Code - Bright User Guide Mai - 2010

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USER' S GUIDE
https : // www .e tcg.upc.edu/recerca/code bright
Mai 2010
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Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• I. CODE BRIGHT. FOREWORD

- - - _::--I. 1. Introduction
I. 2. System basics
I. 3. U sing thís manual
• II. CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA.
II. 1. Problem type
II. 2. CODE BRIGHT interface
II. 2.1. Problem data
II. 2.2. Materials
II. 2.3. Conditions
II. 2.4. Intervals data
• III. CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS.
III. 1. Calculate
III. 2. Data Files
III. 3. General information file ROOT GEN.DAT
III. 4. Geometrical description file ROOT_GRI.DAT
III. 5. Summary-list of cards
• IV. CODE BRIGHT. POSTPROCESS.
IV. 1. Facilities description
IV. 2. Read Post-processing
Table of contents 11
• V. CODE BRIGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS

V. 1.Basic formulation features
V. 2. Governing equations
V. 2.1 Balance equations
V. 2.2 Constitutive equations and restrictions
V. 2.3 Boundary conditions
V. 2.4 Summary of governing equations
V. 3. Numerical Approach
V. 3.1 Introduction
V. 3.2 Tféatrrient ofclifferent terms
V. 4. Theoretical approach summary
V. 5. Features of CODE BRIGHT
V. 6. Parallel version ofCODE BRIGHT
V. 6.1 Matrix storage mode in CODE_BRIGHT
V. 6.2 Iterative solver for nonsymmetrical linear
systems of equations
V. 6.3 Parallel version of CODE BRIGHT
V. 7. Appendix 1
e VI. CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS
VI. 1. Mechanical constitutive laws
VI. 2. Phase properties
VI. 3. Hydraulic and thermal constitutive laws
• VII. CODE BRIGHT. TUTORIAL.
VII. 1. Preliminary
Table of contents lll
VII. 2. Example 1. Footing (Mechanical problem)

VII. 3. Example 2. Heat flow (Thermal problem)
VIL 4. Example 3. Dam (Hydro-mechanical problem)
VII. 5. Example 4. THl\1 (Termo-hydro-mechanical
problem)
• VIII. CODE BRJGHT. REFERENCES.
FOREWORD I.1
CODE_BRIGHT. FOREWORD
I.1. INTRODUCTION
The-prograrii described liere-is- a tool -desígne(f to handle coupfod- probfoms in geological-
media. The computer code, originally, was developed on the basis of a new general theory for
saline media. Then the program has been generalised for modelling thermo-hydro-mechanical
(THM) processes in a coupled way in geological media. Basically, the code couples
mechankal, hydraulic and füermal problems in geological media.
The theoretical approach consists in a set of goveming equations, a set of constitutive laws
anda special computational approach. The code is written in FOR'I,'RAN and it is composed
by several subroutines. The program does not use extemal libraries.
CODE_BRIGHT uses GiD system for preprocessing and post-processing. GiD is developed
by the Intemational Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). GiD is an
interactive graphical user interface that is used for the definition, preparation and visualisation
of all the data related to numerical simulations. This data includes the definition of the
geometry, materials, conditions, solution information and other parameters. The program can
also generate the fmite element mesh and write the information for a numerical simulation
program in its adequate format for CODE_BRIGHT. It is also possible to run the numerical
sinrnlation directly from the systern and to visualize the resulting information without transfer
of files.
FOREWORD I.2
For geometry definition, the program works quite like a CAD (Computer Aided Design)
system. The most important difference is that the geometry is developed in a hierarchical
mode. This means that an entity of higher level (dimension) is constructed over entities of
lower level; two adjacent entities will then share the sarne lower leveLentity.
All materiais, conditions and solution parameters can also be defined on the geometry. without
the user having any knowledge of the me~h. The meshing is performed once the problem has
been fully defined. The advantages of doing this are that, using associative data structures,
modifications can be made on the geometry and all other information will be updated
automatically. ·
Full graphic visualisation of the geometry, mesh and conditions is available for
comprehensive checking of the model before the analysis run is started. More comprehensive
graphic visualisation features are provided to evaluate the solution results after the analysis
has been performed. This post-processing user interface is also custornisable depending on the
analysis type and the results provided.
A query window app~ars for some confinnations or selections. This f~Slture' is alsoextended
to the end of a session, when the system prompts the user to save the changes, even when the
normal ending has been superseded by closing the main win.dow from the Window Manager,
or in most cases with incorrect exits.
I.2. SYSTEM BASICS

GiD is a geometrical sy~tem in the sense that, having defined the geometry, all the attributes
and conditions (i.e., material assignments, loading, conditions, etc.) are applíed to the
geometry without any reference or knowledge of a mesh. Only once everything is defined,
should the meshing of the geometrical domain be carried out. This methodology facilitates
alterations to the geometry while maintaining the attributes and conditions definitions.
Alterations to the attributes or conditions can simultaneously be made without the need of
reassigning to the geometry. New meshes or small modifications on the obtained mesh can
FOREV/ORD I.3
also be generated if necessary and all the information will be automatically assigned correctly.
The system does provide the option for defining attributes and conditions directly on the mesh
once this has been generated. However, if the mesh is regenerated, it is not possible to
maintain these definitions and therefore all attlibutes and conditions must be redefined. ln
general, the complete solution process can be described as:
1. Define geometry - points, lines, surfaces, volumes.
• Use other facilities.
• Import from CAD.
2. Define attlibutes and conditions.
3. Generate mesh.
--·-- -2c-cm-ry out -siillulation ~ -- -------·--- ·--
5. View results.
Depending upon the results in step (5) it may be necessary to return to one ofthe steps (1), (2)
or (3) to make alterations and rerun the simulations.
Building a geometrical domain in GiD is based on the 4 geometrical leveis of entities: points,
lines, surfaces and volumes. Entities of bigher levei are constructed over entities of lower
levei; two adjacent entities can therefore share the sarne level entity.
All domains are considered in 3-dimensional space but if there is no variation in the third
coordinate (into the screen) the geometry is assumed to be 2-dimensional for analysis and
results visualisation purposes. Thus, to build a geometiy, the user must first define points, join
these to form lines, create closed surfaces from the lines and define closed volumes from the
surfaces. Many other facilíties are available for creating the geometrical domain; these
include: copying, moving, automatic surface creation, etc.
The geometrical domain can be created in a series of layers where each one is a separate part
of the geometry. Any geometrical entity (points, lines, surfaces or volumes) can belong to a
particular layer. It is •then possible to view and manipulate some layers and not others. The
main purpose of the use of layers is, to offer a visualisation and selection tool, but they are not
----- - - ---:- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA II.4

Axisymetry No
(IAXISYM in root_gen.dat) Around y-axis
In 2-D axisymetry the principal stresses
are: cr r (radial), cr y (axial), cre
(c:ircumferential).
Gravity X (2-D and 3-D) component Interface Default: O.O
- ----- -- ----------- - -- - ---- - ---- - - - -- -- ----- - --·-----·--- --- -- ---- ·- ---- ----·---- - - ------ - --- --- --- --- -- ------ -- - - - - - ----- -- ------ - -
Gravity Y (3-D) component Interface Default: O.O
------------------------------------------------------------- -- -------- --------------------------- - ------------------- -
Gravity Y (2-D) or Z (3-D) component Interface Default: -9.81
EQUATIONS SOLVED
Stress equilibrium (unknown ;Yes, No
displacement u) .
'
''
'
_(I_<?~~!~-~~~-~??!~~:~~!! __ ____ _------ ---- ---·----- ---- --- ----- --- --- --- -------- ------------ ----------- -------- --
Updated lagrangian method : Updated lagrangian method, i.e., co-ordinates are modified
: after each time increment is solved. If defo1mations are very
(IUPDC in root_gen.dat)
: large, some elements may distort. If distortion is very large the
: volume of an element may become negativ~ ~.gie ~x~ti__Qn.
. ~ will terminate imm~~~~ely. _ . · , --:._: · :r-;·,; -1.- - ·>:-~...~ ·
.: Yes,.l'Jo
MªS§_ba!arn::e pCwater (unknownliql.lid _ Yes,.No
pressure PI)
_\~<?~!~~- ~1!-.~~?~-:-~~1!-:~~~L- -- . ---- ------ -------- -
Constant Pl Constant liquid phase pressure for problems that do not include
the equation of mass balance of water.
Mass balance of air (unknown liquid Yes, No
pressure Pg)
(IOPTPG in root_ gen.dat)
- - - - -- -- - --- -- --- - - --- - -- -- - ------ ------------ ------
Constant Pg Constant gas phase pressure for problems that do not include
the equation of mass balance of air. Usually equal to 0.1 MPa.
Dissolved air into liquid phase Allowed; N ot allowed
(IOPTXAL in root_gen.dat)
Energy balance (unknown temperature) Yes, No
(IOPTTEMP in rnot_gen.dat)
---- - - - - -- --- -- - - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - ---- -- ------ - - ----
Vapour ínto gas phase Allowed, Not Allowed
(IOPTXWG in root_gen.dat)
Constant Temp Constant temperature for problems that do not include the
equation of energy balance.
Mass balance of conservative species ~ Yes, No
. - 1 - · ·-
(ünknown concentration) '
(IOPTXWS in root_gen.dat)
Combinations of solving opti?~s are des<?.ribed below:
Pr P,, T Variable
1 o o Compressible water flow, one phase, one species, air is not
considered.
o 1 o Compressible air flow, one phase, one species.
o o 1 Heat flow (only conduction). ·- -
1 l o Two phase flow (liqi.lld -+ gas), afr dissolved permitted,
vapour not pennitted . .
1 o 1 Watertwo p~ase non-iso~heTII1<:tlflow, vapour allowed, gas
phase at constant pressure.
o 1 1 Compressible non-isothen,:nal gas flow, one phase, one
species.
1 1 1 Non-isothermal t\vo phase (liquid + gas) flow, vapour and
air dissolved are allowed.
CODE BRlGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA
SOLUTION STRATEGY
Position of intermediate time rc+" for matrix evaluation, i.e. the
Epsilon (intermediate time for
point where the non-linear functions are computed. (usual
nonlinear functions) , values: 0.5, 1). See details on Numerical Method. Default: 1.0
Theta (intermediate time for implicit : Position of intermediate time t1'+efor vector evaluation, i.e. the
solution) : point where the equation is accomplished. Default: 1.0
O: no time step prediction is performed

1: predicts time stepping according to iteration number
Time step control 6: controls time stepping by means of a prediction based on the
(ITLl\1E in root_gen.dat) : relative e1Tor deviation in the variables (relative eJTor less than
-- - - - - - - -- : 0.01)_ _
- .....- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -- -
! 7: sarne as 6 but with·a tolerance equal to 0.001.
Max. number of iterations per time LMaximum number ofNewton Raphson iterations per time step.
step ; Tftheprescribed value is reached, time step is reduced. Default:
; 10
(ITERMA.X in root_gen.dat) '
'
Solver type : Direct: LU + BACK
-~~~~~~ _i?_ :?~t:-:~~?-·~-~t!. --------- - . . ------- --.: .~~~~-~~~~=-~-1!~~~-~ -~- ~-~~- -- -- .-.... -- ---- -..... -- ..... .-... --
! Max number of solver iterations ! Default: 1000
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Solver type = Iterative: j -~~- ~-~~ _~~1-~~-~ -~~?!. ~~~~!~ l~~!~~l_t: _1_._~--~ __ . _ .. __ ._____ _.
Spa:rse + CGS j Max abs solver errar residual i Default: O
, - - - - - -- - - ----- - -- --- - -- - - - -- --- - -- - - - - ---- - - -----!"' - -- - ---- - - - - - - - - - - -
: Max rei solver error residual ; Default: O
Elemental relative 'Elemental suction (consistent approach)

penneability Average nodal degrees of saturation (default)
computed from: A verage nodal relative permeabilities
(IOPTPC in A verage nodal relative permeabilities (applies also for de1ivatives)
root_gen.dat) Maximal nodal relative permeabilty
: Max Abs Displacement '. Maximum (absolute) displacement error tolerance (m).
: (m) '. When correction of displacements (displacement
: (DELMXU in root_gen. dat) : difference between two iterations) is lower than·this
Stress equilibrium : value, convergence has been achieved. Default: le-6
(unknown : Max Nod Bal Forces : Maximum nodal force balance error tolerance (MN). If
displacement u) = ~ (MN) : the residual of forces in all nodes are lower than this
: (DELFMX in root_gen.dat) : value, convergence has been achieved. Default: le-10
yes
-T
ni~~i~~~~~~i íí~; -é~~- -- M:~~~ cti~~i~~~~~~í-~~~~~ti~~- ~~~-ii;;~t-i~~ -,~)-(r~~-
(m) ··
1
• ! increment is reduced ifnecessary). Default: le-2
.: (DUMX iil ~oot_ge,11. dat) :
!-Max Abs Pl (MPa) : Maximum (absolute) liquid pressure error tolerance

: (DELMXPL in rooc_gen.dat) ~ (MPa). Default: le-3
Mass balance of r - - --- -- --- - - - - ----- - -- - - -- - ---,--- - -- - - - -- -- - - - - - - --- -- - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - -- -- -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -
: Max Nod Bal Forces : Maximum nodal water mass balance error tolerance
water (unknown :(MN) : (kg/s). Default: le-10
liquid pressure Pl) =
~ ~?-~~9c~?': !~ !??~-:-?:~-_d_a_c~ __~- _____________ ______ __________ ___ __ __ ___ _______ _____ _______ __ _
yes
: Pl Iter C01T (MPa) ! Maximum liquid pressure correction per iteration (MPa)
: (DPLMX in root_gen.dat) : (time increroent is reduced if necessary). Default: le-2
Max Abs Pg (MPa) : Maximum (absolute) gas pressure e1rnr tolerance (MPa).
Mass balance of air

(DELMXPG in root_gen.dat)
.-
: Default: le-3
- --- - - - -- -------- - ------ --- - - ------ - - ---- - ----- - --- - - - ------- - -- - ----------- ----- --- -- - --
Max Nod Air Mass (kg/s) : Maximum nodal ai.r mass balance error tolerance (kg/s).
(unknown liquid
pressure Pg) = yes
~?~~9-~-~-1:~~~~e_r:~:l ___ j_~~~~~~=:- ~-e_-_1_~ ___ _________________________ _________________ _
Pg Iter C01T (MPa) iMaximum gas pressure correction per iteration (MPa)
(DPGMX in root_gen.dat) ; (time increment is reduced ifnecessary). Default: le-2
Max Abs Temp (C) : Maximum (absolute) temperature error tolerance (C).
(DELMXT in root_gen.dat) : Default: 1 e-3
Energy balance -- - - - - - ---- - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --- -.- -- - --------- - - ---- -------- - ---- - -- - ----- -- ------ - ---- --------
Max Nod Energy (J/s) : Maximum nodal energy balance error tolerance (J/s) .
(unl<nown : Default: 1e-10
(DELQMX in root_gen.dat)
temperature) = yes
Temp !ter Corr (C) Maximum temperature correction per iteration (C) (time
DTMX in root_gen.dat) , increment is reduced if necessary). Default: le-2
....
......
'
Mass balance of
conservative species
(unknown __ _
Max Abs Solute
(DELMXI in root_gen.dat)
Max Nod Solute mass

balance
(DELilVL"X in root_l;erí.dat)
: Maxinmm (absolute) concentration error tolerance.
; Default: le-3
; Maximum nodal solute mass balance error tolerance.
; Default: 1e-10
..
concentration) = yes --- - --- - ---- - ---------- - - - --~--- - ------------------ - - - --- -- - -- ------ - --- - - -- ----- -- - - ---- --
Solute Iter Corr i Maximum solute concentration correction per iteration
DIMX in root__gen.dm) i (time increment is reduced ifnecessary). Default: le-2
CODE BRlGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA II.10
Comments regarding the use oftolerances
In order to illustrate the use of tolerances the thermal problem 1s considered: with the
following tolerances:
: Max Abs Temp (C) : TI
----- ------ ------------------------- ----·
: Max Nod Energy (J/s) : T2
.- -- - - -- --- - --- - --- - _________ ,, - -- --- --- ...
: Temp Iter Corr (C) : T3
Convergence can be achieved in two ways: the one when 8T < TI for all nodes (condition A)
and the second when (qh < T2) also for all nades (q1i represents here tbe energy balance or
residual at. a node) (condition B).
It is to be mentioned that convergence in terms of 8T and convergence in terms of q1i sbould

be reached simultaneously because the Newton - Raphson method is used. For this reason the
program stops the iteration process when one of the two conditions (A or B) is achieved.
When more than . one degrees of freedom are solved per node and one of the recomended
options is used (convergence by variable OR residual), convergence in terms of variable or
residual should be achieved by all the variables simultaneously. ln other words, it is not
possible that tbe mechanical problem converges by residual and the thermal problem
converges by the variable.
Finally, if (8T> T3), time increment will be reduced. This parameter controls the accuracy of
the solution in terms of how,large time increments can be. A low value of T3 will force to use
small time increments when large variations of temperature take place.
CODE BRJGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA II.11
OUTPUT
: Iteration information is wiitten in file ROOT_GEN.OUT according to:
Write numerical process
information : NONE: no infonnation about convergence is written. This option should be
• used ífthe user is very confident with the time discretization and not
(IOWIT in root_gen.dat) : interested in details at every time step or problems with time increment
: reductions. Usual1y this happens when previous runs have shown that
. convergence and time discretization work very well:
. P ARTIAL: partial information is written. Time intervals and time-values,
: number of iterations, CPU-time values, etc. are w1itten. Convergence
: infonnation (e.g. residuais) is only written iftime increment reductions take
: place.
~- - --~---- ---- - -·--
__:-Al..b:-alhteration-information is wiitten. Convergence infomration is-vvritten-
: for all iterations and all time increments. This option may result in a very
• 1arge file ROOT_GEN.OUT
Writing frequence W1iting results frequence in output files. For instance, if this vaiiable is set to
- T ---
20; -results for the complete mesh will be w1itteli only every 20 calculated
(INTER in root_gen.dat) time increments.
'
Write piezometiic head !Yes, No
Write boundary flow rates No
in additional file Use writing frequence (Defaul option)
! Write all
Write boundary reactions in No (Defaul option)
additional file Use wliting írequence
Wri.te ali
Output points Nodes

(TOWCONTOURS in
root_gen.dat) Gauss points: (Default option)
Write all information Yes, No

(IWRALL in root_gen.dat)
'. IfNo is selected, the following option appears:
! Separated output files (IPOL YFILES in root_gen.dat) : Yes, No
. : and user goto Select output window.
SELECT OUTPUT
(IfW1ite ali information=No)
Select outputs option is necessary when working wíth complex problems in which separated output files are used
to facilítate the post-processing. The following options are available:
Write Dísplacements Yes, No

W rite Liquid Pressure Yes, No
Write Gas Pressure Yes, No
W rite T emperature Yes, No
Wriie solute concentration Yes,No
Write Halite Concentration Yes,No
Write Vapour Concentration Yes, No
Write Gas Density Yes,No
Write Dissolved air concentration Yes, No
Write Liq Density Yes,No
Write porosity Yes,No
Write Liquid Saturation Degree Yes,No
Write heat fluxes: qT Yes, No
Write liquid fluxes: qL Yés,No
Write gas fluxes: qG Yes,No
Write Stresses Yes,No
Write POs TEP model Yes,No
Viscoplastic Models variables Yes,No
Argillite model variables Y1!s, No
CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA II.1 3
II.2.2. MATERIALS
All materiais must be defined from a gene1ic material. The following steps show how to
assign materials and do modifications: ·
Creating new materiais: ln arder to create new materials, one should write a
material name and complet the necessary constitutive laws and do an Accept Data
to validate the data entered. It is necessary to create a material before assigning it
on the geometry.
Assignment rnust respect hierarchical estructure of entities (i.e. cannot assign a

material on a line belonging to a surface that have just been identified with another
___material). This type oferror:_may_create-confücts.----- - -----~----- ~- -
Posterior modifications on the parameters of assigned materials do not require a

re-meshing process.
Constituve Laws in CODE BRIGHT
Properties for materials can vary at each interval or mantain constant. Every constitutive law
is defined with 3data types:
e Number of intervals. A box near the constitutive law name should be used for this
purpose. Usua11y parameters will be entered only for the first interval.
• Each constitutive law is differentiated by ,the index ICL. For instance ICL=6 is the
retention curve. Groups of ICL are considered, for instance ICL=21 to 27 is used for the
thermoelastoplastic model for unsaturated soils.
• Pararneters for constitutive law. A series of parameters should be entered for each
constitutive law, these are: ITYCL, Pl, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, PIO. The first one
(ITYCL) is an integer that indicates which option among the available ones is used. For
instance, thermal conductivity, pe1mits different options depending the type of dependence of
porosity and degree of saturation that is desired. Pl to PlO are numbers that correspond to
paran1eters in a given equation.
ITYCL Pl P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Plü
Ir
'
1
A number indicates the intervals where the law will be defined. This number fixes the number
of lines for V ALUES to be entered. Every lnterval fine assumes parameters of INTERV AL
DATA according to the sarne order.
The following constitutive laws are available:
HYDRAULIC AND THERMAL MECHAL~CAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS:
CONSTITUTIVE MODELS:
· ELASTICITY
RETENTION CURVE NONLINEAR ELASTICITY
INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY VISCOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MA TERIALS
LIQUID PHASE RELATIVE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS
PERMEABILITY VISCOPLASTICITY FOR UNSATURATED SOILS BASED
GAS PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABIÜTY ONBBM
DIFFUSIVE FLUXES OF MASS · DAMAGE-ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR
DISPERSIVE FLUXES OF MASS AND ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS
ENERGY THERlVIOELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS
CONDUCTIVE FLUX OF HEAT
PHASE PROPERTIES:
CONSTRUCTION/EXCAVATION PROCESS
SOLID PHASE PROPERTIES
LIQUID PHASE PROPERTIES
GAS PHASE PROPERTTES
Description of each law is included in Chapter VI.
Assign material
With this instruction, the material is assigned to the selected entities. If assigning from a
window, every time the assigned material changes, the button A.';lsign must be pressed
again.
The user must select the entity on which to assign the mate1ials, i.e . : line, surface or
volume when working in geometry mode or directly over the elements when working in
mesh mode. It is recommended to assign the materiais on the geometry entities rather than on
the elements.
- -If assigning-from the command 1ine, -option UnAs si gnMa t.-e:rases alHhe -assignments of this
particular mateiial.
When a mesh has been already generated, and changes in the assigned materials are required,
then it is necessary to re-rnesh again or assign the materiais directly on the mesh.
Draw material
Draws a color indicating the selected material for all the entities that have the required
material assigned. It is possible to draw just one or draw all materials. To select some of them
the users should use a : b and all material numbers that lie between a and b will be drav.11.
When drawing materiais in 3 dimensions, it may be necessary to change the viewing mode to
polygons or render (see section Render) to diferenciate the front and back of the objects.
Unassign material
Command Unassign unassigns all the materiais from all the entities. For only one material,
use UnAssignMat (see section Assign material).
New material
When the command NewMaterial is used, a new material is created taking an existing one
as a base material. Base mateiial means that the new one will have the sarne fields as the base
one. Then, all the new values for the .fields can be entered in the command line. It is possible
to redefine an existing material.
To create a new material or redefme an existing one in ili.e mãterials window, write a new
name or the sarne one and change some oftbe.próperties. ':Çhen_push the comniimd Accept.
Element types in CODE_BRIGHT
When an element is selected to generate a finite element mesh it has to be available in

CODE_BRlGHT. The types of elements available in CODE_BRIGHT are:
DIM= 2 TYPE 1 Linear triangle. A.nalytical integration.

t--~~~~t--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Quadratic triangle. Comer nodes: 1, 2, 3; side nodes: 4, 5, 6.

TYPE 12
Numerical integration with 3 internai points.
Linear quadrilateral. Selective integration by means the .
modification of the-matrix B-(Hughes, 1980). This avoids locking -
TYPE5
when the medium is highly uncompressible. Numerical integration
with 4 points .(recommended quadrilateral element).
DIM=3 TYPE 1 Linear tetrahedron. Analytical integration.

t--~~~~t--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---;
TYPE 26 Linear triangular prism. Numerical integration with 6 points.

