 Jan. 2019 II] (take 4.2 Joule=1 calorie) [Online April 8, 2017]
(a) 85°C (b) 60°C (a) 378 J/kg – °C (b) 315 J/kg – °C
(c) 80°C (d) 70°C (c) 476 J/kg – °C (d) 434 J/kg – °C
P-158 Physics

33. An experiment takes 10 minutes to raise the temperature 38. A mass of 50g of water in a closed vessel, with
of water in a container from 0ºC to 100ºC and another 55 surroundings at a constant temperature takes 2 minutes to
minutes to convert it totally into steam by a heater cool from 30°C to 25°C. A mass of 100g of another liquid in
supplying heat at a uniform rate. Neglecting the specific an identical vessel with identical surroundings takes the
heat of the container and taking specific heat of water same time to cool from 30° C to 25° C. The specific heat of
to be 1 cal / g ºC, the heat of vapourization according the liquid is :
to this experiment will come out to be : (The water equivalent of the vessel is 30g.)
[Online April 11, 2015] [Online April 25, 2013]
(a) 560 cal/ g (b) 550 cal/ g (a) 2.0 kcal/kg (b) 7 kcal/kg
(c) 540 cal/ g (d) 530 cal/ g (c) 3 kcal/kg (d) 0.5 kcal/kg
39. 500 g of water and 100 g of ice at 0°C are in a calorimeter
34. Three rods of Copper, Brass and Steel are welded together
whose water equivalent is 40 g. 10 g of steam at 100°C is
to form a Y shaped structure. Area of cross - section of
added to it. Then water in the calorimeter is : (Latent heat
each rod = 4 cm2. End of copper rod is maintained at 100ºC
of ice = 80 cal/g, Latent heat of steam = 540 cal/ g)
where as ends of brass and steel are kept at 0ºC. Lengths
[Online April 23, 2013]
of the copper, brass and steel rods are 46, 13 and 12 cms
(a) 580 g (b) 590 g (c) 600 g (d) 610 g
respectively. The rods are thermally insulated from
surroundings excepts at ends. Thermal conductivities of 40. Given that 1 g of water in liquid phase has volume 1 cm 3
copper, brass and steel are 0.92, 0.26 and 0.12 CGS units and in vapour phase 1671 cm3 at atmospheric pressure
and the latent heat of vaporization of water is 2256 J/g; the
respectively. Rate of heat flow through copper rod is:[2014]
change in the internal energy in joules for 1 g of water at
(a) 1.2 cal/s (b) 2.4 cal/s 373 K when it changes from liquid phase to vapour phase
(c) 4.8 cal/s (d) 6.0 cal/s at the same temperature is : [Online April 22, 2013]
35. A black coloured solid sphere of radius R and mass M is (a) 2256 (b) 167 (c) 2089 (d) 1
inside a cavity with vacuum inside. The walls of the cavity 41. A large cylindrical rod of length L is made by joining two
are maintained at temperature T0. The initial temperature
identical rods of copper and steel of length æç ö÷ each.
L
of the sphere is 3T0. If the specific heat of the material of
the sphere varies as aT3 per unit mass with the temperature è 2ø
T of the sphere, where a is a constant, then the time taken The rods are completely insulated from the surroundings.
for the sphere to cool down to temperature 2T0 will be (s is If the free end of copper rod is maintained at 100°C and
that of steel at 0°C then the temperature of junction is
Stefan Boltzmann constant) [Online April 19, 2014] (Thermal conductivity of copper is 9 times that of steel)
Ma Ma [Online May 19, 2012]
æ3ö æ 16 ö
(a) In ç ÷
2 (b) In ç ÷
2
(a) 90°C (b) 50°C (c) 10°C (d) 67°C
4pR s è 2 ø 4pR s è 3 ø 42. The heat radiated per unit area in 1 hour by a furnace
whose temperature is 3000 K is (s = 5.7 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4)
Ma æ 16 ö Ma æ3ö
(c) In ç ÷
2 (d) In ç ÷
2 [Online May 7, 2012]
16pR s è 3 ø 16pR s è 2 ø (a) 1.7 × 1010 J (b) 1.1 × 1012 J
36. Water of volume 2 L in a closed container is heated with a (c) 2.8 × 108 J (d) 4.6 × 106 J
coil of 1 kW. While water is heated, the container loses 43. 100g of water is heated from 30°C to 50°C. Ignoring the
energy at a rate of 160 J/s. In how much time will the slight expansion of the water, the change in its internal
temperature of water rise from 27°C to 77°C? (Specific heat energy is (specific heat of water is 4184 J/kg/K): [2011]
of water is 4.2 kJ/kg and that of the container is negligible). (a) 8.4 kJ (b) 84 kJ (c) 2.1 kJ (d) 4.2 kJ
[Online April 9, 2014] 44. The specific heat capacity of a metal at low temperature
(a) 8 min 20 s (b) 6 min 2 s (T) is given as
(c) 7 min (d) 14 min 3
æ T ö
37. Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by decrease in its C p (kJK -1kg -1 ) = 32 ç
è 400 ÷ø
surface energy, so that its temperature remains
A 100 gram vessel of this metal is to be cooled from 20ºK
unchanged.What should be the minimum radius of the
to 4ºK by a special refrigerator operating at room
drop for this to be possible? The surface tension is T, temperature (27°C). The amount of work required to
density of liquid is r and L is its latent heat of cool the vessel is [2011 RS]
vaporization. [2013] (a) greater than 0.148 kJ
(a) rL/T (b) T / rL (c) T/rL (d) 2T/rL (b) between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ
(c) less than 0.028 kJ
(d) equal to 0.002 kJ
 Thermal Properties of Matter P-159

45. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends
to the other end under steady–state. The variation of
temperature q along the length x of the bar from its hot end
is best described by which of the following figures?[2009]
q q
49. The figure shows a system of two concentric spheres of
radii r1 and r2 are kept at temperatures T1 and T2,
respectively. The radial rate of flow of heat in a substance
between the two concentric spheres is proportional to
[2005]

(a) (b) r1
T1
x x
r2 T2
q q
ær ö (r2 - r1 )
(a) ln ç 2 ÷ (b)
è r1 ø (r1 r2 )
(c) (d)
x x r1 r2
(c) ( r2 - r1 ) (d)
(r2 - r1 )
46. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a temperature
50. If the temperature of the sun were to increase from T to
T1 and the other at T2. The rod is composed of two sections
of length l1 and l2 and thermal conductivities K1 and K2 2T and its radius from R to 2R, then the ratio of the radiant
respectively. The temperature at the interface of the two energy received on earth to what it was previously will
section is [2007] be [2004]
(a) 32 (b) 16 (c) 4 (d) 64
T1 l1 l2 T2
51. The temperature of the two outer surfaces of a composite
slab, consisting of two materials having coefficients of
thermal conductivity K and 2K and thickness x and 4x,
K1 K2
respectively, are T2 and T1 (T2 > T1 ) . The rate of heat
( K1l1T1 + K 2l2T2 ) ( K 2l2T1 + K1l1T2 )
(a) (b) transfer through the slab, in a steady state is
( K1l1 + K 2l2 ) ( K1l1 + K 2 l2 )
æ A(T2 - T1 ) K ö
( K 2l1T1 + K1l2T2 ) ( K1l2T1 + K 2l1T2 ) çè ÷ø f , with f equal to [2004]
(c) (d) x
( K 2 l1 + K1l2 ) ( K1l2 + K 2 l1 )
47. Assuming the Sun to be a spherical body of radius R at a x 4x
temperature of TK, evaluate the total radiant powerd
incident of Earth at a distance r from the Sun [2006]

T4 T4 2K T1
(a) 4pr02 R 2s 2 (b) pr02 R2 s 2
K
r r
4 4
T T
(c) r02 R2 s 2 (d) R2 s
4pr r2
where r0 is the radius of the Earth and s is Stefan's constant. 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
48. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are placed 3 2 3
on a table. Box A contains one mole of nitrogen at 52. The earth radiates in the infra-red region of the spectrum.
The spectrum is correctly given by [2003]
temperature T0, while Box contains one mole of helium at (a) Rayleigh Jeans law
æ 7ö (b) Planck’s law of radiation
temperature çè ÷ø T0 . The boxes are then put into thermal
3 (c) Stefan’s law of radiation
contact with each other, and heat flows between them until
the gases reach a common final temperature (ignore the (d) Wien’s law
heat capacity of boxes). Then, the final temperature of 53. Heat given to a body which raises its temperature by 1°C
the gases, Tf in terms of T0 is [2006] is [2002]
(a) water equivalent
3 7
(a) T f = T0 (b) T f = T0 (b) thermal capacity
7 3
(c) specific heat
3 5
(c) T f = T0 (d) T f = T0 (d) temperature gradient
2 2
P-160 Physics

