‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs © Be able to identify and apply the material balance relations for gas and compressible Objectives: Water liquid systems: ™ General Form: (any material balance relation) palo) (flp)= some function of pressure (e.g., p , p/z, etc.) + Influx 4 1 z — General Material Balance Formulation (from Dake!): General Form Water Expansion & Pore Compaction (ref) (ref) (p-P) + WB, Gas Expansion + te, colt ee (ref) Withdrawal (ref) = GB,- G,B,+W,B,, By) + GBgy — General Material Balance Formulation (from 5 ‘plz form a -W,)By |L ‘Slide —1 1 2) Step) ( 1-Sea i B)- 2 z ‘Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U.Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Objectives: © Be able to identify and apply the material balance relations for gas and compressible liquid systems: = Oil Material Balance Equations: — Constant Sage Case: Oil above the Bubble-Point Pressure B, (pj P= Ne 3, ~ Solution Gas Drive Case (from Dake!): N,|Bo+(Rp-R)B,|+WBy= (Withdrawal (RB)) NI [@ ~B,i) +(R-RB,| (Oil Expansion (RB)) +mNB,,|—£-1 (Gas Cap Expansion (RB)) Bei tc, a ) +(1+m)NB,; eee (p;-) (Water Exp/Pore Comp.(RB) +WB,, (Water Influx (RB)) ‘Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide —2Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3 — Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Comments Statement from Dake Text (2001) Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —3ontal Flow Lecture 3. Petrolet 1g 620 — Fluid Flow ir rvoirs: Fund Material Balance — Historical Perspectives "It seems no longer fashionable to apply the concept of material balance to oilfields, the belief being that it has now been superseded by the application of the more modern technique of numerical simulation modeling. Acceptance of this idea has been a TRAGEDY and has robbed engineers of their most powerful tool for investigating reservoirs and understanding their performance rather than imposing their wills upon them, as is often the case when applying numerical simulation directly in history matching." L.P. Dake The Practice of Reservoir Engineering, Elsevier (2001) Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —4Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3 — Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Notes from Department of Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (2012) Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —5Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3 — Material Balance Concepts Material Balance — Reservoir Engineering Aspects @"Accounting" Concept of Material Balance: @ Require all inflows/outflows/generations. ™@ (Average) reservoir pressure profile is REQUIRED. @ Require rock, fluid, and rock-fluid properties (at some scale). @ Oil Material Balance: Less common than gas material balance (pressure required). @Gas Material Balance: Volumetric dry gas reservoir (p/z versus G, (straight-line)). ™ Abnormally-pressured gas reservoirs (various techniques). ™ Waterdrive/water influx cases (always problematic) (i.e., we don't know the influx, so we use a model). @ Material Balance yields RESERVOIR VOLUME! Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineering Course Notes (2012}) tide —6Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Material Balance — Concept Diagram @ General Concept of Material Balance... Gos Gas zone Gos Gas zone Connate water ‘Connate water oil Oil zone Oil zone Encroached water Rock expansion Connate water a. Initial reservoir conditions. b. Conditions after producing N, STB of oll, and G, SCF of gas, and W,, STB of water. © From: Petroleum Reservoir Engineering — Amyx, Bass, and Whiting (1960). Material Balance: Key Issues Must have accurate production measurements (oil, water, gas). @Estimates of average reservoir pressure (from pressure tests). @Suites of PVT data (oil, gas, water). @ Reservoir properties: saturations, formation compres: Tom BLASINGAME |t-basingame@tamu.edu| Texas ABM U, (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Pet ity, etc. sum Engineering Course Notes (2012}) Sido—7Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3 — Material Balance Concepts Material Balance — Average Reservoir Pressure @ Average Reservoir Pressure uty 1940 ramet 22 Fobruary 1938 (© From: Engineering Features of the Schuler Field and Unit Operation — Kaveler (SPE-AIME, 1944). Average Reservoir Pressure: Key Issues @ Must "average" pressures over volume or area (approximation). @ Pressure tests must be representative (p,,, extrapolation valid). @ Can average using cumulative production {surrogate for volume). Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (2012}) Slide —6Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Example — Black Oil [— RESeRvoIR Pressune-PsiA J PRODUCTION DATA No OF WELLS ca | wes | | | | » t t ae r I 1 MONTHLY GOR] Partial Waterdrive Reservoir — van Everdingen © From: Application of the Material Balance to a (SPE, 1953). Teas as] a Black Oil Material Balance Case: (Example) Note that all fluid functions are given: N,, W,, and GOR (for G,). @ Average reservoir pressure is presumed correct. Authors cite “partial waterdrive" — remains a contentious issue. ‘Tom BLASINGAME |t-basingame@tamu.edu| Texas A&M U, (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (2012})_ SiPetroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Relations — Black Oil @ Oil Material Balance Relations: “Black Oil" Material Balance: (p>p, ) a 1B P=Pi Ne; Boj "Solution Gas Drive" (Oil) Material Balance: (all p) Np [B, +(R, —R,)Bg|+ W By = (Withdrawal (RB)) [Bp ~ Bor) (Rui Ry) Be] (Oil Expansion (RB)) +mNB,i ee -1 (Gas Cap Expansion (RB)) Bgi (4 m)NBy; CoP = < A (p,—p) _ (Water Exp./Pore Vol. Comp. (RB)) ae +WeBy (Water Influx (RB)) Tom BLASINGAME |t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineering Course Notes (2012}) Slide — 10Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Relations — Abnormal-Pressure Case General Gas Material Balance: Pli-co(pXv;- P= Pi_ Pil 1 i a : —Pi AL) G, — Gini +Wy Roy 5.615 [W, —Win By —We] “Abnormal Pressure" Material Balance: (c=f(p)) PPh [2 Zz Pp G 1 Vonnp |, | Ypao e(P)= Sc, P 2 ; ee(P) al wilh Hep ‘| Ton kt Von || vep| Approximation: 2 G Material Balance: Gas Case @ Abnormal pressure case is extremely complicated ¢.(p) . @ The approximate abnormal pressure relation has been validated. Tom BLASINGAME |t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes —from TAMU Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (2012) Slide — 11Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3 — Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Relations — Water Influx Case General Gas Material Balance: Phi-c.(p\p;- PII= i 1 : Le Pi _ Pi als —Giny + Wy Row 45.6155 lw, & 3 3 “Water Influx" Material Balance: plz = pjlzi i. GBg; “Cubic Cumulative" Approximation: —Winy Bw -We] 2 3 G, Gp Gp r ol aalnGe ied water influx relation has a major hurdle (i.e., W,-term). @ Proposed "cubic cumulative" approximation is fair to good. Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Potroloum Engineoring Course Notes (2012) tide — 12,um Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Relations — Volumetric Dry Gas Base Simulation — Volumetric Reservoir Quadratic G, Material Balance Relation for Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs Presentation Plot: plz — G, Format g 8000 4 é Legend: Base Simulation — Volumetric Reservoir g 7000 © plz Data (p;= 7258.42 psia) = R — plz Model (Quadratic G, form) 6000F Gas-in-Place, G = 723 BSCF (input) 8 & E = Mode! Trend: 4000 F plz= 7255.42 - 10.5703Gp - 06)" 8 3000F 5 & 2000 Extrapolation to (la 8 ac P.O 2 s000F- ; (G = 686.387 BSCF (input) 3 (lz) = (Piz) Gp - Gp Bo pbb Net ba 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Cumulative Gas Production (G,), BSCF Dry Gas" Material Balance: Normally Pressured Reservoir Example ®@Volumetric reservoir — no external energy (gas expansion only). @p/z versus G, yields unique straight-line trend. @Linear extrapolation yield gas- ‘Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.odu |Toxas A&M U. -place (G). (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineering Course Notes (2012) tide — 13,7um Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Relations — "Abnormal Pressure" Dry Gas Case 3— Anderson L (SPE 02938) Quadratic G, Material Balance Relation for Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs Presentation Plot: plz — G, Format TERE reper ree PHT PERCEPT EET ETTTT TT Legend: Case 3 — Anderson L. (SPE 02938) (© plz Data (p; = 6602.08 psia) q — plz Model (Quadratic Gp form) Gas-in-Place, G= 73.5 BSCF 7 Extrapolation to (pl2)=0: 4 Spmax= & (6=73.5 BSCF) 4 8 8 5 é § 8 3 5 3 g é a L 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Cumulative Gas Production (G,), BSCF Dry Gas" Material Balance: Abnormally Pressured Reservoir Example ©@ Volumetric reservoir — no water influx or leakage. © p/z versus G, yields unique quadratic trend (from