Linear quadrilateral prism element. Numerical integration
TYPE3
(selective) with 8 points.
These types of elements are assigned by the interface between GiD and CODE_ BRIGHT.
II.2.3. CONDITIONS
Conditions are all the properties of a problem, excluding materials, that can be assigned to an
entity. In this concept several types of conditions have been included: Force/Disp conditions,
Flm( conditions, Initial unknov.rns, Porosity (and other variables), Initial stress, Joint elernent
width and time evolution location. The _condition window perrnits to· choose entities to assign
on (Point, Line,. Surfae-e or Volume in geometry display rnode and N ode or Element in mesh
display mode) and select different types of conditions. It must be taken into account that
conditions assigned in mesh display mode will be unassigned in every new meshing process .
The following points should be taken into account for condition construction:
• F orce/Disp conditions add up all conditions assigned at every node, except for variables
Index (takes last value encountered) and Multiplier (takes the biggest).
• Flux conditions, Initial unknowns, Porosity (and other variables), Initial stress and Joint
element width are assigned with entities priority in the following order: Points, Lines,
Surfaces a.ri.d Volumes (i.e. th~ node takes a Flux_Point_B.C. refusing a Line_Flux_B.C.
assigned previously).
If a mesh has already been generated, for any
change in the condition assignments, it is
necessary to re-mesh again to transfer these new conditions to the mesh.
Force/Disp
o ~ 0 0G 0
V.! T
F1tLX Initial unknowns
ººº D
Time evolutiou .Joint ~idtb Porosity Initial stress
CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA II. 19
Conditions description
IL2.3.1 Force/displacement conditions

The mechanical botmdary conditions only exists if the mechanical problem is solved (Solve
displacement). For each time period only the types that undergo changes should be read.
X direction force/stress Value in MPa or MPa/m2

Y direction force/stress Value in MPa or MPa/ml
z -direction force/stress - V alue in MPa or MPa/m 2
X displacement rate prescribed Value in m/s
Y displacement rate prescribed Value in m/s
Z displacement rate prescribed Value in m/s
---
-
= 1 means.tJ::iat displa.cement ratewill be
X direction prescribed prescribed in the X direétion. The value is
given above.
= 1 means that displacement rate will be
Y direction prescribed prescribed in the Y direction. The value is
given above.
= 1 means that displacement rate will be
Z direction prescribed prescribed in the Z direction. The value is
given above.
The units of this parameter depend on
y (multiplier)
whether force or stress is applied.
0
~fx obtained as ramp loading
during the current interval.
~fyº obtained as ramp loading
during the current interval.
~fz obtained as ramp loading
0
during the CUlTent interval.

The general boundary condition is applied by means a forces/stresses computed as:
This condition incorporates a von Newman type .boundary condition plus a Cauchy type
be
boundary condition. A very large value of y caú used to impose a fixed displacement rate.
If displacement rate is zero ( ú 0 = O) and y is very large, displacement is not permited in that
direction.
If y is insufficiently large, however, the prescription of the displacement rate will be

inaccurate. On the contrary, extremely large values can cause matrix ill conditioning. Each
specific problem requires an adjusted value if displacement rate should be presc1ibed.
Dep·ending onthe geometric entity on whichthe condition should be applied, the following
options are encountered: · · · · .
'
Points (2-D or 3-D) Lines (usually 2-D) Surfaces (usually 3-D) Volumes (3-D)
Forces Forces Forces Forces
Boundary stresses Boundary stresses '
IL2.3.2 Flux Boundary Condition
Mass or heat transport problems. These conditions only exists if any balance (water, air,
energy flow) problem is solved. For each time period only the types that undergo changes
need to be read.
The boundary condition is incorporated by adding a flux or flow rate. The mass flux or flow
rate of species i = w as a component of phase a = g (i.e. the inflow or outflow of vapour) is
calculated as:
where the superscript ()ºstands for the prescribed values, ro is mass fraction, p is density, Pg
is gas pressure,)gº is a prescribed gas flow and Yg and !3g are two parameters of the boundary
condition. Particular cases of this boundary condition are obtained for instance in the
following way:
Description (rogw)°
. ()
Pg°
)g Yg (pg) ~g
A prescribed mass t1ow rate of gas with 0.02 kg/kg of 0.02 le-5
vapor and 0.98 kg/kg of air is injected kg/s
If Pg < Pg'l=O. l a variable mass flow rate of gas with 0.02 10 0.1
0.02 kg/kg ofvapor and 0.98 kg/kg of aiJ is injected.
If Pg < Pg°=O. l a variable mass flow rate of gas with

va1iable composition outílows.
Humidity in the boundary is prescribed to 0.0112 O.OI 1.12 10

kg/m 3 • This is equivalent to a relative humidity of
0.0112/0.0255 = 0.44 = 44%
Vapour pressure at T=27 ºC is calculated as:
Pv = 136075 exp(-5239.7 /(273 + T) ) = 0.003536 MPa = 3536 Pa
and the conesponding density is:
PvM 3536Pa x 0.018 kg/mol = 0 _02551 kg/mJ
Pv = R(273 + T) = 8.3143 J/mol/K x (273 + 27)K
Associated to the sarne parameters but for component air, the following equation can be
written:
where:
which comes from the mass fraction definition.
On the other hand, for liquid phase a similar set of equations can be considered. These are:
it =(ronº J,º + ( ronº Y1 ( P,º - P,) + f), ({p1ronº -(p1ron)
J;" = (ro;··)° J,0 + ( ro;" )° Y1 ( P, 0 - P,) + f3 1((p1ro;· )° - (p1ro;"))
(ro; )° = 1- ( cono
Positive values of mass flow rate indicate injection into the medium.
CODE BRlGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA 11.23
For energy the boundary condition has the general form:
(Tº - T) + EW('W)
Je. = Je·O + Y e g Jg +.. ·
in other words, a von Newman type term plus a Cauchy type term anda series of terms that
represent the energy transfer caused by mass inflow and outflow through the boundary.
CODE BRlGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA II .24
The set of pai-ameters that are r equired for these equations are:
w
(1) g Prescribed mass fraction (kg/kg) ---
Jg Prescribed gas flow rate (kg/s, units depend on parameter index)
ilfg Prescribed increment of lgduring the time step-(kg/s, see previous remark)
Pg Prescribed gas pressure (MPa)
& g Prescribed increment of Pgduring the time step (MPa)
Yg Parameter for gas pressure term (kg/s/MPa)
~ g
Parameter for humidity terin (kg/s/MPa)
'
Pg Prescribed gas density (kg/m3)
h
(Ü l Prescnoed solute concentration
(Ü 1ª Prescribed mass fraction of air ~(kg/kg)
}1 Prescribed liquid f1ow rate (kg/s, units depend on parameter index)-
'1)1 Prescribed increment of) 1during the time step (kg/s, see previous remark)
Pz Prescribed liquid pressure (MPa)
L1p1 Prescribed increment of pzduring the time step (MPa)
Y1 Parameter needed to be .= Owhen P1 is prescribed (kg/s/MPa)
~I Parameter needed only when mass transport problem is considered (kg/s/MPa)
Pt Prescribed liquid density (kg/m 3)
Íe Prescribed heat flow rate (J/s, units depend on parameter index)

d}e Prescribed increment ofj e (Jls, see previous remark)
T Prescribed temperature (C)
L1T Prescribed increment ofT during the time step (C)
ye Parameter needed to be * O when T is prescribed (J/s/C)
Àe positive values: Lie=jexexp(-abs(À 0 )t)] is used (1 i s) .
negative values: [j 0 =j 0 f•b•(À <l) is used (l/s).
o--~~~~~~-
void
Parameter for smoothing the seepage condition (outtlow ofwater only) boundary
condition.
For a positive value Df oa parabolic curve is used; for a negative value an exponentially decaying curve is used.
ois the distance from the reference pressure to the point of change.
Index ~ + 1.0 means that all flow rates are nodal values. For instance, a pumping
(auxiliary index) well boundary condition.
~ -1.0 means that all flow rates are per unit volume (3-D), area(2-D) or
length (1 -D) of medium (internal source or sink) . For instance, a
recharge due to rain in a 2-D case.·
~ +2.0 nieans that all flow rates are per unit area (3-D) or length (2-D)
(lateral fluxes). Or instance, lateral f11L'i.es from neia bour a uifers.
Prescribed gas, liquid and heat flows must be given in terms of flow units depending on the
way these flows are considered, i.e., depending on the kind of element they pass through and
on the problem dimension. The required units for each case are graphically specified below:
CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA Il.26
fY\
..s
INDEX PROBLEM
ILLUSTRA TION FLOWUNITS
PARAMETER DIMENSION -·
--
lndex = 1.0 3-D - . -
Mass:
/:
1 kg/s
1
,.
1
1
1
1 Heat:
,e- - - - ---- b
-
---- J/s
2-D Mass:
kg/s
L 17 Heat:
- J/s
1-D Mass:
-· kg/s
G 1 Heat:
J/s
D
\
C ODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA
Index = -1.0 3-D Mass:
kg/m 3s
..,.
• • • •'a • •
o • • • :· • •
• o
• • • • 1•
1•
•••
11 • • e 1a • • • Heat:
e· • • • i • • • •
º • •e-"• -@
. ...... '$ • • • •
•. . . . . o • • • • (1
J/m 3 s
2-D lvfass:
kg/m 2s
Heat:
J/m 2s
1-D Mass:
kg/ms
Heat:
J/ms
CODE BRlGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEMDATA II.28
Index = 2.0 3-D Mass:
kg/m 2s
Heat:
·----
1
J/Ii12s
2-D Mass:
/«7 · Heat:
kg/ms
J/ms
The following table contains a summary of the units for each case:
Problem Required units

---
index
dimension
Gas]'low - Liquid Flow Heat Flow -- - -
1.0 --- kg/s kg/s Jis
1D kg/m/s kg/m/s J/m/s
-1.0 2D kg/m2/s kg/m2/s J/m2 /s

.
3D kg/m3/s kg/m 3 /s J/m 3/s
-- ---- -- -- - --- - · .·
2D kg/m/s kg/m/s J/m/s

2.0
3D kg/m 2/s kg/m 2/s J/m 2/s
The above boundary conditions are rather general. They incorporate terms of von Newman
type and Cauchy type. The equation includes three terms. The first one is the mass inflow or
outflow that takes place when a flow rate is presc1ibed at a node. The second term is the mass
inflow or outflow that takes place when a phase pressure is presciibed at a node. The
coefficient y is a leakage coefficient. This vaiiable allows to prescribe a pressure with more or
less strength. If y is very large, pressure will tend to reach the prescribed value (see Figures A
and B). However, an extremely large value can produce matrix ill conditioning anda lower
one can produce inaccuracy in prescribing the pressure. However it is not difficult to guess
adequate values for a given problem simply by t1ial. The third te1m is the mass inflow or
outflow that takes place when species mass fraction is prescribed at a node.
inflow
outflow
Figm·e A
inflow
P i:
outflow
1.0
Figure B
CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA Il.3
A surface where seepage (only outflow for liquid phase is permitted) is a case that may be of
interest. To indicate that only outflow is permitted y1 is entered with negative sign. This
negative sign only indicates that nades with this kind of boundary condition allow seepage
(i.e. only outflow).
If there is inflow of gas or liquid phase, it is very ímportant to give values of the following
variables: (ro gw)º, (m 1ª)º, (p 1) 0 , (p g)º and 7°. Otherwise they are assumed zero which is not
correct because they will be too far frorn equilibriurn. If outflow takes place, this is not
relevant because the values of the mediurn are used instead of the prescribed ones.
Il.2.3.3 Initial Unknowns -- ----
Initial values of the unknowns can be assigned on surfaces/volumes on the geornetry. A

constant or linear distribution is available.
Distribution: Constant / Linear

Ux displacernent Value in m
Uy displacement Value in m
Uz displacement Value in m
Líquid pressme: Pl Value in MPa
Gas pressure: Pg Value in MPa
Temperature: T Value in ºC
Concentration V alue in kg/kg
If dístiibution is linear, info1matíon about unknowns' values at final point and the coordínates
of the initial and final -points are required.
11.2.3.4 Initial porosity
A constant initial value of porosity can be assigned on surfaces/volumes on the geometry.

Porosity value should be less than 1.
11.2.3.5 Initial stress
Initial values of the stresses and history variables (depends on the type of mechanical
constitutive model) can be assigned on suifaceslvolumes cm the geometry. A constant or
linear distribution is available.
Distribution: Constant / Linear

X stress Value inMPa
Ystress V a,lue in MP a
Z stress Value inMPa
XY stress Value in MPa
XZ stress Value in MPa
YZ stress Value inMPa
History variable 1 (depend on the constihttive rnodei)
History variable 2 (depend on the constitutive model)
In chapter VI, the description ofhistory vaiiables required for elastoplastic and viscoplastic
models is included.
If distribution is linear, information about stresses and history variables values at final point
and the coordinates of the initial and final points are required.
IL2.3. 6 Initial anisotropy.
Transverse isotropy can be assigned on surfaces/volumes in a hydraulic and/or mechanical

problem. The direction of orthotropy axis is indicated by the two angles shown in the figure.
Transfo1mation is dane from physical plane (global axes) to anisotropy directions (local axes)
First rotation is around z axis and the second rotation is around the new y' axis.
a > O if directed from x to y
First rotation:
a is the orientation of the dip with
a (around z)
respect to y (usually the North)
j3 > O if directed from z' to x'
Second rotation:
j3 is the inclination of dip with respect to
j3 (aroundf) ~
-the horizontal-plane
.z z'
z"' [
'
\ f31
'~.ry-yy·
Figure. Convention of reference axis for transverse isotropic material
Parameters of elastic transverse isotropy can be assigned trough the Damage-elastoplastic

model for argillaceous rocks (ICL=71 to 79; see chapter VIc ), while parameters of hydraulic
transverse isoh·opy can be assigned trough the intrinsic permeability law (ICL=7; see chapter
VIa).
11.2.3. 7 Time Evolution
Code_Bright offers the user the possibility of registering the evolution with time of specified
problem variables either at specific points and surfaces/volumes on the geometry, or at
specific nodes and elements on the mesh. In case that nodes and elements are specified by the
user, special care must be taken when remeshing, yet information ,regarding time evolution
will be lost. - - ·
The program does not admit more than -1O nodes and 1O elements (or, if the case, points and
surfaces/volumes) for time evolution registration, whatever could be read from the introduced
time evoiution data. These data, on the other_ hand, have _to be given to the program as
referring to the first time interval of the problem.
However, Post-process interface in GID has available the information of problem vaiiables in
all points/lines/surfaces/volumes of the geometry and ,nQdes/elements of the m~sh. Post-
. process offers the option to diaw gràphs of specified problem variables. Several graph types
are available: point evolution against time, result 1 vs. result 2 over points, and result along a
boundary line (see View results/graphs option of Post-process). It is possible to save or reada
graph (see Files menu of Post-process). These advanced options of Post-process avoid the
need to select specific points/surfaces/volumes in conditions for the time evolution, before to
run the problem.
Assignment priorities
Conditions assigned on the geometry are distributed over the mesh with priorities. In general
points have priority over lines, lines over surfaces and surfaces over volumes. At mesh levei,
nodes have priority over elements.
Mechanical boundary conditions on high entities are supe1imposed when they are applied to a
lower entity. This means, for instance in a 2-D case, that a point that belongs to two lines will
have the combination of boundary conditions coming from these two lines.
Assign condition
A condition is assigned to the entities with the given field values. If assigning from the
command AssignCond, the option Change allows the definition ofthe field values. Do not
forget to change these values before assigning. Option Deletelüi' erases all the assigned
entities of this particular condition. Conditions can be assigned both on the geometry and on
th~ Il!~h but it is conveni~11t !<:> ..~ssigg_t_!!~Jn ~~- t_!!e g~9~~etryéllld the _~ºJ:l~ditions wilJ then bt;:
transfelTed to the mesh. If conditions are assigned on the mesh, any remeshing will cause the
conditions to be lost.
Conditions that are to be attached to the boundmy of the elen:Íents, are assigned to the
elements - and GiD searches the boundaries of the elements
. - - . . - - . that are boundaries
. -.. of the. . total
- . -
rnesh. Optfon Unassign inside AssignCond, pennits to unassign this condition. It is also
possible to unassign from only certain entities.
If a mesh has already been generated, for any change in the condition assignments, it is
necessary to re-mesh again.
Draw condition
Option Draw a l l draws all the conditions assigned to all the ent1tles in the graphical
window. This means to draw a graphical symbol or condition number over every entity that
has this condition. If one particular condition is selected, it is possible to choose between
Draw and one ofthe fields. Dr a w is like Dr aw a l l but only for one particular condition. If
one field is chosen, the value of this field is written over all the entities that have this
condition assigned.
When the condition has any field referred to the type of axes, the latte:rs can be visualized by
meansofDraw local axes. -
Unassign condition
.
ln window mode, command UnAssign lets the user to choose between unassigning this
condition from the entities that owe it or unassigning all the conditions or select some entities
to unassign. ln command mode UnAssing, do it for all the conditions. For only one
condition, use cornmand Delete All (see section Assign condition).
Entities
Create an information window with all entities assigned including values at eve1y one .
II.2.4. INTERV ALS DATA
Intervals are a way to change some conditions and, eventually, material properties.
Properties for materials can vary at each interval or remain constant. For a problem with
several intervals, a window with the following fields will appear for each constitutive law:
In which a different line for each interval will appear. Usually, only the first line should be
filled. The following lines may be.left in blank if material properties are unchanged.
Boundary conditions may vary at each interval or remain .constant. For conditions the correct
way to proceed is to define all the invariable conditions first (i.e. those t.hat remain unchanged
during all intervals). Then, it is allowed to define as many intervals as desired with the
command Newinterval or update the conditions in different intervals using the command
Changeinterval. It is possible to define as many conditions ~as necessary into particular
intervals. The conditions which have not been duplicated when creating new intervals, are
only considered for their interval.
'
Interval data parameters, decribe temporal limits and time steps for each interval. They can be
entered with the command IntervalData or in the intervals data window. If entered in a
window, the data is not accepted until button Accept is pressed. This data can be entered
before or after meshing.
Description
INTERVAL DATA
Units of time discretization Time units for defined interval. Options: s·econds,
Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months, Years
Initial Time {start period) Initial time for defrned interval.

(TIMEI in root_gen.dat)
Initial Time Step Initial time step for this time interval.
(DTh"\IE in root__gen.dat)
Final Time (end period) _ Final time for defined intervaL

. (TIME}< in root__gen;dat)
Partia! Time Time from which time increment is kept constant.

{TIMEl in root_gen.dat)
Partial Time Step Constant time step value.

(DTl1'1EC in root__gen.dat)
Put displacements to O Yes/No
This option put displacement to zero at the beginning

of the current time step.
CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA ll.3 9
ln 'Writing results frequence', the intermittence for vvr:iting results is defined, i.e. only after a
given number of time steps the results will be vvr:itten. This may cause inconveniences if the
user desires the results at precisely fixed times (for instance: 6 months, 1 year, 2 year, etc.).
Moreover, if something changes between two runs (e.g. boundary conditions) and any time
increment should be modified, the value of the times in which results are output will not be
identical b_etween these two runs. ln this case, it would be difficult to make a comparison of
the two analyses because the output results correspond to different times.
However, it is possible to decide the values of the times for output using a sequence of
consecutive intervals. ln this way, the results will be output for all 'Final time' defined, and if
the user is only interested in these· fixed times a very large value may be used for 'Writing
re~ll:!~ fregue~<?_t:' !º ª~?id output at ot~er ti~~ ____ _ __ _ ______________ -~
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS Ill.l
CODE BRIGHT PROCESS

ID.1. CALCULATE
This part deals with the stage of the process that solves the numerical problem. The ·system
would allow to call the Finite Element program without necessity of leaving from the work
environment. Pressing calculate the user can see a Process window, and clicking on Start
the solver module runs.
IIl.2. DATA FILES

If the solver program is required to be run outside GiD enviroment, i.e. in another computer or
the user needs to check the data input for calculations; it is posible to see the data files. ln the
work directory there are the followings files:
• Root.dat
• ROOT GEN.DAT
• ROOT GRI.DAT
from which the program CODE_ BRIGHT reads all the necessary data.
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS m._
The name of these two files is composed by the extension .DAT which indicates that these
files contain input data, a suffix (_GEN or _ GRI) that follows the ROOT and which indicares
a file with general infonnation and a file with grid information, and a ROOT which is a name
assigned by the user. The ROOT is previously read in a file called ROOT.DAT. For a run
with another problem only this ROOT.DAT file must be changed and the files of the new
problem will be used.
IIl.3. GENERAL INFORMA TION FILE ROOT GEN .DAT'
Card 1. Problem
Variables: HEAD
Format: (A40): Fixed format
-999: Free format
Card 2. Dimensions and options

Variables: NUMNP, NUMEL, NDIM, IAXISYM, NUMMAT, NHV l l (c,h'\..!l:,.s po tiv\
Format: (1015). It is not required iffree format is used
NUrvlNP: Number of nodes
NUMEL: Number of elements
NDIM: Space dimertsions (1,2,3)
IAXISYM: Axisymmetric option: O-no axisymmetry, 1-yes (around y-axis),
• NDIM=2. The p1incipal stresses are: (o"r(radial), cry(axial) cr 8{circunferential))
• NDIM= l. The principal stresses are: (crr(radial), cr8(cü·cumferentia1), crz(axial))
,-;_' ~." V:,'- 6.,
NUMMAT: Number of materiais ~ ::.
NHV: Number of history vac-iables (depends on the type of mechanical constitutive model
used). This variable is checked internally.
f'
'·i I
-o~
i - - - -- - - -~=;. _/
'
\( .i::...
j
\ (1
.;-r-\-'-------- 7 }
/
f
,. <
- \/QÍ_/·..; y._.I.... ~ -
~--.,
'...i
,_;
! ' -' ~
: ·.l
1
- 1
1 ./ ·r.-, :: e,..-·.·~ ~'
. :-·-· .'":.-;. : .....:e'- .. :r . \ . .
1
'
-:~ ,
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS Ill.3
Card 3. Dimensions and options
Variables: NZl, NZ2, MFRONTH, NI?F, MNVAL, !SOLVE 1 ! O fT Co"1 lJ
Format: ( 1OIS). It is not required if free format is used
NZl: =MXDlFN: maximum difference between connected nodes, this variable is read for
dimensioning purposes. The node numeration of the grid is assumed to have been
optirnised in order to reduce the matrix band width. If 8=s=O are used in a non-
1 mechanicaLproblem, then llvfXDIFN can be O because a quasi-explicit approximation
will be used, i.e. only a NDF-diagonal matrix is solved which contains derivatives ofthe
storage terms. (See.below for NZ=NZl *NZ2).
NZ2: =.MBANDT: total band width (geometr:ical for variable), (.MBANDT. =
2(MXDlFN+ 1)-1, the user should provide a value but the code checks this value. So this
entry is redundant. ·
NZ= Used only for ISOLVE=5. It is the number of nonzero-blocks in the jacobian (i.e. the
NZl *NZ2: number ofnonzeros for NDF=l). This variable is computed as NZ=NZl *NZ2. Since this
variable is checked intemally, if the number of nonzeros is not kno'Nn a priori, a guess
can be used and the code automatically checks its validity. Otherwise, the required value
is output.
MFRONTH: void
NDF: Nurnber of degrees of freedom per node. For instance a 2-dime~sion thermomechanical
analysis requires N'DF=3. ·
MNVAL: Maximum number ofintegration points in an element (default=l). For a two-dimensional
analysis with some (not necessarily all) ·quad1ilateral elements, 1\fNVAL=4. For a three-
dirnensional analysis with sorne (not necessarily all) quadrilateral prisrn elernents,
MNVAL=8.
!SOLVE: solve the system of equations according to different algorithms.
ISOLVE=3: LU decomposition + backsubstitution (NAG subroutines, fonts
available). (recommended option for direct solution).
ISOLVE=S: Sparse storage + CGS (conjugate gradients squared)
~------- 1 I
l· [
f • l~r \,,·. 1: "--
o, _· . ! 'f' ""- {.
. . .:.-
r. .• -- ,.
.~_ ~"'./ ) ... e'.. ·,•...-·t
', ,. Í
T
:.... . __e;·,..., <'•à ·r ·,:. L · t.·1 '· {c""' t-..,l.C
',,.... . .
f
Lr--f~ '\--t_~ ~e-<
).,A·~,_:: "'~"-
"-----~----·- !. !
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS III.4
Card 4. Dimension boundary conditions
Variables: NFDTYPE, NFLUXTYPE
Format: (515). It is not required if free format is used
NFDTYPE: Nuniber of prescribed force/displacement boundary condition types.
NFDTYPE<=NUMNP because the maximum types that can be defmed is limited
by one per node. If IOPTDISPL > O then NFDTYPE>= l.
NFLUXTYPE: Number of flux boundary condition types. NFLUXTYPE<=NillvfNP. Boundary
cond.itions for mass and energy balance problems are grouped in a single type due
to practical reasons. See Cards 17 to 20 for information about the form of
boundary condítions.
Boundary conditions can be applied at -all
-
nodes,
-
even
·-
in the internai
- ----nades.
---- ·•
Card 5. Options. Unknowns to be calculated.

Variables: IOPTDISPL, IOPTPL, lOPTPG, lOPTTEMP, JQPTXWS
. .Format: (1015). It is not required if free fonnat is used
IOPTDISPL: = l, solving for NDIM displacements (u,,upu:)
TOPTPL: = l, solving for liquid pressure (P 1) (see TOPTPC) .
IOPTPG: =l , solving for gas pressure (Pg)
IOPTTEMP: = 1, solving for temperature (1)
IOPTXWS: =2, solving for a solute in liquid phase (e)
lo n- n\:t : ::: .à
~ C.P..'e.-p S , ~
1
Card 6. Other options.