54. Infrared radiation is detected by [2002] 62. A hot body, obeying Newton’s law of cooling is cooling
(a) spectrometer (b) pyrometer down from its peak value 80°C to an ambient temperature
(c) nanometer (d) photometer of 30°C. It takes 5 minutes in cooling down from 80°C to
55. Which of the following is more close to a black body? 40°C. How much time will it take to cool down from 62°C to
[2002] 32°C?
(a) black board paint (b) green leaves
(Given In 2 = 0.693, In 5 = 1.609) [Online April 11, 2014]
(c) black holes (d) red roses
(a) 3.75 minutes (b) 8.6 minutes
56. If mass-energy equivalence is taken into account, when
water is cooled to form ice, the mass of water should[2002] (c) 9.6 minutes (d) 6.5 minutes
(a) increase 63. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature q and then
(b) remain unchanged allowed to cool in a room which is at temperature q0, the
(c) decrease graph between the temperature T of the metal and time t
(d) first increase then decrease will be closest to [2013]
57. Two spheres of the same material have radii 1 m and 4 m
and temperatures 4000 K and 2000 K respectively. The
T T
ratio of the energy radiated per second by the first sphere
to that by the second is [2002] q0
(a) (b)
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 16 : 1
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 9. O t O t

TOPIC 3 Newton's Law of Cooling

T T
q0 q0
58. A metallic sphere cools from 50°C to 40°C in 300 s. If (c) (d)
atmospheric temperature around is 20°C, then the sphere's
temperature after the next 5 minutes will be close to : O t O t
[Sep. 03, 2020 (II)] 64. A liquid in a beaker has temperature q(t) at time t and q0
(a) 31°C (b) 33°C (c) 28°C (d) 35°C is temperature of surroundings, then according to
59. Two identical beakers A and B contain equal volumes of Newton's law of cooling the correct graph between
two different liquids at 60°C each and left to cool down. loge(q – q0) and t is : [2012]
Liquid in A has density of 8 × 102 kg/m3 and specific heat of
2000 J kg–1 K–1 while liquid in B has density of 103 kg m–3
loge (q – q0)

loge (q – q0)
and specific heat of 4000 J kg–1 K–1. Which of the following
best describes their temperature versus time graph
(a) (b)
schematically ? (assume the emissivity of both the beakers
to be the same) [8 April 2019 I]
0 0
t t

(a) (b)
loge (q – q0)
loge (q – q0)

(c) (d)

(c) (d)
0 0
t t

60. A body takes 10 minutes to cool from 60°C to 50°C. The 65. According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of cooling
temperature of surroundings is constant at 25°C. Then, of a body is proportional to (Dq)n , where Dq is the
the temperature of the body after next 10 minutes will difference of the temperature of the body and the
be approximately [Online April 15, 2018] surroundings, and n is equal to [2003]
(a) 43°C (b) 47°C (c) 41°C (d) 45°C (a) two (b) three
61. Hot water cools from 60°C to 50°C in the first 10 minutes
(c) four (d) one
and to 42°C in the next 10 minutes. The temperature of
the surroundings is: [Online April 12, 2014]
(a) 25°C (b) 10°C (c) 15°C (d) 20°C
 Thermal Properties of Matter P-161

1. (a) Let L'1 and L'2 be the lengths of the wire when Volume increase by 0.06% therefore density decrease by
0.06%.
temperature is changed by DT °C .
4. (60.00) Volume, V = Ibh
At T °C,
Leq = L1 + L2 DV Dl Db Dh
\ g= = + +
V l b h
At T + D°C
(g = coefficient of volume expansion)
L'eq = L'1 + L'2
Þ g = 5 × 10–5 + 5 × 10–6 + 5 × 10–6
\ Leq (1 + a eq DT ) = L1 (1 + a1DT ) + L2 (1 + a 2 DT ) = 60 × 10–6/°C
\ Value of C = 60.00
[Q L ' = L (1 + a DT )]
5. (Bonus) Dtemp = Dload and A = pr2 = p(10–3)2 = p × 10–6
Þ ( L1 + L2 )(1 + a eq DT ) = L1 + L2 + L1a1DT + L2a 2 DT
FL
L a DT =
a1 L1 + a 2 L2 AY
Þ a eq =
L1 + L2
F ´ 0.2
2. (20.00) or 0.2 × 10–5 × 20 =
( p ´ 10 -6 ) ´ 1011
Volume capacity of beaker, V0 = 500 cc
f
Vb = V0 + V0 g beaker DT \ F = 20p N \ m = = 2p = 6.28 kg
g
When beaker is partially filled with Vm volume of mercury,
6. (a) Change in length in both rods are same i.e.
Vb1 = Vm + Vm g m DT Dl1 =D l 2
Unfilled volume (V0 - Vm ) = (Vb - Vm1 ) la1D q1 = la 2 Dq 2