approximated MBE). © Quadratic extrapolation yield gas-in-place (G). ‘Tom BLASINGAME |t-basingame@tamu.edu| Texas A&M U, (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineering Course Notes (2012}) Slide — 14Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts Material Balance Relations — "Water Influx" Dry Gas lance Plot: p/z vs. G, — simulated ffect of aquifer permeability on field Plot: p/z vs. G, — simulated perform: tof displacement efficiency performance. Gas Material Balance: Water Drive Gas Reservoir @Pressure (hence p/z) is maintained due to an unsteady-state aquifer. @Note the influence of permeability. @ Note the influence of gas flowrate. ‘Tom BLASINGAME |t-basingame@tamu.edu| Texas A&M U, (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineering Course Notes (2012}) Slide — 15Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3 — Material Balance Concepts Volumetric Oil Reservoirs Material Balance Notes from Department of Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (1984) Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (1984)) Slide — 16Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs VOLUMETRIC OIL RESERVOIRS UsoensaTuraTeD RESERVOIR Ossective: To DERIVE A MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION FOR AN UNDERSATURATED RESERVOIR As Assuverions P> Ps 2, Mo ORIGINAL OR FINAL GAS CAP No WATER INFLUX OR PRODUCTION B, Derivation oF MaTERIAL BaLaNce Equarion Me & ont vowuNe eat! 18, Bo ROCK AND WATER ELeANSIOH ORIGINAL CONDITIONS {ATER CORDITIONS [Nolumetric Oi Reservoirs} ‘Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts ‘BY VOLUMETRIC BALANCE ORIGINAL VOLUME = FINAL VOLUME ORIGINAL VOLUKE = KB, FINAL VOLUME * (H-Np Bg + VOLUME occuPiED BY WATER ano ROCK EXPANSION As. PRESSURE DECLINES. 7 ROCK ANO WATER EXPANSION IHPORTANT 16 UNDERSATURATED RESERVOIRS FROM DEFINITION OF cONPRESSIBILITY 7 1 oe 1 ( Vy (oP Wa oP THUS, CHANGE IN RESERVOIR WATER VOLUME DUE To PRESSURE CHANGE: Ie = “Su Mos OP [AS PRESSURE DECREASES. MATRIX SUPPORTING ‘STRUCTURE COLLAPSES INTO PORE SPACE eee oe ye le) ® (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineering Course Notes (1984) Side — 17,Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs THUS, CHANGE I PORE VOLUNE DUE TO PRESSURE cwances Wy = -tp Vpy OP TOTAL CHANGE IM WATER VOLUME AND PORE VOLUME: May = “Len * i? Vora. rove Tar n> Sale Yar * Suen ws Near * [eS * Moe? nso 8 vp, = oe Sa thus ® tar * “te [i * 6] [Volumetric Oil Reservoirs] ‘Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineoring Course Notes (1984)) Slide — ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts THE VOLUMETRIC BALANCE BECORES: He = TRE [aS ee] SOLVING FoR Ms = = WD By + Boy [Sa | 0, -P) - By, Su ro siwuirr, notes se et oo + (4 + (3) AF Vge 18 VOLUME OF LIN sT0EK TAR (Srastaeo covorriens) L [i he Mgt Tere LGB Bo, Hen BorBor = CoBor(Py-P)Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘SuBsTITUTING INTO couaTioN V=I +e wus 2 Ce Constoeartons. 1, Eos. Vol of V-2 siowo Be useo FoR ESTIMATING OOIP ABOVE BUBBLE POINT WHERE ROCK AND WATER EXPANSION NOT NEGLIGIBLE 2. DIFFICULTY 1 MEASURING Cp AND Cy RAY LIMIT accuracy [Volumetric Oil Reservoirs} ‘Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroloum Engineering Course Notes (1984) tide — 19Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3 — Material Balance Concepts Gas Reservoirs Material Balance Notes from Department of Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (1984) Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. (Material Balance Notes — from TAMU Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (1984)) Slide — 20Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs ‘Fundamental Flow Lecture 3— Material Balance Concepts IIL. Dentvariow oF MarertaL BaLance Fovarton Toe GenenaLr2eo Fort or THe Marentat BaLance 5 Eeuxriow 1 Sp CB)/5.61 + Hy) _ , _He(Byd 8,561 Hava 66) oxo) ae ‘A. Pressure Depcetion Case ~ No Water INFLUX eH By Wes Wes 0 omen uae SSASt as condi ions Twenerone: —He 6(B-Bg4)/5.61 * Gp(85)/5.61 ~ Fron Vouunerate BaLance oe INTIAL VOLUME = Fina WoUUNE Gp = 600-By/) on 6(Bg)/5.61 = (6-6,)(BG/5.61) + (He-Hp)(By) WHERE Bg = GAS FORNATION VOLUME FACTOR, REF/SCE 68, )/5.61 = (G-G,)(B,/5.61) ~ Hp(By) + HeCBy) WLS CAN BE REARRANSED TO BE 6(-Bg4)/5.61 * (Gp(BI/5.61) + WpCBy) ~ He(By) [Gas Reservoirs} Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas ABM U, (Material Balance Notes —from TAMU Petroleum Engineering Course Notes (1884)) Slide — 21