Variables: lOPTXHL, IUPDPOR, lOPTXWG, IOPTXAL, lOPTPC, IOPTHYS, IUPDC.
IOPTXHL: =l, halite is soluble in liquid phase. m1ª (the mass fraction of salt in liquid) is
non-zero and considered a dependent vaiiable on temperature. For isothermal
problems this option is not ve1y relevant because solubility" has only been
? ' '
~'O ~ .. -€ e/-,
i
'\ lC\ ·I'.." ' ~

e.1~le_ '. La\>'fT~~ 1fí. C H..S \ \..'()'\?\ ':.>F\J.. •\J u _..; . ) L\) f'l q . ~ \ \01""c. \ lo y\ oEX \'-'\
C'"''"""í(l..1_<::,i_(. \ \{, J ~ 'J~f'ô\JíL C. \ \'S 1 l n:::..\'A. ."1l:'C.
,..
~; c."':. . 1., r~
:::.. o
1::-- ~ .
.::::: 1 -r ( :_ . . e-'-_;,; \_ ,' (_f_-',-·""\ .:_\ .: '.
- l ) I
~.:.... r'C-'t· c-l

./
C r ,\.__, ·9 \...,, . ., "c

.. 1 j '
C...-1 ---i...· l_'j , \: :'I
~ \_!(' ..... 1 o1~c....c 'r'. !'i::--. (··r e- .r ". . 4--<J 1
~o o : . . ·r , \.~ r ~ ~,."[_.e:'- (.... __ :'.:r ')

j 0 s -,.__t--l t- )..,~c..7c~
~--J
- 2 t f;. "f &-'\_ ..\-
_.!....
..,.,
..
'- V
... e· p-. ·r.
I
~
-.. 1
J
considered a function of temperature and not on pressure, however IOPTXHL=l
can still be used iu order that the liquid phase is considered a saturated brine
instead of pure water. ln this case, properties of liquid phase are computed
according to the concentratíon obtai:ned as a fuuction ofTCONS (Card 8)
IUPDPOR: = 1, porosity is updated including not only volumetric strain, but · also
dissolution/precipitation (see IOPTXHL).
If IUPDPOR=O and IOPTXHL is non zero a warning message is given because
variations of porosity caused by other than deformation will be neglected.
IUPDPOR=l only makes sense for IOPTXHL=l.
IOPTXWG: =l , water vapour is NOT permitted even if the problem is non-isothe1mal and
unsaturated. If IOPTXWG=O, water vapour is pe1mitted and its concentration
computed through psychrometric law, vapour pressure and gases law.
Using IOPTXWG = -1 (i .e. vapour concentration is not computed) is convenient
when the problem is nonisothennal but the whole medium will remain saturated
during the entire simulation.
TOPTXAL: =l , air dissolved is NOT pe1mitted even if the problem is two phase (liqlúd and
gas) flow. If IOPTXAL=O, air dissolved is permitted and its concentration
computed through Hemy's law.
IOPTPC: índex to modífy some aspects related to capíllaiy pressure, saturation and relative·
permeability.
IOPTPC = O, S;element is computed as a function of the capillmy pressure Pg-Pr
element. (Consistent approximation, not recommended).
IOPTPC =-1, S1 -eiement is computed by averaging S1 -nodal v'alues . k,.;element
and k,.g-element are computed as a fuuction of Srelemeut (recommended option).
IOPTPC =-2, k,.;element and k,..-element are computed by averaging nodal values
0
ofrelative permeabilites. º
IOPTPC =-3 , k,.relement and k,.g-element are computed by averaging nodal

values. Derivatives of relative permeabilities are also averaged.
IOPTPC =-4, k,;element and k,.g-element are set equal to the maximum nodal
value.
IOPTPC = 1: capillary pressure is used (P e= Pg-P1) as state vaiiable instead of P1.
IfIOPTPC is= 1 then ít is necessary to use IOPTXAL=l and IOPTXWG=l , and
IOPTDISPL=O and IOPTTEMP=O. That is, IOPTPC=l is only available for two
';
/ ,_D ~·\..\ ·e,
o
"'1
'l
. x>zcr
)
CODE BRJGHT. PROCESS III.6
phase immiscible fluids.
TOPTHYS: = 1: option for hysteretic behaviour of retention curve
IUPDC: = l: updated lagrangian method, i.e., co-ordinates are modified after each time
increment is solved. If deformations are very large, some elements may distort. If
distortion is very large the volume of an element may become negative and the
execution would tenllinate immediately.
Remarks: vapour and air dissolved are considered automatically depending on options in Card
5. However, if for any reason they want not to be considered, then the auxiliary indexes
IOPTXWG= l or IOPTXAL= l can be used.
Card 7. Flags. Auxiliary options.

Variables: IFLAGl, IFLAG2, IFLAG3 , IFLAG4, IGLAG5
Y' ' '
)'\_ 1
Format: (10I5). It is not required iffree format is used
°"S C._c,.c ~\.O.,. ...-\.
IFLAGl: O
-;:.. "fe~- ~~~
IfLAG2: O
IFLAG-3: O
IFLAG4: O
IFLAG5: O
These options have been introduced for programming purposes. ln general users should not
use them.
Card 8. Constants.
Variables: EPSILON, TRETA, PGCONS, TCONS, PLCONS
Format: (6F10.0). It is not required if free format is used
EPSILON: Position of intermediate time t"+" for matrix evaluation, i.e. the point where the non-
linear functions are computed. (frequent values: 0.5, 1)
THETA: Position of intermediate time t"+ 9 for vector evaluation, i.e. the poi.nt where the
' \
U'f'."1- '3-S C l'L () \à /C'f'\~'iõ C::\_'f",r- ·reç-1"':::.•
:Fj1 t:L.P..S1 -. \ 'I\.,\'°" 1 1 ) l
l c C&-\T J
\ o 1 ~, z--t. w r< l.:_ -e.:>\. ~ r?'L \'"'{o . ('0 ~ 0 r-" '-\.. "33
(~a'-\y·,~ \·1' ~.3"'\'Íro-lit'"''~ ~Yc;_-\- \)'í't.\J<O·.)'-' º!(:.._· ,,...
' \.-1 " S.·~ ..._ ~)e....\·- l

q 't'-("' e-_'"-<::> '-- - '
C{ Í\- d_ S. ><:i 'f ç~ 'r,\..:.....J t~\.- .Lc e~r . l

~
O\. '1'-tl
C\. 'ri'\ '<"...- '~ 'í'- \_
ta.. ~ t: i,A-~ '3
!>-
.\ ÇL.f\-6 4
,...
~
\ .ç: e. r~.-1:;- - 4 O ---f v..;[1
'1
:<:..
'F p-.,..s 6
(f) ~
'\QO ~ -~0~ ~ S'-~
\ ... l
\"'
' i
1 c:!..-t. tY- """-'/ .-c-~
1
Y\v) 'I\ '--\ ?-"-. U',f1. c\

t>
)> s \" •J
\
d
1
').e_ 'J\-twd,,_ i 11\ e:,. ~ -:..<:. 'i".J:
\ '
-© ·-s ~ ,-, '· \ \

'!'.':" ~-- c.j (--::.. ..~ = 1 r...5
equation is accomplished. (frequent values: 0.5, 1)
PGCONS: Constant gas phase pressure for solving with IOPTPG=O, otherwise ignored. (frequent
value: 0.1 iv1Pa = atmospheric pressure).
TCONS: Constant temperature for solving with IOPTTEMP=O, otherwise this value is ignored.
PLCONS: Constant liquid phase pressure for solving with IOPTPL=O, otherwise ignored. (if
PLCONS is greater than -1.0 x 10 10 then wet conditions are assumed for computing
viscous coefficients in creep laws. (OtherWise the medium is considered dry.)
Card 9. Void.
This line should be left blank.
Card 10. Options.

Variables: IO\VIT, INTER, ITER.i"1AX, IOWCONTOURS, ITERMAXS, ITIME,
IMBACKUP, IWRALL, IPOL YFILES
Format: (1015). It is not required iffree f01mat is used
TOWTT: Tteration information is written in file ROOT_GEN.OUT according to:
IOWIT=O, no information about convergence is written. This option should
be used if the user is very confident with the ·time discretization and not
interested in details at every time step or problems with time increment
reductions. Usually this happens when previous runs have shown that
convergence and time discretization work very well.
IOWIT=l, partial information is written. Time intervals and time-values,
number of iterations, CPU-tirne values, etc. are written. Convergence
infom1ation is only written if time increment reductions take place.
IOWIT=2, all ite.l'.ation information is wrirten. Convergence information is
written for all iterations and all time increments. This option may result in a
very large file ROOT_GEN.OUT
INTER: Writing results frequency in ROOT_OUT.OUT or in ROOT.FLAVTA.RES. For
instance, if INTER=20 results will be written only every 20 time increments, results
at intermediate points will be lost, except the values at few nodes or elements that
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS
rnay be requested in the ROOT_GRl.DAT file (see below).
TTERMAX: Maximum number of iterations per time increment
IOWCONTOURS Option for writing results in files GID post processor.
IOWCONTOURS=2 then files of. nodal values for GiD are generated. These are
ROOT.flavia.dat and ROOT.flavia.res. --~ -
IOWCONTOURS=5 or 6 then files for new GiD output (nodal variables ar nodes,
Gauss point variables at Gauss points without smoothing) are generated. These are
ROOT.post.msh and ROOT.post.res. IfIOWCONTOURS=5, only one Gauss point of
each element is printed. IF IOWCONTOURS=6, all Gauss points are printed for all
elements.
ITERMAXS: Maximum number of iterations for the solver, i.e. for Conjugate Gradients Squared
solution (this vaJ.iable is only reqnired for ISOLVE=5).
º
~- - ~- -- - -----~ - -·-·-- - - ---
ITIME: No time step pred.iction

Time step prediction according to number of iterations
6 A new time step is predicted from the relative error in variables of the
previous ti me increment. Tf th e rei ative error is less than dtol=O. O1, time
increment is reduced aceording to error deviation.
7 The sarne as 6, but with dtol=O. 001.
Il\ifBACKUP: O No Backup
Backup only for the.last time step
2 Back.l.lp for all time steps.
IWRALL: Write all infonnation for output
O Write partia! info1mation for output
IPLOYFILES: Write in separated output files (Select variables inoutput window).
Two files are generated by each variable selected:
ROOT_variable.post.msh and ROOT_variable.post.res
O IfIWRALL=l
, . .-., L ... ,. . -;
(' ' , - ' C--- \.,
-- ---
l
l"lt-Q_of\
tE-<L- - \
l
.1...·\
T&t-- .
'Cl 5
l <
-------------·---~---....,
~
·..
-{
CardGroup 11. Convergence parameters
Variables:
Displacements: DELMXU, FACU, DELFMX, DUMX
(Omit this line ifIOPTDISPL=O)
Liquid pressure: DELMXPL, FACPL, DELQWMX, DPLMX
(Omit this line ifIO.PTPL=O)
Gas pressure: DELMXPG, FACPG, DELQA.MX, DPGMX
(Omit this line ifIOPTPG=O)
Temperature: DELMXT, FACT, DELQMX, DTMX
(Omit this line_ifIOPTTEMP=O)
Inclusions cone.: DELMXI, FACI, DELIMX, DIMX
(Omit this line if IOPTXWS=O)
Format: (5F10.0). It is not required if free format is used'
Each computed unknown requires a line with its associated parameters. In this way each
equation has different tolerances. If IOPTDISPL=l, only one line with DELMXU, FACU, -
DELFMX, DUMX should be read regardless whether the problem is one, two or three
dimensional.
DELMXU: Maximum (absolute) displacement error tolerance (m). When correction of

displacements (displacement difference be~en two iterations) is lower than
DEUv!XU, convergence has been achieved.
FACU: Maximum (re1ative) displacement enor tolerance (-).When conection of
displacements (displacement difference between two iterations) divided by
displacement variation during the time ir;iterval is lower than FACU, convergence has
been achieved.
These two conditions (DELMXU and FACU should be satisfied simultaneously. If
one of them is not desired, a large value of DÊLMXU or F ACU can be used.
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS III.1 O
DELFMX: Maximum nodal force balance error tolerance (MN). If the residual of forces in ali
nodes is lower than DELFMX, convergence has been achieved.
DUMX: Maximum displacement correction per iteration (m) (time increment is reduced if
necessary). If correction of displacements (displacement difforence · between two
iterations) is greater than DUMX then, time increment wiH be reduced until this
condition is satisfied. For lower values of DUMX the time step used for the
calculations will be small. For larger values of DUMX time step may be larger but
errors will increase and convergence problems may appear.
DELMXPL: Maximum (absolute) liquid pressure error tolerance (Mpa)
FACPL: Maximum (relative) liquid pressure error tolerance (-)
DELQWlvfX: Maximum nodal water mass balance error tolerance (kg/s)
DPLMX: Maximum liquid pressure correction per_iteration (MPa) (time increment is reduced if
necessary)
DELMXPG: Maximum (absolute) gas pressure error tolerance (l\líPa)
FACPG: Maximum (rei ative) gas pressure e1TOr tolerance (-)
DELQAMX: Maximum nodal air mass balance error tolerance (kg/s)
DPGMX: Maximum gas pressure correction per iteration (lv!Pa) (time increment is reduced if
necessary).
DELMXT: Maximum (absolute) temperature error tolerance (ºC)
FACT: Maximum (relative) temperature e1rnr tolerance (-)
DELEMX: Maximum nodal energy balance error tolerance (J/s)
DTMX: Ma.'<imum temperature c01rection per iteration (°C) (time i.ncrement is reduced if
necessary).
DELMXI: Maximum (absolute) water i.n inclusion mass fraction error tolerance (-)
FACI: Maximum (relative) water in inclusion mass fraction error tolerance (-)
DELIMX: Maximum nodal inclusions balance enor tolerance (kg/s)
DIMX: Maximum mass fraction in solid correction per iteration (-) (time increment is
reduced if necessary)
Relative error is defined as the ratio between variable correction (8x) and variable increment
(tix).
Convergence criteria are as follows (only convergence on the equation of energy balance is
illustrated, but the sarne applies for the other equations):
If (8T < DELMXT + FACT.T) for all nodes, then convergence has been achieved (condition
A). Tis the value of the variable temperature.
If (qh < DELEMX) for all nades ( qh represents here the energy balance or residual in a nade),
then convergence has been achieved (condition B). ·
It should be mentioned that convergence in terms of 8T and convergence in terms of q11
should be reached simultaneously because the Newton - Raphson is used. For this reason the
program stops the iteration process and looks for another time step when one of the two
conditions (A or B) is achieved. For instance if the user decides that convergence should be
imposed because the residual has reached a tolerance then, DELMXT and F ACT should be
set to very low values.
When more than one degree of freedom is solved per nade and the last option is used,
convergence in terms of variable or residual should be achieved by all the vàriables
simultaneously. In other words, it is not possible that _t.l!e mechanic_al _problem converges by
residual and the thermal converges by the vaiiable.
If (8T > DTMX), time increment will be reduced. This parameter controls the accuracy of the
solution in terms of how large can be the time increments. A low value of DTMX will force
to small -time increments when large variations of temperature take place.
Usually, it is difficult to guess the values of the tolerances that should be used in a problem.
The convergence criterion in te1ms of absolute terms is linked with the unknowns, and hence
it also depends on the range of variation of the variable. In this case the user decides the
degree of accuracy that is needed for each variable. The tolerances in relative terms are
usually lai·ger than the. values for absolute.
Finally, the tolerance values for residual converglimce are more difficult to guess because 'a
priori' it is, difficult to know the valu~s of forces or flows equiliqrating at nodes. Aga.in the
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS Ill.12
user should reach a compromise between a very strict value or a less severe condition.
Convergence parameters for Conjugate Gradients Squared metbod of solution (Omit this
CARD if ISOLVE is not equal to 5).
Va:riables: DXS,DRS,DRSREL
Format: (5Fl0.0). It is not required iffree format is used
This Card is only required for ISOLVE=5.
DXS: Maxirnum abs. conection for solver (usually a very low value)
DRS: Ma.'l:imum abs. residual for solver (< min(DELFMX, DELQ\V1YIX, DELQAMX, DTl\IIX,
DELilvJX)) assuming_all them > O _ _ _ _ _ -~ __ ___
DRSREL: Maximurn relative residual for solver. The solver residual is normalised with the RHS of the
system of equations to be solved.
This group' ofCards

. ~
ends with .' - 1' (forma 15).
.·· .
Card 12. Gravity

Variables: GRAVITY(l), ... , GRA VITY(NDIM)
Format: (3F10.0). It is not required if free formar is U:sed
GRAVITY(NDIM): gravity vector (m/s 2), usually (0,0,-9.81) for three dimensions, (0,-9.81) for two
dimensions and (-9.81) for one dimension.
The following group of Cards, beginning with time period definition can be repeated several
times to define p~riods or steps with d~ffe!ent mat_erial properties and boun_dary conditions.
For the first step all inforrnation should be read and for the subsequent steps only
modifications are required. , , ,,,..,
!Jf!M f ,J' /~.t '•if ./
ii t> - T1n <

\
o
)O
/,-,_,d! 0 1) ( o _g,fl ) '.
L r,,'( J • o ,, ~~--.......,,:~~/
o
Card 13 . Period time variables
Variables: TIMEI, DTlME, TIME 1, DTil\11-..EC, TIMEF, FACTTIME
Format: (5Fl O.O), It is not required if free format is used
TIME!: Initial time. If TIMEI is not equal to final time of the last increment (TIME), then it
is assumed TIMEI=ThvIB. Exception is made if TIMEI=0.0, in which case, O.O is
kept as a new origin oftimes.
DTilvIE: -IiiitiaCtime increment for this time interval. If DTIME=O, lasrDTIME value is
used or, the first time increment ofthe calculation, a smafl value is considered.
TlMEl: Time from which an upper bou:nd- is prescribed for the time increment. If
TIMEl=O, then TIMEl is considered equal to TilvIEI (the upper bound is
prescribed d111ing aµ the time step) - .> _
DTIMEC: Upper bound value for the time increment used from TIME 1 to TIMEF. If found
equal to zero, no maximurn time increment value is prescribed.
TTMEF: Fina! time.
FACTTIME: Factor for converting seconds (input time units) into another output time units.
(Example: FACTTIME=86400. for outputin days).
Time increments during time step [TIMEil, TIMEF] are adapted by the code according to
flag control ITIME (see Card 10). This may cause inconveniences if the user desires the
results at precisely fixed times (for instance: 6 months, 1 year, 2 year, etc,.). Moreover, if
something changes between two runs (e.g. boundary conditions) and any time increment
should be modified, the value of the times in which results are output will not be identical
- between the two rnns. In this case, it would be difficult to make a comparison of the two
analyses because we would not have the sarne times for output.
A first way to overcome this inconvenience is to prescribe an upper bound for the time
increment, reflected in the variable DTIMEC. If convergence requires time increments
smaller than DTIMEC, time increment is reduced. But, if convergence is easy and the current
time increment becomes higher than DTIMEC, it is fixed to DTIMEC. Variable TIMEl
allows for setting an intermediate time between TIMEI and TIMEF from which the upper
CODE BR1GHT. PROCESS Ill.14
bound for the increment becomes active, as represented below:
TIME TIMEl TIMEF

1 1 1
1 1 1
Variable DTIM:E DTIME~DTIMEC
Another way to set fixed times for output results is to use a sequence of Cards nurnber 13
separated by two ( only flow or only mechanical problem) or three ( flow and mechanical
problem) lines with '-1' (formatJ5) indicating_tha_t nothID.g_çhanges in füe_new time period,
except the time discretization. ln thís way, results will be output for all TIMEF's, and if the
user is only interested in these fixed times a very large value may be used for INTER (see
Card 1O) to avoid output at other times.
Example:
-1 indicates no change in mate1ial properties
-1 indicates no change in mechanical boundary conditions
-1 indicates no change in flow boundary conditions
350000. O.O O.O . 10000. 360000. 86400.
-1 indicates no change in material properties
360000. O.O o.o 10000. 370000. 86400.
-1 indicates no change in material properties
in this case for the times 350000, 360000 and 370000 the results would be written. Time step
in this case would be lesser or equal than 10000.
It is is possible to define at the beginning of the calculation a step for equilibration of the
initial stress state. This is done by defining a time step starting from a negative value (TIMEI
<O) and ending at O (TIMEF = O). During this step, gravity is applied as a ramp. Greater is
time step (TIMEF - TIMEMAX), smoother is the gravity ramp.
Card 14. Number of material 41 , "L-4 -A--L , I.4 , GLS-

Variables: IMA.Tf:\L<.. 1 \ ~+-, ~~\; 1 ,f-\?.Cl~iccCtV 1 K.e.C. t:>c.. ( t-lc.c..f:C,._ Y\QDe.... \>Z.L.'l
Format: (IS). It is not required if free format is used f:t~ l flC...c;.J~~-%~\>Q
n IMAT: índex of material(<= NUMMAT)
( (if '-1' (format I5) is read, no more materials are read, and hence, parameters will be zero (or
default values when defined) or the value read in a former time period)
'f-nJor+h_\J -;.. !vc~+vc".J \'; f') l~ \r e.s \-oí l.'-<?l . '. _
Card 15. Number and name of constitutive law
Variables: ICL, TIT, ITYCL
Format: (IS, A20; 15). It is not required if free format is used
ICL: index of constitutive law (if '-1' (format IS) is read, no more constitutive laws are read for this
matetial). Each process considered needs one or more ICL's.
TlT: text to identify (by the user) the constitutive law (ex: Retention curve), this text will be
reproduced on output only for the user reference but will not be used by the prograrn.
ITYCL: type of constitutive law. For each value of ICL several relationships (different values of
ITYCL) may be available.
O -
,... , : ' '

\ ....:.._-_l_.
:S CJ'-c. N:.-M'.",i +.'A>!> 1t J "-t:e...1' )Ftl. \ e::< ,\~_
~J,.c:5 e. .
- 1 \'!\ C1 t~_ r,~ '"'"'t
1
·n·.::.,...!-h ~
_,
CardGrou.p 16. Parameters constitutive law
Variables: TIT, PARCL(l,ICL,IMAT)=Pl, TIT, PARCL(6,ICL,IMAT)=P6
TIT, P.ARCL(2,ICL,IMAT)=P2, TIT, PARCL(7,ICL,IMAT)=P7
TIT, PARCL(3,ICL,IlvlAT)=P3, TIT, PARCL(8,ICL,IMAT)=P8
TIT, PARCL(4,ICL,IMAT)=P4, TIT, PARCL(9,ICL,IMAT)=P9
TIT, PARCL(5,ICL,IMAT)=P5, TIT, PARCL(lO,ICL,IMAT)=PlO
Format: (A20, Flü.O, A20, Flü.O). It is not required if free format is used
TTT: text to identify (by the user) the parameter (ex: Young modulus (E)),
thi:s-text wiU- be reprodrrced on ·output oniy for user reference but will
not be used by the prog:ram
PARCL(MNP,NCL,NUMMAT): parameters of constitutive laws (MNP= lO, NCL is the ma,'l:imum
number of existing constitutive laws)
The matrix PARCL(MNP,NCL,NUMMA.T) contains all infonnation of parameters for the

constitutive laws. A maximum of 1O parameters for each constitutive law is considered. These
parameters are read in 2 columns, i.e., 5 lines are required to read each PARCL as indicated
above. This is represented as:
Text Parameter l Value for Pi Text Parameter 6 Value forP6
Text Parameter 2 Value for P2 Text Parameter 7 Value forP7
Text Parameter 3 Value forP3 Text Parameter 8 Value for P8
Text Parameter 4 Value forP4 Text Parameter 9 Value forP9
Text Parameter 5 Value for PS Text Parameter I O Value for PIO
A20 FIO.O A20 FIO.O
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS III. 17
Card 17. Type of Boundary Condition (Mechanical Problem)
Variables: IF
Format: (I5) . It is not required if free fonnat is used
(Omit Card 17 if IOPTDISPL=O)
IF: index ofbou1J~dãry coi:idítion (IF <= NFDTYPE)
(if' -1 ' (format 15) is read, no more boundary condition types are expecte d)
CardGroup 18. F orce/displacement prescribed

Vâriables: TIT, FORDISP(l,IF)=FDl, TIT, FORDISP(NPFD/2+1,IF)=FD$,
TIT, FORDISP(2,IF)=FD2, TIT, FORDISP(NPFD/2+2,IF)=FD$,
TIT, FORDISP(3,IF)=FD3, TIT, FORDISP(NPFD/2+3,IF)=FD$,
etc. according to NPFD~2*(NDIM*(NDIM+2)+ 1).
Format: (A20, FIO.O, A20, FIO.O). It is not required iffree format is used
(Omit CardGroup 18 ifIOPTDISPL=O)
TIT: title for each value

FORDISP(NPFD,NFDTYPE): array contammg prescribed forces or prescribed displacements.
NPFD=2*(NDIM*(NDIM+2)+1). This is read by means two columns
TIT forFDl V alue for FD 1 TIT forFD$ Value for FD$

TIT forFD2 Value for FD2 TITforFD$ Value for FD$
TIT forFD3 V alue for FD3 TIT forFD$ Value for FD$
TIT forFD4 V alue for FD4 TIT forFD$ V alue for FD$
... etc. according to NPFD=2*(NDIM*(NDIM+2)+1).
A20 FIO.O A20 FIO.O
For NDIM=3 these columns are composed by:
í~
0
FDl: x direction force applied FD17 6f, 0 obtained as ramp loading during
TIMEI and TIMEF
FD2 y direction force applied fy" FD18 My" obtained as ramp loading during
TINIEI and TIMEF
FD3 z direction force applied fz0 FD19 6f2 º obtained as ramp loading during
TIMEI and TIMEF
FD4 displacement rate, first direction u 1° FD20
FD5 displacement rate, second direction u 2° FD2 l
FD6 displacement rate, third direction u 3° FD22
FD7 ---
cos( a 1), first direction --- - - -- ---- -FD23 - ·-- - -- - - ~~--
FD8 cos(f3 1), first direction FD24

FD9 cos(yt), firs t directi on FD25
FDlO cos( a 2), second direction - FD26 -
.·
FDll cos(f31), second direction FD27

FD12 cos(yz), second direction FD28
FD13 cos(a: 3), third direction FD29
FD14 cos(f3 3), third direction FD30
FD15 cosfo), third direction FD31
FD16 y FD32 index.
For a one dimensional problem the general boundary condition is applied by means a force
computed as:
f, = f ,º + y cos(a 1 )(ú~ - úx)M
where u1 is the computed displacement along the first direction. Obviously, for a one-
dii-nensional problem cosa 1 can only be equal to zero or one.
-"' .. '. ( ~'\ /'/\ V c:: /1,,-. \ __-

Fofr1 .1
- -!
I
\ . . .!
{
(
\)
c :..1 --o J C ~ : ( ::, C-f'\.- -e.... V\. .,. . . ....
()
..._, . ·i' (
' 1
.• ,- -~ . t (' . . f ' ')
. -;;
r;01~1c. F-r-
l
Co--i r - J._, ..._-_ - ..