Þ V0 g beaker = Vm g M a1 Dq 2 é a1 4 ù
= êQ = ú
a 2 Dq1 ë a2 3 û
V0 g beaker
\Vm = 4 q – 30
gM =
3 180 – 30
500 ´ 6 ´ 10 -6
or, Vm = = 20 cc. q = 230°C
1.5 ´ 10-4
7. (a) Let required temperature = T°C
3. (a) Change in length of the metal wire (Dl) when its
temperature is changed by DT is given by M.P. B.P.
o o o
Dl = l aDT 0C TC 100 C
Here, a = Coefficient of linear expansion
Here, Dl = 0.02%, DT = 10ºC x0 x0
3
Dl 0.02
\a = = x0
l DT 100 ´ 10 2
Þ a = 2 ´ 10-5 x0
Volume coefficient of expansion, g = 3a = 6 ´ 10 -5 6
x 0 x 0 x0
M Þ T° C = – =
Qr = 2 3 6
V æ x ö
& ç x 0 – 0 ÷ = (100 – 0°C)
DV -5 -2 è 3 ø
´ 100 = gDT = (6 ´ 10 ´ 10 ´ 100) = 6 ´ 10
V
P-162 Physics

2x 0 300 340 - 273 °Y - ( -160)

Þ =100 Þ x 0 = =
3 2 373 - 273 -50 - ( -160)
x 0 150
Þ T° C = = = 25° C 67 y + 160
6 6 Þ =
100 110
stress F/ A
8. (a) Young’s modulus Y = = A Dl / l \ Y = – 86.3° Y
strain ( )
Using, coefficient of linear expansion, 14. (d) The Young modulus is given as
Dl Dl stress F/S
a= Þ =aDT Y= =
lD T l strain DL / L
Here, DL = 2p DR L = 2p R
F
\Y = F
A ( aDT ) Y= ´ 2 pR
S2 pDR
9. (c) As we know, Bulk modulus
FR
DV P Þ Y= …(i)
DP = S.DR
K= Þ
æ -DV ö V K DR
çè ÷ The coefficient of linear expansion a =
V ø g=3 a R DT
V = V0 (1 + gDt) DR R 1
DV Þ = a.DT Þ = … (ii)
= gDt R DR aDT
V0 From equation (i) and (ii)
P P P F
\ = gDt Þ Dt = = Y = Þ F = Y .S.aDT
K gK 3aK S .aDT
Thermal stress F A \ The ring is pressing the wheel from both sides, Thus
10. (b) Young's modulus = =
Strain DL L Fnet = 2F = 2YSaDT
15. (a) As the rods are identical, so they have same length (l)
F æ DL ö
Y= çèQ = a D q÷ and area of cross-section (A). They are connected in series.
A. a. Dq L ø
So, heat current will be same for all rods.
Force developed in the rail F = YAaDt
= 2 × 1011 × 40 × 10–4 × 1.2 × 10–5 × 10 æ DQ ö æ DQ ö æ DQ ö
Heat current = ç ÷ =ç ÷ =ç ÷
= 9.6 × 104 = 1 × 105 N è D t ø AB è D t ø BC è Dt øCD
11. (c) Due to thermal exp., change in length (Dl) = l a DT ... (100 - 70) K1 A (70 - 20) K 2 A (20 - 0) K 3 A
(i) Þ = =
Normal stress l l l
Young’s modulus (Y) =
Longitudinal strain Þ K1 (100 - 70) = K 2 (70 - 20) = K3 (20 - 0)
FA Dl F
Y= Þ = Þ K1 (30) = K 2 (50) = K3 (20)
Dl l l AY
Fl K1 K 2 K3
Dl = Þ = =
AY 10 6 15
Fl Þ K1 : K 2 : K3 = 10 : 6 :15
From eqn (i), = l a DT
AY
Þ K1 : K3 = 2 : 3.
F = AY a DT
12. (b) When there is no change in liquid level in vessel 16. (a) According to question, one half of its kinetic energy
then g¢real = g¢ vessel is converted into heat in the wood.
Change in volume in liquid relative to vessel 1 2 1
mv ´ = ms DT
DVapp = Vg 'app Dq = V(g 'real - g 'vessel ) 2 2
v2 210 ´ 210
Reading on any scale – LFP Þ DT = = = 87.5°C
13. (c) 4 ´ s 4 ´ 4.2 ´ 0.3 ´ 1000
UFP - LFP 17. (a) Here ice melts due to water.
= constant for all scales Let the amount of ice melts = mice
mw sw Dq = mice Lice
 Thermal Properties of Matter P-163