: ,... -·
CODE BRlGHT. PROCESS III.19
For a tvvo dimensional problem the general boundary condition is applíed by means a force
computed as: .
fx = fxº + Y cos( a 1)( u~ - ü1 )At + y cos( a;)( ug - u1 ).M
f~ = fyº + y cos(~ 1 )( u~ - u1 )At + y cos(~ 2 )( ú~ - ú2 )At
where:
u1 = ux cos(a 1 S+ uY cos(~ 1 )
ú2 = úx cos(a 2 ) + úY cos(~ 2 )
-·
A ve1y large value of y can be used to impose a fixed displacement rate. If y is insufficiently
large, the prescription of the displacement will be inaccurate. On the contrary, ext:remely large
values can cause matrix ill conditioning. Each specific probfem requi:res an adjusted value.
If index is equal to O, the values of forces calculated above are directly incorporated at the
nodal force balance. If index is equal to 1 then, the forces are considered stresses on the
boundary, and thetefore the forces to be applied at nodes are intemally obtained by the
product with the lateral areas of elements.
For three dimensional problems, for instance, it is possible to prescribe displacement rate for
three different di:rections, without any other restriction. ln this way, any kind of displacement
boundary condition (ex: displacement zero along a direction 45 degrees with respect to the
vertical, etc) can be imposed. For a constant force applied on the boundary, the three
components along x,y,z axes should be given.
This is a loop for IF=l, NFDTYPE. For each IF, I=l, NPFD. This variable is (NPFD=5
NDIM+ 1) the number of parameters for mechanical boundary condition.
The last Card of this group must be always ' -1' ( format I5) regardless of the number of
types read.
This group of Cards (Card 17 and CardGroup 18) (mechanical boundary conditions) only
exists if the mechanical problem is solved. For each time period only the types that change
need to be read.
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS
Ca.rd 19. Type of Boundary Condition. Mass or heat transport problems.
Variables: IF
Format: (I5). It is not required if free format is used
(Omit Card 19 ifIOPTPL + IOPTPG + IOPTTEMP = O)
IF: index of flux boundary condition (<= NFLUXTYPE)
(if' - l' (format 15) is read, no more boundary condition types are expecte d.
CardGroup 20. Flux problem boundary condition

Variabies: TIT, FLU)(_(l,IF),__IIT,fLUX{21,IF),
TIT, FLUX(2,IF), TIT, FLUX(22,IF),
TIT, FLUX(4,IF), TIT,_FLUX(24,_IF),

Format: (A20, FIO.O, A20, FIO.O). It is not required if free format is used
(Omit Ca:rdG~oup 20 ifIOPTPL + IOPTPG + IÓPTTEMP =O)
TIT: title for each value (ex: liquid pressure)

FLUX(20,IF): array containing parameters for boundary conditions
TIT forFLl Value for FLl TIT for FLl Value for FLl
TIT for FL2 V alue for FL2 TIT for FL2 Value for FL2
.. . ...
TIT forFL20 Value for FL20 TIT for FL20 V alue for FL20
A20 FlO.O A20 FlO. O
FLl ffigw prescribed mass fraction (kg/kg) FL22
FL2 )g prescribed gas flow rate (kg/s) FL23 increm ent of ):; duri ng
time step (kg/s)
FL3 Pg prescribed gas pressure (MPa) FL24 increment of Pg during
time step (MPa)
FL4 Yg (kg/slMPa) FL25
FLS ~g (kg/s/MPa) FL26
FL6 pg presc1ibed gas density (kg/,m 3) FL27
Fl7 ro 1 ~ prescribed mass fi"action of salt (kg/kg) FL28
FL8 ro 1ª prescribed mass fraction of air (kg/kg) FL29
FL9 )1 prescribed liquid flow rate (kg/s) FL30 increment of )1 during

time step (kg/s)
FLIO P 1 prescribed liquid pressure (MPa) ·FL31 increment õf P1 during
time step (MPa)
FLl 1 Yt (see comments for negative value) FL32
FL12 ~1 (kg/s/MPa) FL33
FL13 P1 presc1ibed liquid density (kg/m 3) FL34
FL14 ). prescribed heat flow rate (J/s) FL35 increment of j,, during
time step (kg/s)
FL15 T prescribed temperature (C) FL3 6 increment of T during
time step (ºC)
FL16 Ye (J/s/C) FL37
FL17 À.e : positive values: LJe=je*exp(-abs(Àe)t)] is used FL38
(units l/s ).
À.e : negative values: Ue= j cfabs(Ãel]
FLl 8 void FL39
FL19 õ: parameter for smoothing curve the seepage FL40

(outflow ofwater only) boundary condition. For
- a positive value a parabolic curve is used; for a
negative value an exponentially decaying curve
is used. õ is the distance from the reference
pressure to the point of change
--FL2Q_ inde:;s: auxiliary_inde:lí..__ ---- - - - ~F-L4 0- - --~-~-· - --

index=+ l.O means that all flow rates are nodal
values
index=- 1.0 means that a.11 flow rates are per unit
volume (3-D), area(2-D) or length - (1 -D) of
.medium (internai source or.sink)
index=+2 .0 means that all flow rates are per unit
area (3-D) or length (2-D) (lateral fluxes).
The boundary condition is incorporated by addíng a flux. The mass flux of species i=w as a
component of phase a-=:=g (i.e. the inflow or outflow of vapour) is:
where the superscript ()º stands for the prescribed values, dt is the current time increment and
~t the cunent time step. Terms ~(.) dt/ ~t allow for imposing a linear vruiation of the variable
(.) during the time step. Mass fraction and density prescribed are only required for inflow
because for outflow the values in the medium are automatically considered.
Positive values of mass flow rate indicate injection to the medium.
\ ..
~. \
This general form of boundary condition, includes three terms. The first one is the mass
inflow or outflow that takes place when a flow rate is prescribed. at a node. The second term is
the mass inflow or outflow that takes place when a phase pressure is prescribed at a node. The
coefficient y is a leakage coefficient, that is, a constant that allows to prescribe a pressure with
more or fess strength. If y is large pressure will tend to reach the prescribed value. However,
an extremely large value can produce matrix i1l conditioning and a lower one can produce
inaccuracy in prescribing the pressure. However it is not difficult to guess adequate values for
a given problem simply by trial. The third term is the mass inflow or outflow that takes place
when species mass fraction is prescribed ata node.
A surface where seepage (only outflow for liquid phase is permitted) is possible has a
boundary condition of prescribed liquid pressure. However, only liquid outflow is permitted.
To recognize this fact, y1 must be negative. This negative sign only indicates that nodes with
this kind ofboundary condition allow seepage.
Another situation occurs when an internal source or sink should be irnposed. ln this case it is
preferable to use index = -1.0 and the program automatically considers that the nodal flows
are per unit volume and will be multiplied by the volume associated to the cell centered in the
nade. ·
If there is iuflow of gas or liquid phase, it is very irnportant to give values of the following
variables: ro!h, rogw, rot, p1, pg and T. Otherwise they are assumed zero which is not correct
because they will be far from the equilibrium. If outflow takes place, this is not relevant
because the values ofthe medi.um are used.
For energy the boundary condition has the general form:
} .e = dt)
( } .oe + ilj
".oe -
ôt
+ re (rº +ôrº -dt- T) +
ôt
" }·W)
EH'(
o
" + ...
o
in other words, the last terms imply that mass inflow and outflow through the boundary
induces energy transfer.
In general, this is a loop for IF= l, NFLUXTYPE. For each IF, I= l,NPFLUX.
The last Card of this group must be always ' -1' (format 15).
This group of Cards (Card 19 and CardGroup 20) only exists if any balance (water, air,
energy flow) problem is solved. For each time period only the types that change need to be
read.
ill.4. GE01\1ETRICAL DESCRIPTION FILE: ROOT_ GRI.DAT
Card 1. Grid wríting index

Variables: IOWGRI, IOFILE, IFMT
IOWGRI: = 1,_~R0071\t1SH.DAT file is cre,a~_(!d on_output
IOFILE: =l, four (4) names are read in ~e following four Iines for files containing, respectively,
FILEl: nodes (Card 2),
FILE2: connectivities (Card 3),
FILE3: initial conditions (Card 4) and
FILE4: element-wise variables (stresses and porosities) (Card 5).
IFMT: =l, to read connectivities according to old format
CardGroup 2. Node co-ordinates and boundary condition type

Variables: N,COORD(l,N), ... , COORD(NDIM,N), IFORDISP(l,N), IFORDISP(2,N),
IFORDISP(3,N), IFLUXTYPE(l,N), IFLUXTYPE(2,N), IFLlJXTYPE(3,N), WIDTH(N)
Format: (15, (NDIM)FlO.O, 313, 313, FIO.O). It is not required if free format is used
N: node number
COORD(NDIM,NUMNP): nodal coordinates
IFORDISP(I,:NlJMNP): integer matrix containing prescribed Force/displacement Boundary
Condition code (O=no boundary condition; IFORDISP(l,12)= 17,
node 12 has, as first boundary condition, the Force/displacement
condition numbered 17 in file ROOT_GEN.DAT. Up to 3
force/displacement conditions can be assigned to each node (typically
used for comer nodes).
FLUXTYPE(NillvINP): integer matrix containing presc1ibed Flux Boundary Condition code
(O = no boundary condition; FLUXTYPE(2,40)=8, node 40 has, as
second boundaiy condition, the Flux Condition nwnbered 8 in file
ROOT_GEN.DAT. Up to 3 Flux Boundary Conditions can be
assigned to each node (typically used for comer nodes).
WTDTH(NlJMNP): initial nodal joint width (it is only necessa.ry if node belongs to a joint
element).
CardGroup 3. Node connectivities, material, element type, ..

Variables: L, MTYPE, LTYPE, KXX(l,L), ... , KXX("tvlNNEL,L)
Format: ((3+MNNEL)I5). It is not required if free fonnat is used
L: __
element number
._...._
MTYPE(L): material type

LTYPE(L): element type
KXX(MNNEL,L): global conectivíties (the maximum number of connectivities is 2
(ndim= l), 6 (ndim=2), and 8 (ndim=3),
Types of elements available:

NDilV1=1 LTYPE=l Segment
NDIM=2 LTYPE= l Linear triangle: mainly used in flow problems, i.e. when the
mechaniéa.l problem is not solved. Linear hia.ngles are not
adequa.te for incompressible media.
LTYPE= 12 Quadratic triangle with 3 integration points. Comer nodes: 1, 2, 3;
side nodes: 4, 5, 6. Integration poims: 3.
LTYPE=5 ° <,:; ~ Linear quachilateral with 4 integ. Points and selective integ:ration
by means the modification ofthe mattix B (Hughes, 1980). This
allows to avoid locking when the medium is highly
incompressible. (recommended quadrilateral).
L TYPE=8 Linear segment with constant thickness. Used to simula.te
fractures for flow. This element does not contain mechanical
properties
V, ,- -Lv;
V
,_:'! i;i~\
,., ~,
1
Y\.,.. ~ if
l.,.l ç,
lt , \ ·r.
')
...---:--_, l '/', :L--j_..
t_ ( Lt
r
'O
Lt
) 1
l
Lt 1-1
1'
·~· '·-
; "'
( _c_o_D_E=B_R!
_._G_H_T_.P_R_O_C_E_S_S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
III.27
~ NDll\11=3 LTYPE=l Linear tetrahedron
LTYPE=26 Triangular prism with 6 integr. Points
LTYPE=3 Quadrilateral prism element with 8 integ. Points (selective
integrntion)~
LTYPE=8 Linear segment with constant thickness. Used to simulate
fractures for flow. This· element does not contain mechanical
properties
MNNEL is the maximurn number of nades that may have a possible element in the fmite
element grid that is used in a problem. ·With the elements that are implemented at present the
following values are internally assigned to.MNNEL: for NDIM=l is :MNNEL=2, for
NDIM=2 is MNNE0=6, and for NDLM=3 is Jv1NNEL=8.
CardGroup 4. Initial values ofunknowns

Variables: N, X(l,N), ... , X(NDF, N)
Format: (IS, 10Fl5.0). It is not required iffreeformat is used
N: N ode number
X: Array containing old values ofunknowns
Here, the initial values of the unknowns are read and stored as the OLD values to begin time
marching calculations.
ln general, the follmving variables should be read:
n Ux Uv u= P, Pg T
15 FIS .O F15.0 F15.0 F15.0 F15.0 F15.0
CardGroup 5. Initial values of stresses

Variables: L, STRESS(l,L), ... , STRESS(6,,L), HISTVAR(l,L), HISTVAR(2,L)
Format: (IS, lOFl 5.0). It is not required if free fo1mat is used
(Omit if IOPTDISPL = O)
L: element number
STRESS: anay containing the stress tensor at integration points (if the element uses several
integration points, only l value per element is read and assumed initially the sarne in
ali integration points) ·
HISTVAR: Array containing history variables for elastoplastic and viscoplastic models
CardGroup 6. Other element wise properties.

Variables: L, POROSITY(L), (FK(I,L),I=1 ,NDIM),
ANISOTPER(l, L), .. ., ANISOTPER(NISOT, L), THICIG'ffiSS (L),
(FK(I, L-),I=NI>IM+l,NDIM+3) -- - -- - - -
Format: (I5, lüf 15.0). It is not required if free format is used
L: element number.
POROSITY(L): imtial porosity of element L
FK(I,L): element-wise multiplying factor for intri ns ic permeability
ANISOTPER(l,L): angle of directiõn of anisotropy for permeability
ANISOTPER(NISOT ,L): (NISOT =l for NDIM=l OR 2; NISOT =3 for NDIM=3)
THICKNESS (L) : (only for segment in 2-D or 3-D, LTYPE=8) ·
FK(1,L): element-wise multiplying factor for retention curve parameters
Card 7. Time evolution of state or dependent variables at nodes

Variables: NOUTOT, IVOU(l), ... , IVOU(lO), INTERNODE
NOUTOT: number of nodes for which time evolution is requ:i:red
IVOU: Variable required at these nodes. IVOU can range from 1 (fírst unlmown) to NDF
(last unknown), and from NDF+ 1 (first nodal dependent variable (DEPV ARN
vector)) to NDF+NDVN (last nodal dependent variable).
( \;C\J ',
3
- \ o;::~
\ O 'f- •,\
..)
1
1, :.-
: l,( ):
l - -t~ tL-t
1
1 _,
~\ [O l 1
,...
{- '/
-
_:.._ '
;
l
l
- L • \
'
'- - - -----~·
1 ' 1., -
\ 't!JJ-(
( fY.- ' 'fl~ l
- \ ' :- ..! \
~ \ 0-;:>:_ 0§'.0b
\• "· "
~~ - ' 1\)
- ~ -! ~
j
'). O:~IJ;.1 'í"
"' t
'' 4 0 ~L vdt;';l". Tt
?';( ~{~ '.f\_•; '~'.
'
f<I'1 1~"J,1
r ·,~ \,\ \_',,~
J. ' •. '
_r/t
'
( : º',>. 7' a..l -: o-)
'
/ ';;--_-_
- \
-i :
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS · III.29
INTERNO DE: frequency for output (= l implies all time steps).
Card 8. Nades for time evolution

Variables: NODOUT(l), ... , NODOUT(NOUTOT)
Format: (1615). It is not required if free forrnatis used
NODOUT(l ,.. ,10): node numberofnodes for which time evolution is required. Time evolution is
written at file 'FOR050.DAT' for time steps according to INTERNODE.
Card 9. Piezometric head map

Variables: IWHEAD, NWHE.AD
Format: (1615). It is not required if free forrnat is used
IWHEAD: = l, Píezometdc heads are written at file 'FOR060.DAT' or 'FOR061.DAT', depending
whether liquíd and/or gas phase is considered. Values for all nodes are written at times
accôrdin~. to .INTER frequence
NWHEAD: number of head contours that will be necessary in a plot. This value can be changed
when drawing them
The use of this option is restricted to problems of constant density for liquid and/or gas
phases.
Card 10. Nodal flows

Variables: IWNFLOW
IWNFLOW: =l, Different flow values at boundary nodes are wiitten at file 'FOR070.DAT'.Values
are written at times according to INTER frequence. The nodal flows have uníts of kg/s
for mass and J/s for energy
"".2, the sarne, but values for ali time steps are written
=3, the sarne, but values for times according to INTER.NODE frequence (see Card 7) .
. ·-
--
J
\ - ~ '
-U <
U~ , ..)D,_,...._
f ' - · \
'-'""'~_,, P"'• .:;:.-! ' '
CODE BRlGHT. PROCESS III.30
Card 11. Time evolution of dependent variables at elements

Vairiables: LOUT, IELVOUT(l), ... , IELVOUT(lO), INTERELEM
LOUT: number of elements for which time evolution is required.
IEL VOUT: V aiiable required at these elements. IELVOUT can range from 1 to 2 (DEPV ARE
vector, i.e. degree 9f satu:ration and/or porosity), or, from -1 to -6 (stress vector) and
from -7 to (-7 - nhv/2) (history vaiiables).
INTERELEM: frequency for output (= l implies all time steps).
Ca:rd 12. Element numbers for time evolution of element-wise variables}

Variables: NELOUT(l), ... , NELOUT(LOUT)
NELOUT( l O): element number of elements for which time evolution is n;quired, Time evolutión is
. wi-itten in fi le 'FOR080.DAT' for time steps accordi ng tó INTERELEMENT '
[-o
\- ~]
\?'C í',..o ~ \., Ç) ~ 1:;2
<S-CL) <F Cs )
l,-1-::J ["- ç:J. [lJ -
,·\ (t_\ ?";"'- r ..._
. '.
~ - '
r -'i-) 1J LG )
' ' ';
-:)
i· - •
-J ·, ! -~-Í .,- ·-
L
.---.., 1 y·~ -.,

1
i ~ v1 ~ ·,rv1 ~'""'~) (, l-
~· 1 · i?.
-- ?t.~I
º
_r
b,e\
ij
/~ ·
I ,\~-8'1 \-~ ;j "

é_. r.i/ \ ~, /
/' 1 r , e \ '
ê~) ~r-ar-+ . (
--~-0r+--~
1
(.
(\..V
, ·""<:~;;;J 1
V '~"-' ; l
l ·p
/
1
l r
l 1
III.5. SUMMARY-LIST OF CARDS

This section contains the list of Cuds with the variables that are read-in each one.
File ROOT_GEN.DAT
, Card 1. Problem HEAD
Card 2. Dimensions and options NUMNP, NUMEL, NDIM, IA..XISYM, NU1'vlMl1. T, NHV
, Card 3. Dimensions and options 1\lfXDTFN, MBANDT, MFRONTH, NDF, MNVAL, TSOLVE
Card 4. Dimension boundary NFDTYPE, NFLUXTYPE

conditions
Card 5. Options. Unknowns to IOPTDISPL, IOPTPL, IOPTPO, IOPTTEMP, IOPTXWS

be calculated
Card 6. Other options IOPTXHL, IUPDPOR, IOPTXWG, IOPTXl1.L, IOPTPC, IOPTHYS,

lUPDC ~
r
Card 7. Flags. Auxiliary options IFLAGl, IFLAG2, IFLAG3, IFLAG4, IFLAG5
Card 8. Constants EPSILON, TRETA, PGCONS, TCONS, PLCONS
Card 9. Void
Card 1O. Options IOWIT, INTER, ITERMAX, IOWCONTOURS, ITERMAXS, ITIME,

fMBACKUP, TWRALL, TPOLYFTLES
CardGroup 11 . Convergence DELMXU, FACU, DELFMX, DUMX (Omit ifTOPTDTSPL=O)

parameters
DELMXPL, FACPL, DELQWMX, DPLMX (Omit ifIOPTPL=O)
DEUv1XPG, FACPG, DELQAMX, DPGMX (Omit if IOPTPG=O)
DELMXT, FACT, DELQMX, DTMX (Omit ifIOPTTEMP=O)
DEUv1Xl, FACI, DELIMX, DIMX (Omit if IOPTXWS=O)
[ q ] qt -'! J-01"),_ lS 0 l
-~ l- -")
1 }08
rL,.. s; j ti'( - '"tJ }.o'ft, l 'i 1 t
'1
tf'. •'.
-~ 1.
"~1-
'
A
1
l
?2 1
n ;
e b~ ~l- 1-
~r-L
! ' . •
fJf.:__, LO ·1
I
t l
e =tj Kt<r 'f-01-r· \. í\ í)
1
[ll
\,
~~,
i {) 'Í!\ ·
1 •
icu f !
f-C,;f.J.- .
1
l_
I
(11
1 l
i
R,
1
\ . tt?'1
í t t.z
f C\ '(l_.c"'l --- , p ,'.t_ 'i·'( ., G·,i .e,
f-(l,f -'- - '
ce(j 1 r · 1~1 1 ,:01 -' .h=-
[lo J
__..,
K ~)C
rd-,'t'13
l
('} ~ ' ".
. ~~-'- --
1 1j0•(1' , 1 r] '"'1 l r:' /-,,.
\
L 1\ l _.J .{ ' -r
.~ ló'
l - • '
r:
e ,12 J )<
1-.( !e í"
0·r~ A~
1
i
l; tJ
,,,.,,,,..
DXS,DRS,DRSREL (Omit if ISOLVE not equàl 5)
This group ends wíth -1
Card 12. Gravity GRAVITY(l), ..., GRA VITY(NDIM)
Card 13. Period time variables TIMEI, DTil\ilE, TIMEl, DTIMEC, TIMEF, FACTTIME
Card 14. Number of material IMAT
Card 15. Number and name of TCL, TTT, TTYCL

constitutive law
CardGroup 16. Parameters TIT, PARCL(l,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(6,ICL,IMAT)

constitutive law
-1rr,-PARCL(2";ICL)1\;fÃT) TIT,-PARCL(7,ICL,IMA T)
TIT, PARCL(3,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(8,ICL,IMAT)
TIT, PARCL(4,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(9,ICL,l!V:fAT)

TIT, PARCL(5,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(lO,ICL,IMAT)
. . .
(group ofCards from IMAT= l to NUMMAT and for every L\iAT value from ICL= l to NCL (not all ICL are
required) )
This group ends with -1 (ICL loop)
This group ends with -1 (IMAT loop)
C a rd 17. Type ofbolU1dary IF

condition (Mechanical problem)
C ardGroup 18 . TIT, FORDISP(l,lF)

Force/displacement presc1ibed
TIT, FORDISP(2,IF)
TIT, FORDISP( ..~ ,IF)
(group ofCards from IF= l to NFDTYPE) (Omit ifIOPTDISPL=O)

Thís group ends with -1
.
Card 19. Type ofboundary IF
condition. Mass or heat transport ·· ..
1 problems .
CardGroup 20. Flux problem TIT, FLUX(l ,TF), TTT, FLUX(21,TF)
boundary condition
TIT, FLUX(2,IF), TIT, FLUX(22,IF)
-
TIT, FLUX(. ..,IF, TIT, FLUX( ... ,IF)) ·

.. -· ~.
TIT, FLUX(20,IF), TIT, FLUX(40,IF)
(group ofCards from IF=l to NFLUXTYPE) (Omit ifIOPTPL + IOPTPG +IOPTTEMP = O)

.•
This group ·ends with -1
(the group of Cards from 13 to 20 can be repeated in order to mak~ a simulation with several
time periods in which the boundary conditions and material properties are not the sarne. If any
parameter is not read, the value in the previous interval is used. ) (lf a '-1' is read with IMAT,
ICL and IF, then no change takes place in material properties and boundary conditions. )
CODE BRIGHT. PROCESS ID.34
File ROOT GRI.DAT

Card 1. Grid writing índex IOWGRJ, lOFILE, IFMT
CardGroup 2. Node co- ·. N, COORD(l, N), ... , COORD(NDIM, N), IFORDISP(l ,N),
ordinates and boWldary condition IFORDISP(2,N), IFORDISP(3,N), IFLU:XTYPE(l,N),
type IFLUXTYPE(2,N), IFLU:XTYPE(3,N), WIDTH(N)
(group of Cards from N=l to NUMNP)
CardGroup 3. Node L, MTYPE, LTYPE, KXX(l ,L),. .., KXX(\vfNNEL,L)

connectivities, material, element
type, ...
(grou~ofCards with-L=l to NUMEL)- ---~---- -- - -- --- - - -
CardGroup 4. Initial values of N, XOLD(l ,N), .. ., XOLD(NDF,N)

unknowns
(g:roup ofCards with-N=l to NUMNP) - ~·- - .•.
· CardGroup s:Initial vaiues of L,'STRESSÓLD(l, 1, L), ... ; STRESSOLD(NSTREC, 1, L)

stresses
(g:roup ofCards with L=l to NUMEL) (Omit ifIOPTDISPL=O)
CardGroup 6. Other element L, POROSITY(L), (FK(I, L), I=l,NDIM), ANISOTPER{l, L), ... ,
wise properties ANTSOTPER(NTSOT, L), THTCKNESS (L), (FK(T,L), T=NDTM+l ,
NDTM+3)
(group of Cards with L= 1 to NUMEL)
Cud 7. Time evolution of state 1NOUTOT, IVOU(l), .. ., IVOU(lO), INTERNODE

or dependent vaiiables at nodes
Card 8. Nodes for time evolution NODOUT( 1), ..., NODOUT(NOUTOT)
Card 9. Piezometric head map IWHEAD, NWHEAD
Card 10. Nodal flows IWNFLOW

Card 11. Time evolution of LOUT, IELVOUT(l), ... , IELVOUT(lO), INTERELEMENT
dependent variables at elements
Card 12. Element numbers for NELOUT(l), ... , NELOUT(LOUT)

time evolution of element-wise
variables
CODE BRIGHT. POSTPROCESS IV .1
CODE BRIGHT. POSTPROCESS.
IV.1. POST-PROCESSING TOOLS: SHORT DESCRIPTION

The different results that the system allows to display are the following ones:
s Geometry: GiD displays the whole volumetric mesh, surface sets and boundary
surfaces. It can also cut and divide them, in its original state as well as also in its
defmmed state, and switch them on and off. GiD displays how the meshes/sets will be
deformed according to a certain vectorial variable. GiD provides two representations:
on the first one all the results will then be drawn on these original or deformed meshes
(Main Geomtery); on the second one, a superimposed representation (Show
Geometry) is provided, that can be also defo1med, but the results will still be drawn on
the main representation. The user can compare the main original/deformed
meshes/sets with the second representation, which can also be deformed with the sarne
or another vector def01mation, or with no deformation at all. The scaling of all the
displays can be modified interactively.
• Show minimum and maximum: The minimum and maximum values of the variable
for the cun-ently viewed meshes/sets can appear, pointing all the nodes where these
limits are computed, in dark blue the minimum values and in red the maximum ones.
• Vectors: GiD presents a vector distribution according to the vectorial or matrix
CODE BRIGHT. POSTPROCESS IV.2
variables on each node, showing their magnitudes and directions. The scaling of the
vectors can be modified interactively.
• Contour fields: GiD represents the variables through isosurfaces or contours that
comprise all the values between · two given values. GiD takes advantage of the
graphical capabilities of the machine, what allows a smoothing of the results when a
high number of colors is used.
• Contour lines: This representation is quite similar to the last one, but the uniform
· bands are substituted here by isolines, where each one ties several points with the
sarne value.
IV.2. READ POST-PROCESSING

GiD displays a ' File Open Dialog Box' and asks the user for a file . Afterwards, it looks
for the files filename .msh, filename .bon and file n ame. res. The description of what is
found and being read, sorted (if necessary) and built appears on the message bar. Sometimes,
it may be useful to use the visualisation options to center and zoom the drawing on the screen,
specially when the different scales affect the post-processing. All the post-processing facilities
can be used for this new project, jump to the pre-processing, if desired, or go back to the
previous or another project post-processings. ·
Other details on post-processing information are available from the GiD manual.
CODE BRIGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS V.1
CODE_BRIGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS

ln porous media, subjected to thermal, hydraulical and mechanical conditions relevant
thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) phenomena takes place. ln fact, there exist a number of
- -- - - -mutualinteractions that-must betakeD.súnultaneously intoaccÕunt in analyses. For-mstance-,
strains due to thermal loading will induce stress variations and changes in mass storage terms
and hydraulic conductivity. The thermal expansion of the water in the pores itself causes
changes in the degree of saturation or, if the material is saturated or quasi-saturated, increases
of water pressure. Thermal induced vapor diffusion and the. d~pendence of water viscosity on
temperature also affect significantly the water transfer process. ·
On the other hand, changes in hydraulic conditions influence the temperature fi.eld via
variations of thermal conductivity and affect the stress/strain field due to pare water pressure
and pore gas pressure changes. Gas pressure is affected by the increase in vapour pressure
with temperature. This may lead to further changes in the pattern of gas and water flow.
Finally, porosity changes due to volumetric strain influence pare pressure distributions
because of associated variations in storage terms and hydraulic conductivity. The effect on
temperature is less irnportant as the variations of thennal conductivity with porosity are
relatively small. In Appendix 1 the most significant interactions between the various
phenomena are presented in a systematic manner.
CODE BRlGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS V.2
An unavoidable consequence of all those phenomena interacting simultaneously is the need to
carry out coupled THM analysis in which all the main aspects of the problem .can be
considered in an integrated way. Such a formulation and the numerical approach adopted to
solve the goveming equations are presented in the ~following sections.
V.1. BASIC FORMULATION FEATURES

A porous medium composed by solid grains, water and gas is considered. Thermal, hydraulic
and mechanical aspects will be taken into account,. including coupling between them in all
possible directions. As illustrated in Figure 1, the problem is formulated in a multiphase and
multispecies approach. · · ·
Gas phase: dry air + water
vapour
Solid phase
Figure 1. Schematic representation of an unsaturated porous material

The three phases are:
• solid phase (s) mineral
• liquid phase (l) water + air dissolved
• gas phase (g) mixture of dry air and water vapour
The three species are:
• solid (-) ili.e mineral is coincident with solid phase
• water (w) as liquid or evaporated in the gas phase
• mr (a) dry air, as gas or dissolved in the liquid phase
The following ~s~ump!ions ~~--~~pe_ct~--~_e taken in~o ~~~ount_ in th~~rmulati()p of the

- problem: -
• Dry air is considered a single species and it is the main component of the gaseous
phase. Henry's law is used to express equilibriurn of dissolved air.
• Thennal equilibrium.between phases is assumed. This myans tliat the three phases
are at the sarne temperature
• Vapour concentration is in equilibrium with the liquid phase. Psychrometric Iaw
expresses its concentration.
• State variables (also called unknowns) are: solid displacements, u (three spatial
directions); liquid pressure, P 1; gas pressure, Pg; and temperature, T. .
• Balance of momentum for the medium as a whole is reduced to the equation of stress
equilibrium together with a mechanical constitutive model to relate stresses with
strains. Strains are defined in tenns of displacements.
• Small strains and small strain rates are assumed for solid deformation. Advective
terms due to solid displacement are neglected after the formulation is transformed in
terms of material derivatives (in fact, material derivatives are approximated as
eulerian time derivatives). In this way, volumetric strain is properly considered.
- CODE BRlGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS V.4
• Balance of momentum for dissolved species and for fluid phases are reduced to
constitutive equations (Fick's law and Darcy's law).
• Physical parameters in constitutive laws are function of pressure and temperamre.
For example: concentration of vapour under planar surface (in psychrometric law),
surface tension (in retention curve), dynamic viscosity (in Darcy's law), strongly
depend on temperature. ·
V.2. GOVERNING EQUATIONS

. .
The governing equations for non-isothermal multiphase flow of water and gas through porous
deformable saline media have been presented by Olivella et al. (1994). A detailed derivation
is given there, and only a brief description is included here.
The equations that govern this problem can be categorised into four main groups. These are:
balance equations, constitutive equations, equilibrium relationships and definition constraints.
Equations for mass balance were established following the compositional approach. That is,
mass balance is performed for water, air and salt species instead of using solid, liquíd and gas
phases. Equation for balance of energy is established for the medium as a whole. The equation
of momentum balance for the porous medium is reduced to that of stress equilibrium.
The following notation will be used in writing balance equations:
~: porosity b: body forces,

p: density ro: mass fraction,
j: total mass flux 8: mass content per unit volume of phase, i.e., 8=rop,
i: non-advective mass f1ux _ E: specifiG interna! energy
q: advective flux ic: conductive heat flux
u: solid displacements fa: energy fluxes due to mass motion
o-: stress tensor
S1, Sg: degree of saturation of liquid and gaseous phases i.e., fraction of pore volume occupied
by each phase.
Superscripts w and a refer to water and air, respectively
Subscripts s, l and g refer _to solid,_liquid aud gas_phª-s_e ,_resp~ctiydy . ___ _ __ __ __ ___
V.2.1. Balance Equations
The compositional approach is adopted to establish the mass balance equations. Volumetric
mass of a species in a phase (e.g. water in gas phase Sgw is the product of the mass fraction of
that species ( rogw) and the bulk density of the phase (pg), i.e. 8gw=rogwPg·
The total mass flux of a species in a phase (e.g. flux of air present in gas phase jgw is, in
general, the sum of three terms:
• the nonadvective flux : igw, i.e. diffusive/ dispersive,

4
• the advective flux caused by fluid motion: 9gw qg, where qg is the Darcy's flux,
'Jl the advective flux caused by solid motion: ~Sg8gwdu/dt where du/dt is the vector of
solid velocities, Sg is the volumetric fraction of pores occupied by the gas phase and
~ is porosity.
The sum of the nonadvective and fluid motion advective fluxes is separated from the total flux
in arder to simplify algebraic equations. This flux is relative to the solid phase and is denoted
by j ' gw_ It corresponds to the total flux minus the advective part caused by solid motion. When
solid deformation is negligible, then j' = j. The relative contribution of each flux term to the
total flux is not always the sarne. For instance, diffusion will become more important if
advection is small.
Jvfass balance of solid
Mass balance of solid present in the medium is written as:
(1)
where 0s is the mass of solid per unit volume of solid and is is the flux of solid. From this
equation, an expression for porosity variation was obtained as:
(2)
The material derivative with respect to the solid has been used and its de:finition is:
D, (•)=~+ du. 'V(•) (3)

Dt 8t dt
Equation (2) expresses the variation of porosity caused by volumetric deformation and solid
density variation.
Mass balance of vvater
Water is present in liquid an gas phases. The total mass balance of water is expressed as:
(4)
where f is an external supply of water. An internal production term is not included because
the total mass balance inside the medium is performed. The use of the material derivative
leads to:
(5)
J..
D,(e;vs,
·
+e:s") + (8'"S +8 'S )DJ.. + ('(8''"S1 +ews )11)\7- -du+ V' ·(1'"'"+1'"'" ) =! '"
º º
11
_ s_'I' J..
'I' Dt ' ' g g Dt ' g g ' dt ' g
The final objective is to find the unknowns from the goveming equations. Therefore, the
dependent variables will have to be related to the unknowns in some way. For example,
degree of saturation will be computed using a retention curve which should express it in terms
of temperature, liquid pressure and gas pressure. ·
Porosity appears in this equation of water mass balance not only as a coefficient, but also in a
term involving its variation caused by different processes. It is also hidden in variables that
depend on porosity (e.g. intrinsic permeability). The way of expressing the derivative term as
a function of the state variables is via the solid mass balance equation. This allows to take into
account correctly the influence of porosity vruiation in the balance equation for water.
It should be noted that in the last equation the material derivatives can be appróximated as
eulerian if the assumption of small strain rate is performed while the volumetric change
(porosity de1ivative and volumetric strain) is not neglected. This is the classical way of
obtaining the coupled flow-defonnation equations.
-- - - - -- -=- - - - - - --

Mass balance of air
Once the other mass balance equations have been written it is straightforward to obtain the
mass balance of air taking into account that air is the main component of the gas phase and
that it may be also presentas air dissolved in the liquid phase.
,i..
n,(e~s, +e:s) +8ªS+8ªS
º
( g
)DJ.
- ·-'"'+ ((8ªS+8ªS )J.V
) ·-du +V' · ( J'ª+J 'ª ) = f'ª
1
0 0
(6)
'!' Dt .1 1 g g Dt 1
g g "' dt 1 g
Momentum balance for the medium
The momentum balance reduces to the equilibrium of stresses if the inertial terms are
neglected ~
V'·cr+b := O (7)
where O' is the stress tensor and bis the vector ofbody forces.
Interna! energy balance for the medium
The equation for intemal energy balance for the porous medium is established taking into
account the intemal energy in each phase (Es, E1, Eg): ·
(8)
where ic is energy flux due to conduction th:rough the porous medium, the other fluxes (jEs, fa1,
jEg) are advective fluxes of energy caused by mass motions and .f- is an intemal/external
energy supply. ln this case this term accounts, for instance, energy dissipation dueto rnedium
defonnation which is not explicit because it is negligible in most cases. The use of the
material derivative allows obtaining an equation forrnally similar to the mass balance of
water. The reason for the similarity is that both water and internai energy, are considered
present in the three phases.
Hence, only one equation is required which expresses the balance of interna! energy in the
porous medium as a whole. ln problems involving geological materiais, this equation usually
reduces to the balance of enthalpy. The reason for this is that the variations of temperature
produce enthalpy variations which are very large compared with the energy variations
suppliêa from deroilnation- work- -- - - - --- --- -- -- - -
The fluxes in the divergence term include conduction of heat and advection of hea1 caused by
the motion of every species in the medium. A non-advective mass flux causes an advective
heat flux because a species inside a pha:se moves and transports energy. Çontrary to what
happens with the movement of a contaminant in a groundwater system, the diffusive term for
heat transpor! (conduction of heat) is much larger than the term concerning hydromechanical
dispersion (non-advective flux caused by the velocity of fluids). For this reasou, this term is
usually neglected.
V.2.2. Constitutive equations and equilibrium restrictions
Associated with this formulation there is a set of necessary constitutive and equilibrium laws.
Tab1e 1 is a summary of the constitutive laws and equilibrium restrictions that should be
incorporated in the general fo1mulation. The dependent vaiiables that are computed using
each of the laws are also included.
Table 1.: Constitutive equations and equilibrium restrictions
EQUATION V ARIABLE NAME VARlABLE
Constitutive·equations
Darcy' s law . liquid and gas advective q1, qg

flux .
• w ·a
Fick's law vapour and air non- lg 'lt
advective fluxes
Fourier's law conductive heat flux Íc
Retention curve Liquid phase degree of Si Sg
,-.
- saturation
Mechanical constitutive Stress tensor · a
model
Phase density · liquid density PI
Gases law · gas density pg
Equilibrium restrictions
Henry's law Air dissolved mass co1ª

fraction
Psychrometric law Vapour mass fraction (O.,w
CODE BR1GHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS V.11
The constitutive equations establish the link between the independent variables (or unknowns)
and the dependent variables. There are several categmies of dependent variables depending on
the complexity with which they are related to the unlmowns. The goveming equations are
finally written in terms of the unknowns when the constitutive equations are substituted in the
balance equations.
Another type of relationships that relate dependent variables with unlrnowns are the
equilibrium restrictions. They are obtained assuming chemical equilibrium for dissolution of
the different species (air and vapour) in phases (liquid, gas). This assumption is sufficiently
adequate because these chemical processes are fast compared to the transport processes that
take place in p.órous media and, for this reason, they are not rate controlling.
J •
- V~2.3. Boundary-conditions - -
Application of the Green's theorem to the divergence term (both in the balance or equilib1ium
of stresses equations) produces terms which represent fluxes or stresses across or on the
boundaries. These terms are substituted by nodal flow rates or forces in the discretized form
of the equations. For the mechanical problem, the classical approach is followed to impose
externai forces . Imposing displacement is made by means a Cauchy type boundary condition,
i.e. a force computed as the stiffness of a spring times the displacement increment. The
boundary conditions for balance equations are incorporated by means the simple addition of
nodal flow rates . For instance the rnass flow rate of water as a component of gas phase (i.e.
vapour) is:
(9)
where the superscript Oº stands for prescribed values. This general form of boundary
condition, includes three terms. The first one is the mass inflow or outflow that takes place
when a flow rate of gas U/) is prescribed. Second term is the mass inf1ow or outflow that
takes place when gas phase pressure (P/) is prescribed at a node. The coefficien:t yg is a
leakage coef:ficient, i.e., a parameter that allows a boundary condition of the Cauchy type. The
third term is the mass inflow or outflow that takes place when vapour mass fraction is
prescribed at the boundary. This term naturally comes from the nonadvective flux (Fick's
law). Mass fraction and density prescribed values are only required when inflow takes place.
For outflow the values in the medium are considered. For the energy balance equation, the
boundary condition has a similar form. ·
V.2.4. Summary of governing equations

-
As stated above the governing equations for non-isothermal multiphase flow of liquid and gas
through porous deformable saline media have been established by Olivella et al. (1994). A
detailed derivation is presented there. The theoretical work briefly presented above has been
used as a basis for the development of the computer program CODE_BRIGHT, which stands
for Cüupled DEformation, BRine, Gas and Heat Transport problems.
,-Table 2.: Equation and variablesummary

EQUATION VARIABLE NAl'1E VARIABLE
equilibrium of stresses displacements u
balance of water mass liquid pressure P1
balance of air mass gas pressure Pg
balance of intemal energy temperature T
V.3. NUMERICAL APPROACH
V.3.1. Introduction
The system of PDE's (Partial Differential Equations) is solved numerically. The numerical
approach can be viewed as divided into two parts: spatial and temporal discretizations. Finite
element method is used for the spatial discretization while finite differences are used for the
temporal discretization. The discretization in time is linear and the implicit scheme uses two
intermediate points, (<+& and f<+e between the initial f< and final f<+l times. Finally, since the
problem presented here is non-linear, the Newton-Raphson method was adopted to find an
iterative scheme.
--------.
- 1
1
1
- - -- ,; ,;
Figure 2. Concept of cell in a finite element mesh.

CODE BRIGHT. THEORETICA.L ASPECTS V.14
Once the solid balance is substituted in the other balance equations, computation of porosity
at an intermediate point is not necessary because its variation is expected to occur at slow
rates. For this reasou, porosity is integrated explicitly, that is, the values at f are used. Since
the variation of porosity is expressed by the solid mass balance equation, this assumption
leads also to some advantages for the iterative scheme. After the spatial discretization of the
pártial differential equations, the residuals that are obtained can be written (for one fmite
elemerit) as:- · - · ~ ·
rr,
r P,
d"
dP,
ª"
a P,
bu
bR1
o
o
(10)
d
lr,,
rr
-
dt
d P, + aP + bp
dr
.<
br
.<
= o
o
ªr
where r are the residuais, ddldt are the storage or accumulation tenns, a are the conductance
terms,. and b arethe sink/source terms and boundary conditions. After time discretization a
more compact form can read as:
(11)
where k is the time step índex, : X =[(u.-c,uy,uz,P1,Pg,T)(i), .:., (ux,Uy,uz,P1,Pg,T)(n)], is the vector
of unknowns (i.e. a maximum of seven degrees of freedom per node), A represents the
conductance matrix. The Newton-Raphson scheme of solution for this non-linear system of
AE's is:
8r(Xk+I) (12)
- -.- (Xk+1,1+1 _ Xk+1,1) = - R(Xk+1,1)
axK+I
CODE BRIGHT. THEORETICA.L ASPECTS V.15
where l indicates iteration.
ln the present approach, the standard Galerkin method is used with some variations in order to
facilitate computations. General aspects related to numerical solution of hydrogeological
problems can be found in Huyakorn and Pinder (1983). As shown in the preceding section, in
the mass and energy balance equations the following terms may be distinguished:
• Storage terms. These terms represent the variation of mass or energy content and therefore,
they are calculated by means of variables such as degree of saturation, density, porosity,
mass fraction and specific energy.
-. - -:Advective f1uxes .Tfieadvective-fluxes· caiis-ed byrnotion of fluids computed using Darcy's
law and, except for the coefficients, they are explicit in terms of pressure gradients.
• Nonadvective fluxes. These terms, computed through Fick's law, are proportional to
gradients of mass fractions which do not belong to the set of unknowns. Fourier's law is
used for the conductive heat flu.x. and it expresses proportionality to temperature gradients.
• Volumetric strain terms. ln fact, these te1ms are also storage terms. They are proportional
to Y'·du/dt which is equivalent to the volumetric strain rate.
• Sink/source terms.
Each of these terms requires specific treatment. This is described in detail in Olivella et al
(1996).
In arder to explain the treatment of the different terms and equations the following notation is
introduced:
• node i: node in a finite elernent rnesh

• e1,e 2; ... ,e111 : elements that contain node i, i.e. a cell centered in node i is composed by a
fraction of these elements. m is variable from node to node and it is not related to the
number of nades per element.
• nem: number of nÓdes in element em. For example, nem=3 for triangles, nem=4 for
quadlilaterals, nem=4 for tetrahedrons, etc.
• (f: the quantity is computed at time tk of the temporal discretization. The sarne for (+ 1,
tk+s or tk+e -
• Oem: the quantity is computed in element em. This means at the center of the element or, in
other words, using the average of nodal unk:nowns.
• (·);: the quantity is computed in node ias a function of the unknowns ín that node. \item--}
• C\em: the quantity i.s computed in D.ode i but with the material properties corresponding to
element em. .
• Vem: volume of element em.

• Ç,i: shape function for node i.
V.3.2 Treatment of different terms
Treatment of storage terms
In this sub-sectíon we refer to terms not related to volumetric strain or porosity variation. The
storage or accumulation tenns are computed in a mass conservative approach (Allen and
Murphy, 1986; Celia et al., 1990; Mílly, 1984). The conservative approach discretizes directly
the accumulation terms while the capacitative approach uses the chain rule to transform time
deriva tives in tenns of the unknowns. Milly ( 1984) pro poses modifications of the capacitative
approach in order to conserve mass. It seems reasonable that the mass conservative approach
should give a more accurate solution than the capacitative approach.
Mass conservation in time is achieved if the time derivatives are directly approximated by a
fmite difference in time. Finite element method for the space discretization conserves mass
(Milly, 1984).
A typical storage term is (from Eq. 5) the variation of water in the gas phase:
(13)
- where- the ·material- derivative -with respecf to- fh:e- solidis- approximated as an eulerian·
derivative because the small strain rate assumption. The weighted residual method is applied
to the governing equations and, for node i, (13) is transformed into:
. o(e:sg) dv = f Ç.t/J. a(e:sª) dv+ ... + f Ç,t/J o(e:sª) dv . (14)

fv
·Ç.rj>
l
º
ôt
e1
l
º
ôt
º
em
l
º
ôt
º
At this point of the development we assume that porosity is defined element-wise. An

element-wise variable (Voss, 1984) is space-constant over every element, but different from
element to element. We will use <Pernk for porosity in element em at time tk. Similarly, a cell-
wise variable (Voss, 1984) is space constant over the cell centered in the nade. It would be
very easy to compute (14) if the time derivative could be computed in a cell-wise way,
because one value would be sufficient for node i and (14) would be transformed into a very
simplified form. However, the degree of saturation is not only a function of nodal unknowns
but also of material properties such as porosity or retention parameters. To overcome this
difficulty, the time derivative in (14) is computed from nodal unknowns but with material
properties of every element in contact with the node. Hence m values are necessary in node i.
Obviously if part of this time derivative is not material dependent (density and concentration
are only function of temperature and pressure) then the corresponding. variables are only
computed in the node. This leads to a.kind of modified cell-wise variables.
Making use of these approximations, we finally obtain, for example for any integral in (14) :
(15)
where a simple finite difference is used for the time discretization. This approximation allows
us to make the space integration independently of the physical variables. Therefore,
computation of geometrical coefficients is necessary only once for a given finite element
mesh. The integral of the shape function over an element is equal to Vemlnem for the case of
linear shape functions. These geometrical coefficients are also called influence coefficients.
Without loss of generality, they can be computed either analytically or numerically. Finally, it
should be pointed out that this formulation gives rise to a concentrated scheme, which means
that the storage term in node i is only a function of unknowns in node i. This is clearly
advantageous from a computational point ofview (Huyakom and Pinder, 1983).
Treatment ofadvective tenns
The weighted residual method is applied to each balance equation. Then Green's theorem
allows one to reduce the arder of the derivatives and the divergence of flows is transformed
into two terms, one of them with the gradient of the shape function. Hence, after that, in the
water balance equation of node i we find, the following advective term:
(16)
CODE BRJGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS V.19
where the subscriptj indicates summation over element nodes. Pg is a node-wise (Voss, 1984)
variable, which means that it is defined by its nodal values and interpolated on the elements
using the shape functions. Generalised Darcy's law has been used to compute the flux of the
gas phase:
(17)
where k is the tensor of intrinsic permeability, k,.g is the re1ative penneability of the gas phase,
µg is the dynamic viscosity of gas and g is a vector of gravity forces. For node i the volume v
over which the integrais ín (16) have to be performed ís composed by the elements e 1, e 2, .. .,
-- e,~. ln this way, the advective terms ( 16)-represent the lateral mass fluxes to cell associated to
node i from contiguous cells. The pressure term is considered first. The contribution of
element em to the total lateral flux towards node i is approximated as:
(18)
where three different intermediate points may be used, one for the pressure (tk+e), another for
the intrinsic permeability (f) and yet another for the remaining coefficients (f+8 ) including the
relative pe1meability. The intrinsic permeability remains in the integral because it is a
tensorial quantity, but if its product with the shape function g:radients is split, then its
coefficients can be taken off from the integral. It should be noticed that intrinsic permeability
is handled explicitly (i.e. evaluated at time tk) because it is a function of porosity strncture,
which we assume to vary slowly. Since all physical variables can appear outside the integral
because they are considered element-wise, the integrais of products of shape function
gradients are also considered influence coefficients (Huyakom et aL, 1986). They have to be
computed for each element, but only once for a given mesh.
A similar approximation is used for the gravity term in (16). Evaluation of density element-
wise is convenient in order to balance_ correctiy pressure gradients with gravity forces at
element level.
Treatment of nonadvective terms (diffusive/dispersive)
In the.balance equation of nade i we find, typically, the following diffusive term:
(19)
where the subscript j indicates summation ~~~r the nades. rogw is considered a node-wise
variable. Fick's law has been used to compute the diffusive flux:
(20)
where 1" is a tortuosity parameter, Dgw is the molecular diffusion coefficient which is a
function of temperature and gas pressure and I is the identity matrix. The contribution of
element em to the total lateral diffusive flux towards node i is approximated as:
(21)
where various time intermediate points have been used similarly to what was explained for
the advective terms. The treatment of these diffusive terms also takes advantage of the fact
that the Newton-Raphson method is used to obtain the iterative scheme. We directly
interpolate mass fractions (e.g. rogw) and compute gradients.
The dispersive tenn is treated in a similar way as the diffusive. ln this case dispersivities are
element-wise dependent vmiables. ln principie, the liquid and gas fluxes, used to compute the
dispersion tensor, are also computed element-wise.
Treatment of volumetric strain terms
If equation of balance of solid (2) is substituted in all other balance equations, the variations
of porosity are not explicit in them. ln this way porosity only appears as · parameter or
coefficíent and terms of volurnetric strain remain in the balance equations. ln equation for
node i these terms are of the type:
_l~,_(a)v. ~:- dv ~ J;; (a)~ til_~: d~_