mw sw Dq 1 2
\ mice = 22. (b) .kx = mC (DT ) + mw Cw DT
Lice 2
0.2 ´ 4200 ´ 25 1 2
= = 0.0617 kg = 61.7 g or ´ 800 ´ 0.02 = 0.5 ´ 400 ´ DT + 1 ´ 4184 ´ DT
3.4 ´ 105 2
18. (a) Heat given by water = mw Cw (Tmix - Tw ) \ DT = 1 ´ 10 -5 K
d q 3d
= 200 ´1´ (31 - 25) 23. (a) H1 = H2 q 2 3k k q1
Heat taken by steam = m Lstem + m Cw (Ts – Tmix)
= m × 540 + m (1) × (100 –31) æ q2 - q ö æ q - q1 ö
or (3k ) A ç ÷ = kA ç
= m × 540 + m (1) × (69) è d ø è 3d ÷ø
From the principal of calorimeter, æ q + 9q 2 ö
or q = ç 1
Heat lost = Heat gained è 10 ÷ø
\ (200)(31 - 25) = m ´ 540 + m(1)(69) 24. (d) Effective thermal conductivity of system
Þ 1200 = m(609) Þ m » 2.
K1A1 + K 2 A 2 A2
19. (50.00) K eq =
A1 + A 2
Let Q1, Q2, Q3 be the temperatures of container C1,C2 and
C3 respectively. K1A1
K1pR 2 + K 2 [p (2R)2 - pR 2 ]
Using principle of calorimetry in container C1, we have =
p(2R)2 K2
(q1 – 60) = 2 ms(60 – q)
Þ q1 – 60 = 120 – 2q K1(pR 2 ) + K 2 (3pR 2 )
K1 + 3K 2
= =
Þ q1 = 180 – 2q ...(i) 4pR 2 4
For container C2 25. (d) Let m gram of ice is added.
ms (q2 – 30) = 2ms (30 – q) From principal of calorimeter
Þ q2= 90 – 2q3 ...(ii) heat gained (by ice) = heat lost (by water)
For container C3 \ 20 × 2.1 × m + (m – 20) × 334
2ms (q1 – 60) = ms (60 – q) = 50 × 4.2 × 40
Þ 2q1–120 = 60 – q 376 m = 8400 + 6680
Þ 2q1 + q = 180 ...(iii) m = 40.1
Also, q1 + q2 + q3 = 3q ...(iv) 26. (c) Heat loss = Heat gain = mSDq
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii) So, mASADqA= mBSBDqB
3q1 + 3q2 + 3q3 = 450 Þ 100 × SA × (100 – 90) = 50 × SB × (90 – 75)
Þ q1 + q2 + q3 = 150
3
Þ 3q = 150 Þ q = 50 ºC 2SA = 1.5SB Þ SA = S
4 B
20. (40) Using the principal of calorimetry Now, 100 × SA × (100 – q) = 50× SB × (q – 50)
Mice Lf + mice (40 – 0) Cw æ 3ö
2 × çè ÷ø × (100 – q) = (q – 50)
= mstream Lv + mstream (100 – 40) Cw 4
Þ M (540) + M × 1 × (100 – 40) 300 – 3q = 2q – 100
= 200 × 80 + 200 × 1 × 40 400 = 5q Þ q = 80°C
27. (d) Assume final temperature = T°C
Þ 600 M = 24000
Heat lass = Heat gain = msDT
Þ M = 40g ÞmB sB DTB = mw swDTw
21. (a) M1Cice × (10) + M1L = M2Cw (50) 0.1 × 400 × (500 – T)
= 0.5 × 4200 × (T – 30) + 800 (T – 30)
or M1 × Cice (=0.5) × 10 + M1L = M2 × 1 × 50
Þ 40 (500 – T) = (T – 30) (2100 + 800)
50M 2 Þ 20000 – 40T = 2900 T– 30 × 2900
Þ L = M -5 Þ 20000 + 30 × 2900 = T(2940)
1
T = 30.4°C
P-164 Physics

DT 6.4 and P × 55 × 60 = mL ...(ii)