V V
(22)
where a is defined from de equations and du!dt is the vector of solid velocities,
mt=(l,l,1,0,0,0) is an auxiliary vector and Bis the matrix used in the finite element approach
for the mechanical problem. The coefficients of B are gradients of shape functions
(Zienkiewick and Zaylor, 1989). ln (22), du!dt is transformed from a continuous vectorial
function to a nodal-discrete vectorial function, although the sarne symbol is kept (i.e. ux= Si
ux;}, .. ., wherej indicates summation). Following the sarne methodology as for the other terms
we have approximated the integral given above. The contribution of element em to cell i is:
(23 )
where j indicates summation over element nodes, u is the vector of nodal displacements and
Bj is the j-submatrix of B.
Treatment of mechanical equilibrium equations
The weighted residual method is applied to the stress equilibrium equation [6] followed by the
Green's theorem. This leads to the equation
(24)
where r( O'k+l) represents the residual corresponding to the mechanical problem and ak:1. is the
stress vector. Mahix B (composed by gradients of shape functions) is defined in such a way
that stress is a vector and not a tensor. The body force terms and the boundary tractíon tenns
are represented together by f+l. The constitutive model relates stresses with strains, with fluid
pressures and with temperatures at a point in the medium. Only if elasticity is included, the
total strain rate is decomposed in the following way:
d.s ds" ( • )-. 1 da' d(Pg - Pi) dT (25)

-= -=~D -+ma +mjJ-
:· dt dt . dt dt . .. .dt
where De is the elasticity matrix, a and ~ are coefficients for volumetiic elastic dilation. cr' is
the net stress tensor defined as cr'=cr+m Pg (compression negative). On the other hand, strain
will be wiitten in terms of displacements because e= B u. The last equation (25) must satisfy
at every point in the medium. Space and time discretization lead to:
hk+l = {o-K+l _ o-K)-D"B .(uk+l

J
_uk). +mi:.(pk+I
J '>J g
_p k )
g j
+ (26)
+ Demqia((Pg - P1 )k+t - (Pg - P1 Yt +D"mqi,B(T - T) 1
where h is the residual of stresses at every point. If stress can be obtained in an explicit way
from (26), it is simply substituted in (24). However, when nonlinear models are introduced a
substitution of the differential or incremental forros is necessary.
For the mechanical problem, the approximations that should be made are different from the
ones used for flow problems. According to the numerical approximations proposed for the
flow problems (hydraulic and thermal), we would tend to use element-wise matrices.
However, the mechanical problem has some peculiarities which do not allow this kind of
simplified treatment.
First, linear triangular elements (the simplest element in two dimensional analyses), which
have been proveu to be very adequate for flow problems, should be avoided for mechanical
problems. This is because if the medium is nearly-incompressible (creep of rocks takes place
with very small volumetric· deformation), locking takes place (not all displacements are
permitted due to elernent restrictions). Second, linear quadrilateral elements vvith element-
wise variables (this is equivalent to one integration point) lead to hour-glassing (uncontrolled
displacement modes·appear). -·-- --- -- - ---· ----·- -- --- --- - - -
In arder to overcome these difficulties, the selective integration (B-bar) method is used. It
consists in using a modified form of matrix B which implies that the volumetric part of
deformation and the deviatoric part are integrated with different order of numerical
integration (Hughes, 1980). For linear quadrilateral elernents, four integration points are used
to integrate the deviatoric part while one is used for volumetJ.ic strain terms. Although this
approximation is different from what is proposed for the flow problem, element-wise
variables or parameters are rnaintained (porosity, saturation, ... ). Stress is not elernent-wise and
it must be computed at the integration points.
V.4. THEORETICAL APPROACH SUMM.ARY
The governing equations include: stress equilibrium equations (1 , -2 or 3 according to the

dimensions of the problem), mass balance equations (different species) and internal energy
balance equation for the medium as a whole (thermal equilibrium is assumed).
The stress equilibrium equat~ons are a simplified form of the balance of momentum for the
porous medium. Mass balance of water, solid and air are established. Since the assumption of
equilibrium is made, the rnass of each species as present in a~y phase (solid, liquid or gas) is
balanced for the porous medium as a whole. In this way, one equation for each species is
obtained. The equilibrium assumption implies that partition functions are required to compute
the fraction of each species in each phase.
Each partial differential equation is naturally associated to an unkno\vn. These unknowiis can
be solved in a coupled way, i.e., allovving all possible cross coupling processes that have been
implemented, or, on the contrary, any uncoupled problem to obtain a single unknown can be
solved.
The balance equations that CODE_ BRIGHT solves are compiled here:
Equation: mechanical equilibrium equations (1, 2 or 3 dimensions):

Unknown:
total stress
J(
divergence ( tensor of + vector of
body forces
J=
(º]
vector O
displace-
ments, u=
0
(ux,Uy,Uz)
Y'·cr+b = O
Equation: water mass balance:
--o Unknown: __
- (- mass of water in -J
· + d1vergence
.-- - (total fluxesJ. = (externai supplyJ
liquid
a liquid and gas phase of water of water
pressure,
ô (ews t/J + e:··su<J;)+ V'. (r + j:) = fw P1 (MPa)
0t I I 0 " I "
Equatio n: air mass balance:

~(
~
mass of air in
. .d d h
J+ d1ve1gence
. . (total fluxesJ _ (extemal supply)
f . - f .
Unknown:
gas
ot 1iqru an gas p ase o air o arr
pressure,
~(eª
Õt s/'!',!,, +eªg sg'I',!,,) + v ·(Jºª + 1"'')
I I • g
= J" Pg(MPa)
Equation: internal energy balance:

a (interna! enery in solid,) . _ (total' ·fluxesj (externa! supplyJ Unlmown:
- , + d1vergence · =1 · tempera-
at liquid and gas phase . , . of energy \ of heat
ture, T (º)
a .
~ .
ôt (Esp,.(1 -~) +E1P1S,~+EgpgSg~)+ V' ·(ic + jEs + h1 + jEg) = ~· Q
"'i
Equation: solid mass balance:

o .· _ . (total tluxes)· (extemal supplyJ Unknown:
-(mass of sohd)+ d1vergence · ·· - = , - .·· porosity,
a . . of salt ' oí salt
~(-) ·~
t3 . -,
a (e.,. (1-</J ))+ v. (J,.) =o
The definition of a problem (which of the ábove described equations should be solved) is
achieved by means of a set of general options (IOPTDISPL, IOPTPL, IOPTPG, IOPTTEMP).
These general options indicate wheth~r one equation is included or not. For instance a
mechanical problem would require IOPTDISPL=l and the other indexes equal to O. Other
secondary options allow to include or not any ofthe possible processes. Specific indexes are
used to decide if the solid is soluble (i.e. the mediúm is saline ), if the air solubility in liquid
phase is taken into account and if vapour is considered. V apour transfer can only be
considered if the thermal problem is solved.
V.S. FEATURES OF CODE-BRIGHT
The implernentation of a coupled non-linear approach requires some especific developrnents

and approximations. In this section the main aspects of the numerical approximation are
reviewed. The program CODE_BRIGHT uses the finite element method to solve the coupled
equations presented above. The main features of the numerical approach are:
• Linear interpolation :functions on segments, triangles, quadrilaterals, tetrahedrons,

triangular prisms and quadrilateral prisrns (regular). Analytical integration is used
for segments, triangles and tetrahedrons. Numerical integration is used for
quadrilateral, arbitrary triangular prisms (6 points) and quadlilateral prisms (8
points). For the mechanical problem selective integration is used for quadrilateral
- -and- quadrilateral·prisms-(thts meãJ:rs thacthe volumettic pãít is integrated with- a
reduced quadrature of 1 point). Finally, for all elements the flow equations are
solved using element-wise and cell-wise approximations. This approximation is
independent of the type of integration performed.
• Finite differences and implicit scheme are used for time integration. Two
inte1mediate points are defined between the two ends of the time interval (l, l+ 1).
One represents the point where the equation will be accomplished (tk+~ and the
other is the point where the non-linear functions are computed (l+). For instance
E=O and 0= 1 states for a linearised problem with a fully implicit scheme of
integration.
• Newton-Raphson method for solution of the non-linear system of algebraic
equations that results once the space and time discretizations are applied.
• LU decomposition and backsubstitution (non-symmetric matrix) or conjugate
gradients squared to solve the system of linear equations that result from the
N ewton-Raphson application.
• Automatic discretization of time. Increase or reduction of time increment
according to convergence conditions or output requirements. Reduction of time
increment may be caused by: excessive variation of unknowns per iteration,
excessive nurnber of iterations to reach convergence and correction larger than in
the previous iteration.
The main features ofthe program CODE_BRIGHT are:
• Options that allow to solve uncoupled and coupled problems. For instance:
Hydro-mechanical, Thermo-mechanical, Hydro-thermal problems can be solved if
the physical siruation requires one of these approaches.
• Types of analysis: One dimension (uni-axial confined strain and axi-symmetric ).
Two dimension (plane strain and axi-symmetric). Three dimensions.
• Several element types.
• Constitutive laws: each law defined as a set of parameters. Different types of
relationships can be chosen in some cases.
• Boundary conditions:
• Mechanical problem: forces and displacement rate in any spatial
direction and at any node
• Hydraulic problem: mass flow rate of water and air prescribed and
liquid/gas pressure prescribed at any node
• Thermal problem: heat flow rate prescribed and temperature
prescribed at any node
• Convergence criteria: Tolerances for absolute and relative errar independent for
each unknown. Tolerance for residual convergence of each problem (mechanical,
hydraulic, etc). The node under worse conditions is used to verify the convergence
condition.
• Forces/flows = i::~O
• Absolute variable correction = ox~O
• V ariable correction / variable increment = oxl!3x ~O
• Output options: Time evolution of variables in nodes or elements. The user should
decide 'a priori' the nodal or element variables that will be output at all times
(absolutely all computed times will be output for a few variables). Contour maps in
the solution domain. Nodal or element variables can be used to draw contour maps.
However, in the second case it is required to perform an interpolation that may be
difficult dueto the lack of continuity of the element variables.
V.6. SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS IN CODE_BRIGHT
As described in the preceding chapters, CODE_BRIGHT is a FE-three dimensional code that

solves the following equations:
• equilibrium of stresses (displacements)

• mass balance ofwater (liquid pressure)
• mass balance of air (gas pressure)
• balance of energy (temperature)
Associated to every equation there is a variable, i.e. the unknown that is obtained by solving
the corresponding equation. The code can be used to solve problems that need only some of
the equations in the list. The equations are solved together in a monolithic way. Usually
problems require variable time stepping and an iterative method for the solution of non-
linearities. Usually the resulting system of equations is non-symmetric.
V.6.1 Matrix storage mode in CODE_BRIGHT.
Originally, a solver using LU decomposition was implemented in the program together with a
band storage mode. This altemative is still available but obviously the band storage mode is
not very efficient. This is especially dramatic when more than one degrees of freedom are
considered.
ln principle, two possible altematives could be considered for a more efficient storage of the
matrix coefficients. These are skyline mode and sparse mode. The skyline mode seems
adequate for LU-solvers because in such case filling of the matrix is important (the
decomposed matrices contain more non-zero coefficients than the original matrix but the
skyline structure is maintained).
A sparse storage mode (only the non-zero values are stored) is 100% efficient and it is very-
convenient for using an iterative algorithm for solution of the system of equations.
The mode used is refen-ed as CSR format (Compressed Sparse Row fonnat). It consists in the
following scheme for a matrix A(N,N) with NZ non-zero coefficients:
ª1 ª2 ª3
N x N matrix: A = ª4 ªs · with NZ non - zero coefficients
ª6 ª1 8
ª9 ª10
_AN~ (ª-, ª2 - a, / ª4 -ªs I ª6 -ª-7 a& L a9__ -~rn) _

JA: (1 ,., 4 / 2 ,., / 1 2 ,., / 1 4)
.) .) .)
IA: (1 4 6 9 11)
where AN (dimension NZ) is a real array that contains the non-zero values of the matrix, JA
( dimension NZ) is an integer array that contains the column índices of the coefficients and IA
(dimension N) contains the positions in AN where begins every row.
ln order to deal with several degrees of freedom per node (NDF> 1, NDF=number of degrees
of freedom per node), this storage mode is adapted and AN is a (NDF, NZ*NDF) array where
NZ is the number of non-zero sub-matrices of (NDF, NDF) in the original matrix, i.e. the
number of non-zero values if NDF was equal to 1. With this storage mode, the vectors JA and
IA can maintain the sarne size as would be required for NDF= 1.
CODE_BRlGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS V.32
V.6.2 Iterative solver for nonsymmetrical linear systems of equations.
There are severa! alternatives for solving linear systems in an iterative way. It should be taken
into account that the matrix is non-symmetric. Perhaps one of the simplest algorithms that can
be used is the conjugate gradients squared method (CGS) which has been proposed by
Sonneveld, 1989 and van der Vorst, 1990. This CGS method is a modification of the
conjugate gradients for non-symmetric matrices. Iterative methods require some extra space
and a pre-conditioner. In order to facilitate parallehsm the simplest pre-conditioner that can be
used is the inverse of the diagonal of the matrix (diagonal scaling). Of course this is the less
efficient pre-conditioner from the point of view of a scalar machine. However Pini and
Gambolatti ( 1990) have shown that in vectorial machines, diagonal scaling was the rnost
efficient pre-conditioner in the majority of the applications they cornpared. A block diagonal
scaling consists in the inversion of the NDFxNDF block corresponding to each node (block in
the matrix diagonal).
Using CRS storage mode plus CGS iterative method plus block-diagonal scaling produces a
quite simple structure of the so.lver. . Ih fact, only yector.. . vector products, matrix-vector
produéts and inversion of NDFxNDF matÍices have to be perfonned. The requiremerits of
extra space are only 8 *N*NDF where N is the number of nades and NDF the number of
degrees of freedom per node. It should be mentioned that the matrix-vector products are easily
performed with the CRS storage mode because the matrix is stored by rows.
The CGS algorithm is described as:
x: = x 0 (intial guess);
r: = b - Ax;
ris an arbitrary vector such that (r, r) ;t: o (e.g. r = r);
Po = (r, r);l3o = Po;P = q = O;
K is a preconditioner matrix;
for i = 0,1,2, .. .
u: = r + 13iq;
p: = u+f3;(q+f3;p);
- solve q- from Kq-~ p; ·-
v := Aq;
a; = P; !(r,v);
q: = u - a;v;
Solve v from Kv = u + q;
u: = Av;
r:= r - a ;u;
ifx close enough to A -ib then quit;
P;+1 = (r, r);
13;+1 = P;+1 IP;;
end i
where it can be seen that two matrix - vector products should be pe1formed per iteration, two
vector-vector products (indicated by (,)), and the remaining operations are vector updates.
V.7. APPENDIX 1. THERl'\10-HYDRO-MECHANICAL INTER.ACTIONS
ln this Appendix the main interactions between the various thermo-hydro-mechanical

processes are presented in a synthetic and systematic manner.
THERMALPHENOMENA
Heat storage
Effects from:
• Thermal phenomena
- Heat storage proportional to temperature
• Hydraulic phenomena
- Liquid flow modifies the amount of water and air present
- Gas flow modifies the amount of air and water present
- Phase changes modifies heat storage through the latent heat of vapour
• Mechanical phenomena
- Porosity changes modify the amount of space left for fluids
Heat conduction
Effects from:
- Heat conduction driven by temperature gradients (Fourier's law)
- Liquid flow modifies thermal conductivity
- Gas flow modifies thermal conductivity
- Porosity changes modifies the1mal conductivity
Heat advection by liquid flow
Effects from:
- Heat transport by liquid flow
Heat advection by air flow
Efjects from:
- Heat transport by gas flow
Heat advection by vapour flow
Effects from:
- Heat transport-by vapour diffusion --·-
- Heat transport by gas flow
Phase changes
Effects from:
- Vapour pressure affected by temperature (water phase diagram and
psychrometric law)
• Hydraulic p henomena
Vapour pressme affected by liquid flow through suction changes
(psychrometric law)
Vapour pressure affected by gas flow through suction changes
(psychrometric law)
HYDRAULIC PHENOMENA
Water storage
Effects .from:
• · Thermal phenomena
- Liquid density changes with temperature
- Vapour density changes with temperatu:re ..
- Phase change modifies the amount ofwate1)n liquid and gas phases
- Liquid density changes with liquid pressure
- Vapou:r density changes with suction and gas p:ressure
• J.V!echanical phenomena
- Porosity changes affect the space available for liquid and gas
Air storage
Effects from:
- Gas density changes with temperature
- Amount of dissolved air changes with temperature
- Gas density changes with gas pressure
- Amount of dissolved air depends on gas pressure
• 1Vfechanical phenomena
- Porosity changes affect the space available for liquid and gas
Liquid water transfer

Effeás from:
Hydraulic conductivity affected by liquid viscosity that diminishes with
temperature.
Degree of saturation varies with temperature in unsaturated conditions
(thermal expansion and phase changes)
Pore water pressure increases with temperature in saturated and quasi-
saturated conditions
- Liquid density vmiation with temperature gives rise to convective flow
____=]..iq11id !1-9~_ contr__()ll~~ by_li_g_uíd _p_~_s~l!!~gr~~~~~ (Dar~x~s_law) ___ _
- Hydraulic conductivity affected by degree of saturation, in tum controlled by
the value of suction (retention curve)
- Porosity changes modifies the value of hydraulic conductivity
Gaseous ai:r transfer

Effects from:
- Hydraulic conductivity affected by gas viscosity that increases with
temperature.
- Degree of saturation varies with temperature (therrnal expansion and phase
changes)
- Temperature variations influence gas density
I
- Gas flow controlled by gas pressure gradients (Darcy' s law)
- Hydraulic conductivity affected by degree of saturation, in tum controlled by
the value of suction (retention curve)
• lvlechanical phenomena
- Porosity changes affect the value of hydraulic conductivity
- Porosity changes vary the pare space volume available for gas
Water vapour transfer

Ejfects from:
- Vapour pressure is affected by ternperature (water phase diagram and
psychrometric law)
- Degree of saturation varies with temperature. Vapour diffusion depends on
degree of saturation.
- Vapour diffusion controlled by grad:ients of vapour concentration (Fick's
law) · ·
- Vapour advection controlled by gas flow
Vapour pressure affected by liquid flow tlrrough suction changes
(psychrometric law)
Vapour pressure affected by gas flow through suction changes
(psychrometric law)
- Porosity changes affect the vapour diffusion coefficient
Dissolved air transfer

• Thennal phenomena
- Diffusion coefficient affected by temperature
CODE BRIGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS V .39
ci Hydraulic phenomena
- Dissolved air transfer controlled by diffusion (Fick's law)
- Advection of dissolved air by liquid flow
- Diffusion coefficient affected by porosity
MECHANICALPHENOMENA
Stress/strain field
Ejfects from:
--. 7nernüilphe'iiomeifl:f- -
- Thermal exparision of materiais
- Dependence of constitutive laws on temperature
- Dependence of constitutive laws on suction
- Stress/strain constitutive laws
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIa. l
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS

This chapter contains the different rnodels available and the corresponding parameters
required by each model. The following constitutive laws are available
HYDR.<\.ULIC AND THERMAL MECHANICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS
CONSTITUTIVE MODELS (a)
RETENTION CURVE ELASTICITY (b)
INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY NONLINEAR ELASTICITY (b)
LIQUID PHASE RELATIVE vlSCOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS (b)
PERMEABILITY VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS (b)
GAS PHASE RELA TNE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR UNSATURATED SOII..S BASED ON
PERMEABILITY BBM (b)
DIFFUSIVE FLUXES OF MASS DAMAGE-ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR ARGILLACEOUS
DISPERSNE FLUXES OF MASS AND ROCKS (e)
ENERGY THERMOELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS (d)
PHASE PROPERTIES (a)

EXCAVATION PROCESS (e)
GAS PHASE PROPERTIES
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIa.2
RETENTION CURVE
CODES in ICL=6 ITYCL= l,2,4,9

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Curve capillary pressure versus degree of saturation.
EQUATIONS
ITYCL= l: Van Genuchten model: ,::-._. (
s =
S - S.
1 1/
[
= 1 + - º- -
(;" - Pi '):' 1~1. J->.
e SIS -s,./ \ p
--~---- --- ----- --- ---- ·---- ·- cr- -- .
P=P -
º (J
o
ITYCL=2: Linear model:
s, - s,.1 Pg - Pi
s = = 1~ .
e S /s - S,., ~
ITYCL=4: Square law:
';,
/ - /
\:
r -.. \
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTrvE LA w s VIa.3
ITYCL=9: Van Genuchten model with asymptotic branch that goes to

negative capillary pressures.
PARA.t\fETERS FORITYCL=l
Pl Pº MP a Measured P at certain temperature

Nm·t Surface tension at temperature in which P 0 was
P2 O"o
- measured (usuaUv cr0 =0,072 N/m at 20ºC)
P3 À. Shape fu:nction for retention curve
P4 Sr1 Residual saturation
P5 S1s Maximum saturation
Parameter for porosity intluence on retention
P6 a
curve: P 0 ((o)=Poexp(a( d>o-d>)
Parameter for porosity influence on retention
P7 b
curve: À(<!>)= À. exp(b(<!>0 -<i>))
P8
Reference porosity for porosity influence on
P9 <l>a retention curve
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VIa.4
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=2
Pl Pª MP a Measured P at certain temperature
P2 Void
P3 Void
P4 Sr1 Residual saturation
PS S1s Maximum saturation
P ARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=4
Pl MP a Measured P at certain temoerature
P2 Void
P3 Void
P4 Residual saturation
P5 Maximum saturation
Pl Pº MP a Measmed P at certain temperarure
1 Surface tension at temperature in which P0 was
P2 O'u Nm-
--- -- - - measured (usuallv cr 0 =0,072 N/m at 20ºC)
P3 À
P4 S,.; Residual saturation
PS S1s Maximum saturation
P6 r Used for the asymptotic branch
S,.1 and S1s are lower and upper bounds of saturation. Effective saturation S, is defrned in such a way that ranges
between O and 1.
Ifhysteretic behaviour is allowed (IOPTHYS=l is necessary), the above parameters are considered to belong to
the dry retention curve and some additional parameters are necessary in order to define the transition and the
wetting paths:
ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL= l (IfIOPTHYS= l)
P6 Pow MP a P,, for wetting branch
P7 dSe Effective de_gree of saturation transition interval
P8 sd MP a Maximum suction in soil history
P9 Sw MP a Minimum suction in soil historv
PlO J...,. À for wetting branch
TNTRTNSTC PERMEABILTTY
CODES in ICL=7 . ITYCL=l ,4,5

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Intrinsic permeability
EQUATIONS For a continuum medium (Kozeny's model):
k=k </J3 (l-</Jo/

• o (l - <Pi <P/
rp0 : reference porosity
k 0 : intrinsic permeability for matrix r/J0
which is used in Darcy's law:
qª = - kk,,, (VPª - Pag)

µa
where viscosity, density and relative permeability are defined in other laws.
PARAMETERS :
ITYCL=l
Pl (k11)0 m2 Intrinsic
P2 (knJn m Intrinsic
P3 (k33 o m2 Intrinsic
P4 r/Ju
PS t/Jmin
- q q- 1 :?0 n '!l
1
.....('·_/ ·....,,
- •.. ~- -
- .'.:
.
. .,r.r'-
·
_ ,...... .... •:!. _.• •
lt· .......'( ll __ '""
(_ 1-·-:::"\~ ,
t !\E;)
C-,·A4-L ) J.:~:.-
.! < --
_{,.j_;,
-· - ·-·----·----- ( /
----------- -- ~-- --------··---··- -- - -- ------·------
1-'1-Ci11<" • ·ç ::: í r I' e.0.0 . _. ,..-,

X -ê,,1-·r::. e.~ ·Jil
\
\<'
1
\...-
,,,.,;;·..-..1
...J
';;
..,
1
U
' -:- .__...~ ~
' 1;
. - -··
1 ..:.-::-
- ..
~-....
/ '·
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIa.6
TTYCL=4,5 _
Pl (k11Jo m2 Intrinsic permea,bility, l" principal direction
P2 (k22)0 m2 Intrinsic penneabilitv, 2"d p1incipal direction
P3 (k33)u m2 Intiinsic permeability, 3rct principal direction
Reference porosity for read intrinsic permeability.
P4 r/Jo If 1/Jo=O, permeabilit:y will be constant.
Minimum porosity, porosity will not be lower
P5 r/Jmin than this value
P6 - -
Initial aperture to calculate a variable aperture as:
P7 b,, rn
b = b +M
0
Size of the element:

- - - - - --- - -- ------ !7 - -- ---·
P8 s m
k = k matru:. + -
128
- Permeability of the matrix is obtained as usual in
porous media.
Reference strain to calculate aperture variations:
P9 Ea - L\b = slli:: = s(s-s 0 ) for S > E0
PlO bm,Lr. m Ma,'<:irnum aperture. Upper bound of aperture.
For ITYCL=4, the normal strain to the discontinuity is used

For ITYCL=5, the volumetric strain is used
l T \-(C~
'Dl
\ :
- -D\
\ -~
·0 C-CCtC_:iç: . .0C--\°'f'l"c \.\._
C-"\C;_c_ \::__. ?8f'(Y1~-°'-S 1- \1 ~

LIQUTD PHASE RELATWE PERMEABTLTTY
CODES in ICL=14 ITYCL= 1,5,6,8

ROOT__gen.dat
DESCRIPTION By default, the consistent form of relative permeability with van Genucbten
model is used. In this case, this ICL=l4 can be ignored. _
ITYCL= l: van Genuchten model
EQUATIONS
~ -- )2
- - -
- --- -
krz -
-
J.f: 1 ( _ - - -,/),.
{1 S. }
-
À
ITYCL=5: Liquid perfectly mobile _

kr/ =1
ITYCL=6: Generalised. power
k,, =ASe:..
ITYCL=8: Power with initial cut off
_k, = A(~·--:·0 J..i

1
· eo
.·s. >= S._ 0
k,, =0 otherwise
PARAMETERS FOR TTYCL=l
Pl Void
P2 Void
P3 Power
Residual saturation (default =sarne value as for
P4 s,., retention curve)
Maximum saturation (default =sarne value as for
PS
retention curve)
PARA1v!ETERSFORITYCL=5
None
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vla.8
Pl Void
P2 A constant
P3 Â. Power (typically 3)
:residual s_aturation (default = same vzjue as for _
P4 S,r retention curve)
maximum saturation (default = same value as for
P5 s,, retention curve)
PAR.A.Lv1ETERS FOR ITYCL=8:
Pl Parameter
P2 A Constant
P3 Power
Residual saturation (default = s-ame value as for
P4
retention curve
' Maximum saturation (default = same value as for
P5
retention curve
Sr1 and S1s are lower and upper bounds of saturation. Effective satmation s. is de:flned in such a way that ranges
betWeen O and 1. ln principie, the sarne values Srt and S1s should be defiried for liquid and gas relative
penneability and for retention curve. However, different values can be used to define a maximum saturation of
liquid with possibility of remanent gas flow or vice-versa.
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VIa.9
GAS PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
CODES in ICL=19 ITYCL= 1,5 ,6

R OOT_gel'}. dat - -
DESCRIPTION Relative permeability of the gas phase
ITYCL=l: Default law IT'J - L ::e Ll ·•
EQUATIONS
ÍTYCL=5: Gas perfectly mobile

k,'g
krg
= 1- k,.1
=1
'
1
_.
-
kr;
1
=
secr 3
ITYCL=6: Generalised power

k,.g = ASeg
À
l
P ARNvfETERS FOR ITYCL=l
Pl Void
P2 Void
P3 Void
-- Residual saturation (default = 1-S1,. in retention
P4 S,.g - curve)
Maximum saturation (default = l -Sr1 in retention
P5 Sg,. - curve)
PARAMETERSFORITYCL=5
None
PARAMETERSFORITYCL=6
Pl Void
P2 A Constant
P3 À. Power
Residual saturation (default = 1-S"' in retention
P4 S,.g
curve)
Maximum saturation (default = 1-S,1 in retention
P5 Sg.,
curve)
CODE BRIGHT." CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vla.1 0
DIFFUSIVE FLUXES OF VAPOUR
CODES in ICL= l 1 TTYCL= l, 2

ROOT_gen. dat
DESCRlPTION Diffusion coefficients
EQUATIONS
Fick's law for molecular diffusion is written as :
i~ = - (1:<j>p 11 SªD~I)Vro~
where <ji is porosity, Pa is density, Sa is degree of saturation, w is mass
fraction and D,,/ is the diffusion coefficient of species i in phase a in m 1 /s.
-- -
The nonadvect:lve t1ux -of ãspecies ín a phase is -compÕsed by molecular
diffusion and mecha1úcal dispersion (dispersion is defined in another set of
parameters).
TTYCL= l . Molecular diffusion of vapour or air:
Dm""' ~ D( (273.15+ T)" J

m ~
where Pg is the gas pressure in Pa, and D and n are parameters. Tortuos ity is
defined as a constant value in this case:
1: = constant=1: 0
ITYCL=2. Molecular diffusion ofvapour or air:
D-'
m
~De273 . !5+T)"J
p
g
where Pg is the gas pressure in Pa, and D and n are parameters. Tortuosity is
defined in this case as:
't = 1 o ( sg r
where 1: 0 and m are parameters.
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIV'E LAWS Vla.11
PAR.A1VíETERS FOR ITYCL= l

Pl D m 2 s· 1 K-npa Default=S .9 10·" (default value).
P2 n - Default=2.3 (default value).
P3 Coefficient oftortuosity, default=l.O
P4 'º
Void -
P5 Void

Pl D m2 s· 1 K-npa Default=S. 9 l 0- 6 ( default value ).
P2 n Default=2.3 (default value).
P3 Parameter for coefficient of tortuosity, default= 1. O
P4 'º
rn Power for tortuositv function of saturation.
PS Void
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIa.12 ·
DlFFUSJVE FLUXES OF DlSSOLVED SALT AND AIR
-CODES in ICL=.12 ITYCL=l

ROOT_gen.dat
..
DESCRIPTION Diffusion coefficients
·- ..
EQUATIONS ··
Fick's law for molecular diffussion is written as:
i~ = -( -i:<j)pªSªD:,,1)vco~
where <l> is porosity, Po. is density, Sa is degree of saturation, ú) is mass
fraction and D,,/ is the diffusion coefficient of species i in phase a in m 2/s.
·--· - - - -·--· - -
.
ITYCL=' 1."Mõieculardiffusioff of dissofvedsalfand~dissõlVed air: .
Df;oc~•= =Dexp( R(27~7s+T)J