´100 = ´100 = 21%, Dividing equation (i) by (ii) we get
T 30
so the closest answer is 20%. 10 C ´100
=
Temp. of Temp. of 55 L
heat source heat reservoir \ L = 550 cal./g.
28. (a) 3 1m 2 34. (c) Rate of heat flow is given by,
10 K 10 K
KA(q1 - q 2 )
æ dQ ö kADT Q=
çè ÷ø = l
dt l
Where, K = coefficient of thermal conductivity
1 æ dQ ö kD T l = length of rod and A = area of cross-section of rod
Energy flux, çè ÷ø =
A dt l 100°C
( 0.1)( 900)
= = 90 W/m 2 Copper
1
29. (c) Let specific heat of unknown metal be ‘s’ According T
to principle of calorimetry, Heat lost B Brass
Steel
= Heat gain m × sDq = m1sbrass (Dq1 + m2 swater + Dq2) 0°C
0°C
Þ 192 × S × (100 – 21.5)
If the junction temperature is T, then
= 128 × 394 × (21.5 – 8.4)
QCopper = QBrass + QSteel
Solving we get,+ 240 × 4200 × (21.5 – 8.4)
S = 916 Jkg–1k–1 0.92 ´ 4(100 - T )
46
DTAB 120 120 ´ 5
= =
30. (a) R AB 8 8R 0.26 ´ 4 ´ (T - 0) 0.12 ´ 4 ´ (T - 0)
R = +
5 13 12
L Þ 200 – 2T = 2T + T
Þ T = 40°C
L/4 R R/4
R/4 L/4 0.92 ´ 4 ´ 60
120 O \ QCopper = = 4.8 cal/s
46
A R/2 P Q R/2 B 35. (c) In the given problem, fall in temperature of sphere,

In steady state temperature difference between P and dT = ( 3T0 - 2T0 ) = T0

Q, Temperature of surrounding, Tsurr = T0
120 ´ 5 3 360 Initial temperature of sphere, Tinitial = 3T0
DTPQ = × R= = 45°C
8R 5 8 Specific heat of the material of the sphere varies as,
31. (d) According to principle of calorimetry,
Heat lost = Heat gain c = aT 3 per unit mass (a = a constant)
100 × 0.1(T – 75) = 100 × 0.1 × 45 + 170 × 1 × 45 Applying formula,
10 T– 750 = 450 + 7650 = 8100
Þ T – 75 = 810
dT sA 4
=
dt McJ
4
(
T - Tsurr )
T = 885°C
T0 s 4pR 2 é
32. (d) According to principle of calorimetry, Þ = ( 3T )4 - ( T0 )4 ùûú
dt Ma ( 3T )3 J ëê 0
Qgiven = Qused 0
0.2 × S × (150 – 40) = 150 × 1 × (40 – 27) + 25 × (40 – 27) Ma 27T04 J
0.2 × S × 110 = 150 × 13 + 25 × 13 Þ dt =
s 4 pR 2 ´ 80T04
Specific heat of aluminium
Solving we get,
13 ´ 25 ´ 7 Time taken for the sphere to cool down temperature 2T 0,
S= = 434 J/kg-°C
0.2 ´ 110
Ma æ 16 ö
33. (b) As Pt = mCDT t= ln ç ÷
So, P × 10 × 60 = mC 100 ...(i) 16pR s è 3 ø
2
 Thermal Properties of Matter P-165

36. (a) From question, From formula temperature of junction;

In 1 sec heat gained by water K copper qcopper lsteel + K steel qsteel lcopper
= 1 KW – 160 J/s q=
K copper lsteel + Ksteel lcopper
= 1000 J/s – 160 J/s
= 840 J/s L L
9k ´ 100 ´ + k ´ 0´
Total heat required to raise the temperature of water (vol- 2 2
= L L
ume 2L) from 27°c to 77°c 9k ´ + k ´
= mwater ×sp. ht × Dq 2 2
= 2 × 103 × 4.2 × 50 [Q mass = density × volume] 900
kL
And, 840 × t = 2 × 103 × 4.2 × 50
= 2 = 90°C
10kL
2 ´103 ´ 4.2 ´ 50 2
or, t =
840 42. (a) According to Stefan’s law
= 500 s = 8 min 20s E = s T4
37. (d) When radius is decrease by DR, Heat radiated per unit area in 1 hour (3600s) is
4pR 2 DRrL = 4pT[R 2 - (R - DR) 2 ] = 5.7× 10–8 × (300)4 × 3600 = 1.7 × 1010 J
43. (a) DU = DQ = mcDT
Þ rR2 DRL = T[R 2 - R 2 + 2RDR - DR 2 ]
Þ rR 2 DRL = T2RDR [ DR is very small] 100
=× 4184 (50 – 30) » 8.4 kJ
1000
2T
ÞR= 44. (d) Required work = energy released
rL
38. (d) As the surrounding is identical, vessel is identical
time taken to cool both water and liquid (from 30°C to 25°C)
Here, Q = mc dT ò
is same 2 minutes, therefore 4
4
æ T3 ö 3.2 3
æ dQ ö æ dQ ö
=ç ÷ = ò 0.1 ´ 32 ´ ç 3÷
dT = ò 64 ´ 106 T dT
çè ÷ø è 400 ø
dt water è dt ø liquid 20 20

4
(mw C w + W)DT (ml Cl + W) D T
or, = = 5 ´ 10 –8 òT
3
dT = 0.002kJ
t t
20
(W = water equivalent of the vessel)
Therefore, required work = 0.002 kJ
or , m w C w = m l C l
45. (a) Let Q be the temperature at a distance x from hot end
mWCW of bar. Let Q is the temperature of hot end.
\ Specific heat of liquid , Cl =
ml The heat flow rate is given by
50 ´ 1 dQ kA(q1 - q)
= = 0.5 kcal / kg =
100 dt x
39. (b) As 1g of steam at 100°C melts 8g of ice at 0°C. x dQ
10 g of steam will melt 8× 10 g of ice at 0°C Þ q - q = x dQ Þ q = q1 -
1 kA dt
kA dt
Water in calorimeter = 500 + 80 + 10g = 590g
Thus, the graph of Q versus x is a straight line with a positive
40. (c) intercept and a negative slope.
41. (a) L The above equation can be graphically represented by
option (a).
100°C Copper Steel 0°C 46. (d) Let T be the temperature of the interface.
In the steady state, Q1 = Q2
L/2 L/2 T1 T2
1 2
Let conductivity of steel Ksteel = k then from question
Conductivity of copper Kcopper = 9k
qcopper = 100°C K1 K2
qsteel = 0°C
K1 A(T1 - T ) K 2 A(T - T2 )
L \ = ,
lsteel = lcopper = l1 l2
2
P-166 Physics

where A is the area of cross-section. The radial rate of flow of heat through this elementary
shell will be
Þ K1 A(T1 - T )l 2 = K 2 A(T - T2 )l1
dQ KA[(T - dT ) - T ] - KAdT
Þ K1T1l 2 - K1T l 2 = K 2T l1 - K 2T2 l1 = =
dt dr dr
Þ ( K 2 l1 + K1l 2 )T = K1T1l 2 + K2T2 l1
2 dT
= -4pKr (Q A = 4pr 2 )
K1T1l 2 + K 2T2 l1 dr
Þ T = K 2 l1 + K1l 2 Since the area of the surface through which heat will
flow is not constant. Integrating both sides between the
K1l 2T1 + K 2 l1T2 limits of radii and temperatures of the two shells, we get
= .
K1l 2 + K 2 l1
r2 T2
47. (b) From stefan's law, total power radiated by Sun, E = sT4 × æ dQ ö 1
4pR2 çè ÷
dt ø ò r 2 dr = -4pK ò dT
r1 T1
The intensity of power Per unit area incident on earth's r2 T2
surface æ dQ ö -2
4 2
çè ÷
dt ø ò r dr = -4pK ò dT
sT ´ 4pR r1 T1
= 2
4pr
Total power received by Earth dQ é 1 1 ù
ê - ú = -4pK [T2 - T 1 ]
E dt ë r1 r2 û
E' = × Cross – Section area of earth facing the
4pr 2 dQ -4pKr1r2 (T2 - T1 )
4 2 or =
sT R dt (r2 - r1 )
sun = 2
(pr02 )
r
dQ r r
48. (c) When two gases are mixed to gether then \ µ 1 2
dt (r2 - r1 )
Heat lost by He gas = Heat gained by N2 gas
50. (d) From stefan's law, energy radiated by sun per second
n1Cv1 DT1 = n2Cv2 DT2
E = sAT 4 ;
3 é7 ù 5
R T0 - T f ú = R éëT f - T0 ùû
2 ëê 3 û 2 \ A µ R2

7T0 - 3T f = 5T f - 5T0 \ E µ R 2T 4

12 E2 R22 T24
Þ 12T0 = 8T f Þ T f = T0 \ =
8 E1 R12 T14
3 put R2 = 2R, R1 = R ; T2 = 2T, T1 = T
Þ Tf = T0 ..
2
49. (d) E (2R )2 (2T ) 4
Þ 2 = = 64
T - dT E1 R 2T 4
dr 51. (d) The thermal resistance is given by
·
T1 x 4x x 2 x 3x
r1
r + = + =
KA 2KA KA KA KA
Amount of heat flow per second,
T2 dQ D T (T - T1 ) KA
r2 = = 2
dt 3 x 3x
KA
Consider a thin concentric shell of thickness (dr) and of
radius (r) and let the temperature of inner and outer 1 ì A(T2 - T1 ) K ü 1
surfaces of this shell be T and (T – dT) respectively. = í ý \f =
3î x þ 3
 Thermal Properties of Matter P-167

52. (d) Wein’s law correctly explains the spectrum

dT es ´ A ´ T 4 dT 1
53. (b) Heat required for raising the temperature of a body - = Þ- µ
through 1ºC is called its thermal capacity. dt r ´ Vol. ´ S dt rS
54. (b) Pyrometer is used to detect infra-red radiation.
æ dT ö
55. (a) Black body is one which absorb all incident radiation. çè - ÷ø
Black board paint is quite approximately equal to black dt A rB S B 103 4000
= ´ = ´
bodies. æ dT ö r A S A 8 ´ 102 2000
56. (c) When water is cooled at 0°C to form ice, energy is çè - ÷ø
dt B
released from water in the form of heat. As energy is
equivalent to mass, therefore, when water is cooled to æ dT ö æ dT ö
ice, its mass decreases. Þ ç- ÷ > ç- ÷
è dt ø A è dt ø B
57. (a) From stefan's law, the energy radiated per second is
given by E = esT4 A So, A cools down at faster rate.
Here, T = temperature of the body 60. (a) According to Newton’s law of cooling,
A = surface area of the body æ q1 - q2 ö æ q1 + q2 ö
For same material e is same. s is stefan's constant çè ÷ø = K çè - q0 ÷
ø
t 2
Let T1 and T2 be the temperature of two spheres. A1 and
A2 be the area of two spheres. æ 60 - 50 ö æ 60 + 50 ö
çè ÷ø = K çè - 25÷
ø
..... (i)
10 2
E1 T14 A1 T14 4pr12
\ = = æ 50 - q ö æ 50 + q ö
E2 T24 A2 T24 4pr22 and, çè ÷ø = K çè - 25÷ ..... (ii)
10 2 ø
Dividing eq. (i) by (ii),
(4000)4 ´12 1
= =
(2000)4 ´ 42 1 10 60
= Þ q = 42.85°C @ 43°C
58. (b) From Newton's Law of cooling, (50 - q) q
61. (b) By Newton’s law of cooling
T1 - T2 éT + T ù
= K ê 1 2 - T0 ú
t ë 2 û q1 - q2 é q + q2 ù
= -K ê 1 - q0 ú
Here, T1 = 50°C, T2 = 40°C t ë 2 û
an d To = 20°C, t = 600S = 5 minutes where q0 is the temperature of surrounding.
50 - 40 æ 50 + 40 ö Now, hot water cools from 60°C to 50°C in 10 minutes,
Þ = Kç - 20 ÷ ...(i)
5 Min è 2 ø 60 - 50 é 60 + 50 ù
= -K ê - q0 ú ...(i)
Let T be the temperature of sphere after next 5 minutes. 10 ë 2 û
Then
Again, it cools from 50°C to 42°C in next 10 minutes.
40 - T æ 40 + T ö
= Kç - 20 ÷ ...(ii) 50 - 42 é 50 + 42 ù
5 è 2 ø = -K ê - q0 ú ...(ii)
10 ë 2 û
Dividing eqn. (ii) by (i), we get
Dividing equations (i) by (ii) we get
40 - T 40 + T - 40 T
= = 1 55 - q0
10 50 + 40 - 40 50 =
0.8 46 - q0
T
Þ 40 - T = Þ 200 - 5T = T 10 55 - q 0
5 =
8 46 - q 0
200 460 - 10q0 = 440 - 8q0
\T = = 33.3°C
6
2q0 = 20
æ dT ö 4
59. (b) Rate of Heat loss = mS çè ÷ø = esAT q0 = 10°C
dt
P-168 Physics

62. (b) From Newton’s law of cooling, 63. (c) According to Newton’s law of cooling, the
temperature goes on decreasing with time non-linearly.
1 æ q - q0 ö
t= log e ç 2 ÷ 64. (a) According to newton's law of cooling
k è q1 - q0 ø
dq
From question and above equation, = - k(q - q0 )
dt
1 (40 - 30) dq
5= log e ...(1) Þ = - kdt
k (80 - 30) (q - q0 )
q t
1 (32 - 30) dq
And, t =
k
log e
(62 - 30)
...(2) Þ ò (q - q 0 )
= - k ò dt
q0 q
Dividing equation (2) by (1),
Þ log(q - q0 ) = -kt + c
1 (32 - 30)
log e Which represents an equation of straight line.
t k (62 - 30)
= Thus the option (a) is correct.
5 1 (40 - 30)
log e
k (80 - 30) dQ
65. (d) From Newton’s law of cooling - µ (Dq)
On solving we get, time taken to cool down from 62°C dt
to 32°C, t = 8.6 minutes.