where D and Q are parameters and ris the coefficient of tortuosity.
PARA.METERSFORITYCL=J
PI D m2 s·I Default= l.l 10-4 (default va!ue ).
P2 o Jmor 1 Default=24530 (default value ).
P3 r Coeffícient of rortuosity, default=l .O
P4 Void
P5 Void
-
~~~~~~~~~
---· ~
~- ~
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVELAWS Vla.13
DISPERSIVE FLUXES OF MAS~ AND ENERGY
CODES in TCL=8 ITYCL=l

ROOT_gen. dat
DESCRIPTION Dispersivities for vapour, dissolved air and heat.

Mechanical dispersion mass flux is computed by mea:ns Fick's law written
EQUATIONS
as:
i~ = -(paD'a)Y1ro~
where the mechanical dispersion tensor is defined as:
1
D'a ~ ~1 Jqct JI + (dz -dJ 1;~1

where d1 is longitudinal dispersivity and d, is transversal dispersivity.
Mechanical dispersion heat flux is computed by means Fourier's law written
as:
where eª is the specific heat of the a phase, and the mechanical dispersion
tensor is defined in the sarne way as before but using the corresponding
dispersivities for heat dispersion (only the contribution dueto liquid phase
dispersion, i.e. a =lhas been implemented). Heat conduction is defined in
another set ofvariables.
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=l

Longitudinal dispersivity for solutes in liquid
Pl d, m
hase
P2 d, m
P3 Void
P4 d, m
PS d, m
P6 d, m
P7 d, M
CONDUCTJVE PLUXOF HEAT(l)
CODES in ICL=9 ITYCL= l,2,3

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Dependence on ·porosity and temperature.

The1mal conductivity is used in· Fomier's law to compute conductive heat
EQUATIONS
t1ux, i,e.:
There are two possíbilities to solve conductive flux ofheat through rhis law:
· - -a)-· Giving directly-·Àc1r:Y and -Â.,;a~These-values can be measured in the

laboratory. They will be used in law ICL=20.
b) Giving the conductivity of the phases of the soil, i.e. (Â.salid)a, Â.iiquid Â.gas
and ah ai, a 3. ln this case, Àc1ry and Â.sat are calculated according to the
laws given below.
ITYCL= l: The1mal conductivity dependence on porosity. Geometric

weighted mean.
À = À(l- <!>)À$
dry solid gas
À f...lHlf...$
sal
= so/id /iq
2 3
Àsolid = (J.. solid)v +a1T+a2T +a3T
ITYCL=2: Thermal conductiv ity dependence on porosity. Weighted

arithmetic mean.
ÀdtJ' =(1 - "')nÀ
o/ solid
+ '+'
J."1', gas
ITYCL=3: Thermal conductivity dependence on porosity. Nonlinear

function of porosity.
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIVE .LAWS VIa.15
n
. ' rjJ
À.sal = Àsolid +( Âsa10 - Âsolid) ( tPo ) .

Pl Âa..,, wmK.-1 Thennal conductivity of the dry porous medium
Thennal conductivity of the water saturated
P2 Â..,at wmK- 1 -
oorous medium
Solid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if Ãmy,
P3 (Àsoli,Jo WmK"1
Âsat >0)
wmK.-1 Gas phase thermal conductivity (ignored if Â.Jr>"

P4 Ãgas
- Â..,at >O)
wmK- 1 Liquid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if À.Jry,

P5 Â.aq
- À.sal >O)
P6 a1 fonored if À.nrv, À.sal >O
P7 ª2 fonored if À.drv. À.sal >O
P8 a3 Imored if À.drv, À.sal > O
P9 Void
PlO Void
PARAMETERS FOR TTYCL=2
Pl Â.J~· WmK" 1 Thennal conductivitv of the drv oorous medium
wmK-l Thennal conductivity of the water saturated
P2 Â..,al
oorous medium
wmK- 1 Solid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if Â.Jry,
P3 (À.soliq}o
lsa1 >O)
wmK-l Gas phase thermal conductivity (ignored if Â.J,.y,
P4 Âga.<
Ã..,·a1 >O)
wmK- 1 Liquid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if Â.Jry,

PS Â.uq
À.sat >O)
P6 . a1 fanored if À.drv, À.sac >O
P7 a2 fanored if À.drv, À.sac >O
P8 a3 I ored if "-<1rv, "''"' > O
P9 Void
PIO n Power of orosity function
Pl Void
P2 Void
P3 (Ã,,olicVo wmK- 1 · Solid phase thermal conductivity
P4 (Ãa,,, º wmK- 1 Thy thennal conductivity for reference porosíty
Satu:rated the1mal conductivity for reference
P5 (Àsaj o WmK 1
oro si
- - -·- - -· - ---
P6 Voíd
P7 Void
P8 Void
P9 Reference porosity
PIO n Power of orosi
Heat dispersion is defined in the constitutive law ICL=8, ITYCL= l (Díspersive flu,'tes ofmass and energy).
CONDUCTIVE FLUX OF HEAT (2)
CODES in ICL= 20 ITYCL=l,2 ·

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION __ . Dependence on water content.

· Thermal conductivity is used in F ourier's law to compute conductive heat
EQUATIONS
flux, i.e.:. ·
__ic = -'}..:'VT
- Dependence of thermal conductivity on degree of saturation can be
considered in the.following ways: -
ITYCL=l:
À. = À. sat JS: + À. dry ( 1- JS:)

ITY_CL=2:
À.= À. s,À. (1-s,)
sar_ dry
Parameters are not necessary for ICL=20 and ITYCL=l and ITYCL=2.
Â.<iry and À.,01• are intro_duced in ICL=9, ITY CL= 1.

VI. 3. PHASE PROPERTIES

CODESin ICL= lO ITYCL= l, 2

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Solid specific heat, density and expansion coefíicient
EQUATIONS
PARAMETERSFORITYCL= l
Pl e, J kl!·t K.1
P2 - -- - kg m·3 Solid phase- density (default: ~700)
·'
ºc·l Linear thermal expansion coefficient for graiJ.1s
P3 as (not volumetric).
Reference temperature for thermal expansion
P4 Tº ºC
default: 40)
PS
P AR.AMETERS FOR ITYCL=2
Pl e_, Jk · I K"l
P2 kgm· 3 Solid hase density (default: 2163)
Linear thermal expansion coefficíent for grains
P3 a,, ºC'
(not volumetric)
P4 Tº ºC Refereuce tem erature for thermal ex ansion
PS Void
P6 dc/dt
Linear the1mal dilatance coefficient for grai11S should be identical to the bulk value if thermal expansion of the
porous medium does not produce porosity variations. Specific heat for water, air and salt (not solid) are internai
values.
/ _;1 --, .....- ~.' . ({ - "\\ \ - I' ! ,...,/'\ -.....) 1
/- C-
\. ··~
i.... i
L/Qú7D PHASE PROfERTTES
CODESin ICL=15 ITYCL=l,2 ..

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRJPTION Liquid density.
EQUATIONS ITYCL=l
---
- Pz = Pzo exp(~(Pi - Pz0 ) + aT + yro:) -
ITYCL=2
- ·-
Pz =Pio (1 + ~(Pz - PzJ + aT + yro;•)
-
PARAMETERSFORTTYCL=l
Pl 0 10 kg m· 3 Reference density, default=l 002.6 kg.m· 3
P2 13 MPa· 1 Compressibility, default=4.5 104
ºC1 · ·Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient for
P3 a water, default=-3.4 10"4
P4 r Solute variation, default=0 .6923
P5 P1o MP a Reference pressure, default=O . l
P ARA"í'vfETERS FOR ITYCL=2

Pl Pio kgm· 3 Reference density, default= l 002.6 kg.m· 3
P2 /3 MPa· 1 Compressibility, default=4.5 104
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient for
P3 a ºe·' water, default=-3.4 104
P4 'Y Solute variation, default=0.6923
P5 P1o MP a Reference pressure, default=0.1
CODES in ICL= 16 ITYCL= l

ROOT__gen. dat
DESCRIPTION Liquid viscosity.
EQUATIONS ITYCL=l
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL= l

Pl A MPas
Exponentia! parameter, default= 1808.5 (only used
P2 B K
ifA=B= O, but notused if A>O and B=O
. -
Remark: liquid and gas density and viscosity ,.are .not mati;:rial . dependents. For this .. reason, values should be
·ptésc1ihed only onêé. If these are tnultiplied defined; the code will use the values it ieads first.
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS . Vla.21
GASPHASEPROPERTTES
CODES in ICL=17 ITYCL=l,2,3
ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Dry air density.

ITYCL=l: law ofideal gases and Henry's law for dry air (as ITYCL=3 with
EQUATIONS
Ma = 0.02895 and H = 10000 :MPa)
ITYCL=2:
e; = (e;) 0
exp(~(Pg - Pg + aT)
0
)
Usually used to considera second liquid phase instead ofthe gas phase (in
that case do not consider vapour in gas phase)
ITYCL=3, law of ideal gases and Henry's law for any dry gas species (as.
ITYCL=l, but with user defined values for gas molecular mass and Henry's
constant):
- dgs·
p
dgs w
M
ú)l =-----
H Mdgs
where Pdg:r is dry gas species pressure (air pressure in the formUJ.ation), M.,.. is
molecular mass ofwater and Mdg.< is molecular mass of dry gas species. ··
PARA~fETERSFORTTYCL=2
P1 ((J"ª)o kgm" 3 reference density for T=O ºC

P2 /3 MPa·t compressibility, default=O.O
ªC1 Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient for
P3 a
water, default=O.O
P4
PS Paa :MPa reference oressure default=O.O
P ARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=3, (gases law with modi:fied molecular mass and Henry's constant)
PI M k mo1" 1 molecular mass
P2 H MPa Hen 's constant
CODES in ICL= l8 ITYCL= 1,2

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Gas viscosity.

ITYCL= l:
EQUATTONS
A.J273+T l
µ = . --
g (1+- B
- )1+~
273+T Pg
bk = C - Dk
(k : intrinsic permeability)
ITYCL=2:
-·-- {-- 73--- )-
- A.ex
µg - 273.lS+T
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL= l:

Pl A MPas default= l.48 10· 1
default= l 19.4 (only used if A=B=O, but not used
P2 B ºC
if A>O and B=O)
P3 e default=O.14
P4 D default=l.2 10 10
PS
P ARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=2:
Pl A MPas
exponential parameter, default=l 19.4 ( only used
P2 B ºC
if A=B=O, but not used if A>O and B=O)
P3
P4
PS
Gas phase properties can be used to consider a second liquid in the case of a two immiscible phase flow problem
in a porous medium. ln this case, water vapour and air dissolved must not be considered, hence, V APOUR NOT
PERMITTED a:nd DISSOLVED AIR NOT PERMITTED should be used to avoid the species to be mixed.
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VIb.l
___ ___C_!)D~_BRIGHT. CON§TITUTIVE LA)VS

This chapter contains the d.ifferent modeis available and the corresponding parameters
required by each model. The following constitutive laws are available:
HYDRAULIC AND THERMAL MECHANICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS
CONSTITUTIVE MODELS (â) - --
RETENTION CURVE .. - __ ELASTICITY (b)
INTRINSICPERMEABILITY - . . NONLINEAR ELASTICITY (b)
LIQUID PHASE RELATIVE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS (b)
PERMEABILITY VISCOPLASTIÇITY FOR-GRANULAR MATERIALS (b)
GAS PHASE RELATIVE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR UNSATURATED SOILS BASED ON
DIFFUSIVE FLUXES OF MASS ._ _DAMAGE-ELASTQ_PLASTIC MODEL FOR ARGILLACEOUS
DISPERSIVE FLUXES OF l'vlASS AND ROCKS ~e),
ENERGY THERMOELASTOP!--ASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS (d)

EXCAVA.TION PROCESS (e)
i e"(',');:; ~
' 1 _-L
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vlb.2

ELASTTCITY
i
coDES in ICL=l ITYCL=l
ROOT_gen.dat
DES CRlPTION Elastic parameters (linear elastícity model). Linear elasticity with parameters
E and v . Young modulus can be variable.
EQUATIONS dE
E =Eo + (,i,.'I' _ ,i,. ) - ?.
'l'u d<!> E nun-
p ARAMETERS
"
PJ E MP a Youncr Modulus
li -
P2 - - - - + -dE/d MP a Variation ofYoung modulus wüh porosity
- - " " - - - - - + - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - " " - - - - - - - - " - - - " - - - - - - i- - - - -
P3 . Poisson' s Ratio
P4 Reference orosity
P5
P6 MP a Minimum elastic modulus
11
ELASTJCITY (THERMAL AND PORE PRESSURE TERMS)
coDESin ICL=5 ITYCL=l
ROOT_gen.dat
DES CRTPTTON Linear expansion coefficients induced by temperature and suction changes
EQU ATIONS
Ô.Ev = 3b,ô.T + 3a,ô. {~ - ~) ( Ô.&v >O, extension;
Ô.&v <O, compression)
PARAMETERS
Pl a, Swellin coefficient for chan es in suction
P2 void
P3 b_, Linear thermal ex ansion coefficient for the medium
P4 Void
P5 Void
--
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VIb.3
NONLINEAR ELASTICITY
CODES in ICL=4 rrycL=l,5

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION N onlinear elasticity model -

ITYCL=l ..
EQUATIONS
Solumetric strain is calculated in a reversible way according to:
-
~- --~
-. - r+ e
·&e =- a~Ll ln {-p 'r+ ~1 im(s +0.1O.lJ +-
~;
-- -- - "•
-~-- --- +a3 ~[ In(-=p~)Jií( s;.~· 1 )] . .
where p' is mean effective stress (mean stress plus maximum of !iquid and
gas pressure) and s is suction (gas pressure minus liquid pressure). Shear
·- straín íS lineàrfyelastic with mõdulu-s G or, altematively, a constant va1ue of
- the Poissôn's ratio can be used.
ITYCL=5
With two independent coupling terms : -
...... ...... Lle - . ln( p+aLl

· --=aLl
1
') - 1n(s + 0.1) +
·· . 1+e . .. .. : 0.1
3
-- ~a ln(p '/ Pref )Llln( s ;,~.1 )+ a sLlln(p ')
4
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIb.4
PARAMETERS
ITYCL=l
= - Kl(l+e), where K is the slope ofthe
Pl ª1 - unload/reload curve in the (e - lnp') diagramm.
=- K,;/(l+e), where ~-is the slope ofthe
P2 ª2 - unload/reload curve in the (e - ln((s+o.1)/0.1))
diagramm.
P3 a3 - Coupling term
P4 G MP a Shear modulus (P4>0 requires P5=0)
P5 V - Poisson's ratio (P5>0 requires P4=0)
P6 tens MP a Tension term to avoid tractions {v'- tens:;:; 0)
P7 Kmi11 MP a Minumum bulk modulus
ITYCL=5
= - Kl(l +e), where K is the slope ofthe
Pl
ª' - unload/reload curve in the (e - lnp') diagramm.
= - K/( 1+e), where Ks is the slope of the
P2 ª2 - unload/reload curve in the (e - ln((s+o.1)/0.l))
diagramm.
P3 a3 - Coupling term
P4 G MP a Shear modulus (P4>0 reauires P5=0)
PS V - Poisson's ratio (P5>0 requires P4=0)
P6 tens MP a T ension term to avoid tractions (p ' - tens :;:; O)
P7 Krnin MP a Minumum bulk modulus
P8 a4 MPa-1 Coupling term
P9 pref MP a Reference pressure
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS . VIb .5
ANALOGY WITH BBM
Elastic part ofBBM (isothermal):
.dEe -~·K;(s) d;' K/p.',s) ( ds J

v
- - --+--"---
1+e _p '. 1~ ~ s + 0.1 <. 1•
; .
;_;
where:
K;(s) =K; (1 +a ;s) '-~--- K. (p '.~s) =K. (1 +a .•~ ln (P '/ P,.eJ )) ~xp (a"._,.s)
0 1• 1•0
..
For a 3 =O, the model (TTYÇL=)) coincides with the elastic part ofBBM for constant coefficients:
Âe = lliÂln(-p ') + a2Âm(S + 0.1) = (-~iO-)Â ln(-p ') + r-K,o )Â m(S +0.10.1 )
l+e 0.1 l+e ~-l+e
For a 3 different from zero the equation ( ITYCL=l) can be expanded in the following way.
~e =Cli~ln(-p ') +a2filn(s +O. l) +a3Ã[ln(-p ')ln(s +O.l)] =

1-t-e 0.1 0.1
=[a,+ a, 1n('~~- ) ]õln(-p')+[a,+ a, In(-p')]õln('~~ )=

1 1
= ª1[1 +ª3lli m(s +O. l)]~ln(-p')-t ª2 [i+~ln(-p ')]filn(s +0.1)

0.1 ª2 0.1
Depending on the values of the parameters, negative compressibility can be obtained. This can be limited with
the K,,,;. indicated above.
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIb.6
For a3 and a4 different from zero the equarion (ITYCL=5) can be transformed in the following way.
Lle = a1L1ln (p ') + a2L11n ( s +O. lJ + a3 ln(p'/ Pref )L1[1n( s + O.lJ] + a4sL1[ ln (p ') J=
1+e 0.1 0.1
=[ª1 + a4s] <'.1 ln(p ') + [ ª2 + a3 ln (p ')] <'.1ln(s +0.1)

0.1
= a1 [i +~s]~ln(p')+ a [1 +~ln(p'/
ª1
2
ª2
PreJ )J~ln(s +O.l)
0.1
K .o K o
a
1 - - - '- a2 =--s-
.. _ 1+e . 1+e
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIb.7
VISCOELASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS
CODES in ICL=2 ITYCL=l
ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION--
-
Parameters for linear viscous deformation model. The deformation mechanism -
fl~d assisted diffüsional trag~fer (fADT) was applied to deyelop an equation
for creep of salt umier wet _conditions.
EQUATIONS . Strain rate for a linear viscoelasticity is computed as: .- -
- d f,FADT
1 -- ' - ·
d ( (j , - p'I) + V p, I
dt 2 TJFADT 3 TJFADT '
where cr' is the effective stress tensor (cr' = cr + P1; where P1 = max(Pg, Pi)), p'
is the mean effective stress (p' = p + P1), Tis the identity tensor.
Volumetric and deviatoric viscosities are defined as:
1 16B(T)..jS; V
- v - - d3 gFADT(e)
11FADT O --
1 16B(T).[S; d
2nd = d3 gFADT(e)
'IFADT O
where gp1w/(e) and gp,w/(e) are intemal nonlinear functions of void ratio (e) ,
and S1 is degree of saturation.
ÂB
B(T)=-exp (-
-QB)
-
RT RT
d g2
gFADT(e) = (1 +e)
1 2e
g = (1- /)2 f = ~ 3(1- e 312 )(1 +e)
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIb. 8
PARAMETERS
Pl m
P2 Aa
P3 Jmor 1
P4 Void
PS Void
If the pre-exponential parameter is set to zero (Aa = O.O) the viscous counterpart of the model does not work. ln
this way the parameter acts as option because the value of these pre-exponential parameter is checked to decide
if this mechanism is considered.
This viscoelastic model (corresponding to FADT mechanism of deforrnation) requires that the liquid pressures
are _computed _or, alt~rJ1atiy_ely, .LY-ªlti_e__Qf fLÇQN_S~gG:ather.Jh_<!L-l0- 12 _M:eª~-Otf!~l}\'ise liquid j i; considered _
inexistent and the mechanism F ADT remains inactive. .
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTFVE LAWS Vfo.9
VISCOPLASTICITY FORSALTNE M4TERTALS _
CODES in ICL=3 ITYCL=l

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION The· deformation mechanism referred as dislocation creep (DC) has been
applied to develop an· equation ·for creep of porous salt- aggregates. This
mechanims leads to nonlinear dependences on stresses. · ...
EQUATIÔNS -_ Strain rate for~ nonl.ineai viscoelasticity° i~ cômputed as:
--· : ' deDC _~-~} · -- - àG -
. .... = T<P(F)-.-
- -· dt - llnc ···- _o(J'_
.
a
. wliere G is flow rule, F is a stress- fiiriction and <P is a scalar function.
These fu.nctions are defined as~ -d· ' _;
2
-p
F =G= \ q
2
+( ap ] <D(F) = pn
1 V
-v- = A(T)gnc(e)
Ylnc
1 d
- d- = A(T)gnc(e)
Ylnc
where n is the power that comes from the rock power law and gD/(e) and
gDcv (e) are internal nonlinear functions of void ratio (e) defmed as follows:
g;c(e) = 3(g-1Y f
2
d ( )-(
gDC e - l+g+g Jn-l(2g+l)J 1
- - - +--
3 3 Ji
where f and g are functions of the void ratio (see expression in the
constitutive law Viscoelasticity for saline materials).
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIV .t LA WS
VIb.1 0
The temperature dependence is considered as:
A(D = AA exp(-QA)
· RT
PARAMETERS
Pl À4
P2 o Jm·
P3 n
P4 Void
PS Void
- - If the pre-exponential parameter is set fo zero the viscous counterpart of the-model does not work. In this way the -
parameter acts as option because the value of this pre-exponential parameter is checked to decide if this part of
the model is operating.
VIb.11
nscOPLASTJCITY FOR GRANULAR MATERL4LS
CODES in ICL=33 ITYCL=l,2 ar 3, or 5, ar 9

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Viscoplasticity (g_eneral model for soils),
EQUATIONS -__ Viscoplastic constitutive model.

- de · ( ·- ) aG
-=r <D(F) -
_dt . acr
where the yield function and the flow rule are defined as:
· ITYCL=1:
G=F = q 2 -:-8(p'r + 8(p'r+I / Po
ITYCL=2:
ITYCL=3 (Cam-Clay):
G = F = qi -82(pºp'-p'1)
ITYCL=4, 5 (Mohr-Coulomb):
.G = F =q - op '- cf3
0 =M = 6sin<!>' l3 = 6coscj>'
3-sin<I>' 3-sincj>'
and the stress function adopted is:

<P(F) = F"'
For this model, equations are written assuming p>O compression, but the
program uses the standard sign criteria for continuum mechanics)
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS
Vlb.12
The viscosity can be written as a function oftemperature as:
r =r 0 exp( ~;)
The hardening laws are expressed in general ~s:
dp 0
1
= Dd(E,,) + Po -1+e
- d E,,= (Dlf. 1-1 + p 11 0
1
--
+e) d E,,
À.-K X
where D ,.: O or (À.-K) ,.: Opermit to use each one of the two possibilities.
dõ = Ed(E'.,) = Efa~- dEY 1
where p 0 and õ are parameters in the yield suriàce. and flow rule.
Tnvariants used in the models are detined as:
P = cr ocJ = ..!.3 T1 = ..!.(cr

3 X
+ cr y + cr )
Z
q=
3
.J2'ºc' 1
= .J2 ( ·..
cr,-cry
)2 + (crjl-cr,.. )2 + (cr,-cr" )2 +6('t.ry+'tyz+'t"")
2 .2 2
TTYCL=9: For rock salt with dilatancy
F=°'iq-bp
G =cz,.q -ahp
©(F) =F'" for F2::0; <l>(F) =0 for F <0
b=~+CJi ( ff':i )
0.25 /
-a4\ff':i-ff':io )º.l5
a =as +a6 ( ff':i +{ff':i-W,,0)2)
~=qdEd
VIb.13
PARAMETERSFORITYCL=land2
Pl -- Stress ower - -
P2
P3 Jmor
P4 MPa - -·
P5 - MPa
P6
P7 Parameter in hardening law
P8 n Power in F ãiiâ G
P9 E Constant for hardenincrfaw
Plü ô · · TnitiaI value ofô ·

Pl Stress ower
P2 Viscosity
P3 Jmor Activation ener
P4 MP a
P5 MP a
P6
P7 Parameter in-hãrdening law
P8 Void
P9 E Constant for hardenino law
Plü Tnitial value of 8
Vlb.14
Pl m Stress oower
P2 s-1 Viscosity
l o
P3 o Jmor 1 Activation energy
P4 b - Cohesion: e'= (a+ bs) g ( <j> ); g ( <1>) =(! +Ili) 12
PS a MPa e' = (a + bs) g ( <j>);
Cohesion: g ( <1>) = (1+Ili)12
P6 n
Porosity function : J (<j>) = 1-( <j>/ 4> )n
00
P7 a Parameter to reduce dilatancy (ranges between O and 1)

P8 <lioo - --
Reference porosity
--- - -- -- .
P9 Void --~
- -~
PIO ô - Equivalent to M
P ARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=S

Pl m Stress power
P2 ro s· t Viscosity
P3 Q Jmor 1 Activation energy
P4 Void
PS e' MP a Cohesion
P6 Void
P7 a Parameter to reduce dilatancy (ranges between O and 1)
P8 Void
P9 Void
PlO ô - Equivalent to M
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS
VIb.15
Pl m Stress power
P2 I'o s-1 Viscosity
P3 o Jmor 1 Activ.ation energy
.
-
P4 ª6 1
P5 Wdo
P6 ª1 - ·--·- - - -
P7 ª2
P8 a3 - •r
P9 a4
PlO as
HISTORY V ARIABLES:
The Visco-plasticity model (ICL =33) requires four history variables:
Hist var 1 Po MP a Evolution of preconsolidation mean stress

Hist var 2 Ôo Evolution of 8 (parameter of the flow rule)
Hist var 3 EDP - Plastic deviatoric strain
Hist var 4 EVP Plastic volumetric strain
The first two variables can be assigned as initial conditions on surfaces/volumes if an initial
particular distribution on the geometry is required. The procedure is the sarne as followed by
initial stresses as was described in chapter IL PREPROCESS, PROBLEM DATA, section
II.2.3.5.
If no value is assigned for the first two variables in conditions, intemally, the program sets the
input pararneters P5 (for P 0 *) and PlO (for 50) of the ICL=33 (ITYCL=l,2 or 3), as initial
values.
The evolution of the four history variables can be visualized as an output in Post-process GI D
interface.
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTNE LA WS
VIb.16
VISCOPLASTICITY FOR UNSATURATED SOILS BASED ON BBM
CODES in ICL=34, 35 and 36 ITYCL=l

ROOT_gen.dat
DESCRlPTION Viscoplasticity (general model for unsaturated soils based on Desai and
Perzyna theory
Viscoplastic constitutive model
EQUATIONS
de
dt
=r(~(F)) ao
ocr' ~(F)~(~r
where the yield function is defined as:
F( JPJzn,J3n,s) = a.!20 -µ 2 F,,F,
with the following additional functions:
F,, =r[-.(Ji°:(s)+k2 s+ks-· (J1+k1s+k+)" +(J1 +k1s+kS-kJsJ1º(s)]
F, =(1-l3. sr
The viscoplastic potential is defined similarly as:
G ( Jp J2D' J3D• s) = aJ2D -bµ 2F;,F,
where b is a non-associativity parameter.
Hardening is described with the following function:
Jº. J~i~;=:
J1º(s) = 3pc ( 3~c
À ( s) = À (O) [ (1- r) exp ( -l3 s) + rJ

which is equivalent to the BBM model.
\llb.17
Suction and net stress are defined as:
s = max ((~ - Pi) ,O)
(j n = 0'11
total
=--~ax
(Pg' P.)
I
And the invariants are: -- · - -
f _'= k( a<+ cr•: + ~·-, r= p-~~(pg,p/J ~ JI T3~~~(12;~P1J

1
s =d''-.p '] --
-~ -, -
Hardening depends on viscoplastic volumetric strains according to:
dJ,º~ =-( t)
À. Ü - K
e ) J,º· de'::' ~ dp: = ( 7) e ) p;de'::'
À. Ü - K
~- dp•; = 1+( e) de;'
Pu X Ü
which is equivalent to BBM model as. shown.
Note that:
F(q, p, s) = a.!.q2 -µ 2 y3 2 [ - (p (s) + ks) 1-n(p + ksY + (p + ksf]

- 3 - . 0
.
(using k 1=3k, k2=3k, k3=0, k4=0, and.f,=l)
ln the same way the viscoplastic potential is descnoed as:
G(q, p,s) = akq2 -bµ y3 2 2

[ -(p0 (s) + ks)2-n(p + ks)" + (p + ks) 2
which incorporates a parameter to allow for non-associativity conditions.
Strength can be considered also a function of suction in the following way:

VIb.18
ICL=34
PI l/s Viscosity
P2 N Power of the stress function inte er value
P3 Fº MP a
P4
PS b
P6
P7
P8
-- P9 -
PIO
ICL=3S
Pl n Power ih.Fand:G Ílite 0 ervalue
P2 Parameter ín F and G
P3 ~. Typical value O (then }'.,= 1, and J3D is not
considered
P4 rn
PS µDRY For some cases µ =MDRY corresponding
a roximatel to Cam-Cla model.
P6
P7 CJ1° )F MP a Positive value, initiaI size of F (note that this is
the 1s invariant
P8 (J, º)a MPa Positive value, initial size of G (note that this is
the lst invariant
P9 a Parameter in F and G
PlO µSAT For some cases µ =MSAr corresponding
a roximatel to Cam-Cla model.
VIb.19
ICL=36
Pl 1( Viscoplastic compression parameter
P2 Viscoplastic compression parameter
P3 "'º
r Parameter in LC curve
P4 Parameter in LC curve
P5 MP a Parameter in LC curve
P6 k,
P7 k1
P8 k3
P9 ' k4
PlO
This model has the following case that can be used:
Cam-Clay model Cap models

a - 3 3
n l 3,5,7,9
y -1 /9 +1 /9
k1 o o
kz . -3k ?
. k3 3k ?
k4 3p,o ?
µ. M M
Parameters k, Pso (see BBM). M: slope of critical state line

VIb.20
CODESin ICL=34,35 and 36 (continued)

ROOT___gen.dat
DESCRIPTION Viscoplasticity (general rnodel for unsaturated soils based on Desai and
Perzyna theory.
ICL=36, ITYCL=2
EQUATTONS
The LC curve is defined in the following way:
3 /.../ (s) + Jº*
J°1 ( S) = p y .
1 (/.....; - K) = 3J + ( "A(O) - K J( J°* - 3J )
1
/.....'+"Ad(s)-K Y À(s)-K Y
-- and the form of the compressibility is: ·· · - -- -

À ( s) = À (O) [ (1- r) exp (-~ s) + rJ
d.!º*=
1 Jdc,vp
3( /.....(0)-kio
1 V
ICL=36, ITYCL=3
The LC curve is defined in the following way:
º
11 (s) =
3p/··d (s)+li°" (t../ -K)
. d( )
1 =3p ,,+
(
.
1
Ã.;
d()
-K J( 11o• --'P.., v)
À. +À S -K . À. +À S - K .
and the form of the compressibility is:
"A(s)="A;+Àa(s) Àd(s)=Àd-asln(s+O.lJ
0.1
dJi°* =3( À;
~ kio Jdc,:P
For more details see Oldecop & Alonso, 200 l .
VIb.21
ICL=36 ITYCL=2
Pl void -
P2 /..(0)-K = y(Q) - 'Viscoplastic compression parameter
P3 r -- -- --- Parameter in LC curve -
P4 B - -- -- --" Parameter in LC curve - -
P5 Jv MP a - -Parameter in LC curve ·- -
P6 kr - - .- - -- ·-
P7 kz -
P8 k3 -
P9 k.i -
PlO
ªª -
r•
ICL=36 ITYCL=3
Pl v~oid - -· r
P2 À.i-K - Viscoplastic compression parameter

P3 À.d - Viscoplastic compression parameter
P4 as - Parameter /..(s) curve
P5 Vv MP a Parameter in LC curve
P6 k1 -
P7 k1 -
P8 k3 -
P9 k4 -
VIb.22
HISTORY V ARIABLES:
The Visco-plasticity model for unsaturated soils (ICL =34, 35, 36) requires four history
variables:
Hist var 1 J1º* F . MPa Evolution of size of F note that this is the ls invariant
Hist var 2 (J1º*)G MPa Evolution of size of G (note that this is the 1st invariant)
Hist var 3 EDP Plastic deviatoric strain
Hist var 4 EVP Plastic volumetric strain
The first two-variables can be assigned as initial conditions on surfaces/volumes if an initial

initial stresses as was described in chapter II. PREPROCESS, PROBLEM DATA, section
II.2.3.5.
If no value is assigned for the first twQ variables in conditions, iJ:itemally, the programsets the
input parameters P7 (for (Ji°*)F) ·anel P8 (for (J1°·)G) of the ICL=35 (ITYCL=l), as initial
values.
The evolution of the four history variables can be visualized as an output in Post-process G I D
interface.
vlb.23
APPENDIX ' ·
The use of the BBM model can be _achieved by _combination of the non-linear elasticity and
the viscoplasticity for unsaturated soils. -· ·
The elastic part can be fuiear or nonlinear and may .deperid on suction and temperatúre. The
viscoplastic part can also be a function of suction. . . . .. . .
The following parameters are reqliired and exámple values ~e given:
NONLINEAR ELASTICITY
ITYCL=l
= - K!(l +e), w~ere K is the slope .ofthe unload/reload -0.05
Pl
ª' - curv·e in the (e~ lnp') dia!Il"am.
= - KJ( 1+e), where Ks is the slope of the unload/reload -0.05
P2 ªi - curve in the (e - ln((s+0.1)/0.l)) diarrram.
P3 a3 - Coupling term · +0.01
P4 G .MPa Shear modulus (P4>0 requires P5=0) 10
PS V - Poisson's ratio (P5>0 requires P4=0) -
P6 tens MP a Tension term to avoid tractions (p '-tens::;; O) 0.1 .MPa
P7 Kmin MP a Minumum bulk modulus 1 MPa
The parameter P7 limits the stiffness coefficient, so it cannot go beyond a certain value. A
value in the range of 1 MPa to 20 MPa is nortnally required. The parameter P6 limits the
possibility of tensions. The model may use Poisson (PS) or shear stiffness (P4) altematively.
The use of one ofthem implies the other is variable as they are related.
VIb.24
The so-called state surface is an old model for unsaturated soils is based on reversibility. The
volumetric strain is calculated in a reversible way according to:
l~ee ~ a,dln(p')+a;dln( 5~-~· 1 }a,d[!n(p')ln( s~-~- 1 )]

where p' is mean effective stress (mean stress plus maximum of liquid and gas pressure) and s
is suction (gas pressure minus liquid pressure). Shear strain is linearly elastic with modulus O
or, altematively, a constant value of the Poisson's ratio can be used.
For a3 _
= O, the model coincides ~xactly~with _the elastiç part of B_BM for _constant co5!ffiç_ie_nts: _
ôe = ªi~ln(p')+ a ôln(s +0.1) = ( -K;o )ôln(p')+(-K, )ô ln(s +0.1)
2
0
l+e 0.1 l+e l+e 0.1

For a3 different from zero the equation can be expanded in the following way.
ôe = a,õln(p ') + a2ô ln(s +0.1)+ a3ô[ln (p ')ln(s + 0.1 )] =

l+e 0.1 0.1
+•+a, 1n( s~-~ l)]d!n(p')+[ a, +a, !n(p')]~1n( s~-~ 1) ~

= a1 [l+~ln(s +O.l)]ôln(p')+ a2 [1 + ª 3 ln(p ')]ôln(s + · 1)
0
ª1 0.1 ª2 0.1
Depending on the values of the parameters, negative compressibility can be obtained. This
can be limited with the Kmin indicated above.
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS
VIb.25
ITYCL=S
= - K!(l+e), where K is the slope ofthe unload/reload -0.05
Pl - a1 --- - -
curve·in the (e - Inp') diagramm. --- - -- -· - ----
- - - -
. - ----~- - --- -- . - = - K,/(1 +e), ·wnete K, is the slope· Qf the unload/reload - -0.05 -
P2 a2 - cúrve in the (e - ln( C-s+O. l )/O~l )} diagramm.
... .. - -· ·
- ·-
P3 a3
.. - -;;; - - - Coupling·term - - - -- - +0.01 ---
P4 G ·- MP a . Shear modulus (P4>0 requires P5=0) - 10
.
P5 - V - -- --· Poisson'Úatio (P5>0 reouires P4=0) ·-
.
-
P6 tens- MP a Tension·term to avoid tractions (p '- tens :::; O) 0. 1 MPa
.
P7 Kmbi · MPa Minumum bulk modulus 1 MPa
pg MPa- r Coupling term- - -
0.01
a4
P9 vref MP a Reference oressure --·- - - 1.0
Which correspond to (ITYCL=5):
lt.;e =a,âln (p') + a,~1:'( s ~-~ 1J+ a, ln(p'I P".' )-'[1:'( s ~-~!)] + a,sâ[ln (p') J=
= ª1 [i +~s]~ln(p ')+ ~2 [~+~-In-(p'l-p,ef )J~~(s_+
ª 1 .. ª 2 -
0.1)'
0.1
With the follow~ing equivalence_with B_BM original parameters:
-
___ 1(
;o_ ___
1( so_
a1 - - a2 -
l+e l+e
VIb.26
VISCOPLASTICITY
GENERAL P ARAMETERS 1 (1CL=34)
ITYCL=l
PI ro 1/s Viscosity 1
P2 N Power of the stress function (integer value) 5
P3 Fº MP a F 0 =l MPa 1.0
P4 ó r=r o exp(ÓS) -
P5 b Non associativitv parameter. 0.3
P6 - -
P7 - -
P8 - - - - - - -- - - - - . -
P9 - -
PIO - -
GENERAL P ARAMETERS 2 (ICL=35)

TTYCL=l
Pl n - Power in F and G (integer value) 1
P2 y - Parameter in F and G -119 = -0.1111111
P3 8. - O (then F,= 1, and Jw is not considered) -
P4 rn - Typical value -0.5, only required ifl3,;z:O -
P5 µDRY - µ =]l,{DRY 1.2
P6 - - -
P7 <Jiº*)F MP a Positive value, initial size of F 1.2 (=3*0.4)
P8 (Jiº*)G MPa Positive value, initial size of G 1.2 (=3*0.4)
P9 a - Parameter in F and G 3
PlO µS,'\T - µ=MsAT 1.2
P7 and P8 describe the size of F and G. This parameter is 3 times the preconsolidation mean
stress for saturated conditions. Pl Ois the slope of the critica! state line. This parameter can be
-----~~-J
CODE_BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS

Vlb.27
related to the friction angle of the material M = 6 sin ~'

3-sinf
GENERAL PARAMETERS 3 (ICL=36)

ITYCL=l
P1 void - -
P2 À(0)-K - Viscc;iplastic compression parameter 0.117
P3 r - Parameter in LC curve 0.5
P4 6 - Parameter in LC curve 1
PS PC MPa Parameter in LC curve 0.1 -
P6 . .
k1 - - - - - -
P7 kz - -0.03 = -3*0.01
P8 k3 - +0.03 = + 3*0.01
P9 k4 - 0.12 = 3*0.04
PlO - -
The viscoplastic part is independent on the elastic part. What produces irrevérsible
deformations is the plastic or · viscoplastic part _of the model. P2 is thí; viscoplastic
compression parameter. P3, P4 and PS describe the LC curve.
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vlc.l

-
This chapter contains the different models available and the corresponding parameters
--required by-each model~ -The -following constitutive lawsare-available: - - -
HYDRAULIC AND THERMAL l\tIECHANICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS
INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY NONLINEAR ELASTICITY (b)~--
LIQíJID PHASE RELATIVE - VISÇOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS (b)
PERMEABILITY VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR MA TERIALS (b)
GAS PHASE RELATIVE VISCOPLASTICÍTY FOR UNSATURATED SOILS BASED ON
PERMEABILITY BBM(b)
DIFFUSIVE FLUXES OF MASS DAiv1AGE-ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR ARGILLACEOUS
DISPERSIVE FLUXES OF MASS A.ND ROCKS (e)
ENERGY THERl\10ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS (d)

EXCAVATION PROCESS (e)
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vlc.2
DAMAGE-ELASTOPLASTTC MODEL FOR ARGTLLACEOUS RÕCKS
CODES ' ICL=70 to 79 ITYCL=see below
, DESCRIPTION ' D:nnage-elastoplastic moder for argillaceous rock This model considers the
argillaceous rock as a composite material made of a clay matrix interlocked
by bond. Clay matrix behaviour" is modeled through an elastoplastic
constitutive law, typical of soils. Bonds are modeled through a damage
elastic law (Carol et ai., 2001), typical of quasi-brittle materials. A coupling
parameter gives' the relative importance of clay and bond response for the
composite material. This law applies to material having a response
transitional between that of a soil and a rock.
For this model, equations are written assuming Soils Mechanics convention
EQUATIONS
(p > O, ev > O, compression). p is the mean effective stress, J the square root
e
of the second invariant of deviatoric stress tensor, the Lode' angle (-30º in
triax.ial compression, +30° in triaxial extension) (see ICL 21 to 27 for their
definition).
aay matrix behaviour
Elastic law:
do-:= D~ ( de~
1
-ókl :~ -de~)
a;' are the stresses prevailing at clay particles contact, ni~ is the
mechanical elastic stiffness matrix of the clay, de~ are the strains
corresponding to the clay matrix deformation (equal to the externai strains),
K~u is the bulk modulus against suction changes (if any), de~ are the plastic
strains of the clay matrix.
2 elastic laws are considered:
Orthotropic linear elasticity (ITYCL = lar 2):

n:i is defined by clay matrix Young's moduli EM,, and E\ and Poisson's
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VIc.3
ratio v ldh• GM,,., if'lln• and if'lvh· K1;' is taken constant. Subscript h indicate
value in the direccion orthogonal to the orthotropy axis, subscript v
along the orthotropy axis (and not necessarily along the horizontal
plane and the vertical axis). The direction of orthotropy axis is indicated
for each element in the file <root>_gri.dat by the two angles shown in the
· attached figÚÍ:e. .. -
.z z'
z"
y' y" -
x"
Cross. .
a111so
trop y
- Plane
Value ofEMh is computed as:
Camclay type orthotropic eiasticity (ITYCL = 3):
D1f': is defined by clay matrix bulk modulus K"'hand K"'vand clay matrix
Poisson's ratio if'l,., 1'1v, if'lhv and VMvh· Bulk modulus against stress changes
is linearly dependent of the mean stress following the relationship:
KM= (l+e)o-:
li KM
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS ó Vlc.4
Bulk modulus against suction changes is linearly dependent of the mean

' stress fqHo~g the relationship:
;
e is the void ratio, x:M and KM the slopes of the unloading/reloading and
·'
drying/wetting lines in the planes e-lnpM and e-ln(s + p.11,J, respectively.p 01111
is the atmospheric pressure andis taken equal to 0.1 MPa.
Yield function: 3 yield criteria are considered

i i i.1. 'J
Mohr-Coulomb .(JTYCL= 1):
FP =( coseM + ~ sin8M sin qJ'M )1M -sin qJ'(pM + p,M) ~o

p,u = e ,M cot qJ ,u_ is clay matrix tensile strength, e .M clay matrL'< cohesion,
l)'M clay matrix friction angle.
Cohesion depends on suction fo11owing the law:

c'M (s)=c'M (ü)+stan?Jt
Hoek & Brown (1980) (JTYCL=2):

2
4sin (eM -!!...)
6 2 mM sin8M
FP =---'---"-]Mi 1 u -mM (pu + p;') ~ 0
R;1 F
p;>J =R:' / mM is. c.lay matrix tensile s~ength, RcM clay matrix uniaxial
compressive strength, mM a parameter defining the shape of the parabolic
yield criterion.
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAW S VIc.5
R~l>f depends on suction following the law:
R;.,. (s) =R: (o)[ (1-rM)exp(-PM s)+ ,.u]
BBM model (ITYCL=3):
2
pP = JM2 - MM (PM + p:')(pM - p~... );::: o
3
where p~ is the clay matrix tensile strength, p: the clay matrix isotrop ic
yield locus and M the slope of the critica] state line in the pM - vqM diagram.
The following dependencies on suction are considered:
p;'J = kM S
)." (0)-KU
_p~-= pz:_( P~; )'-~~)-K'v _with-l~(s )-=-À.M (O)t{-1-rM-)+ re-,8'", J

Pc
Mohr Coulomb and Hoek & Brown yield criteria present comers in the
deviatoric plane. They are smoothed using Sloan & Booker (1986)
procedure. Lode's angle 81 at which smoothing starts must be defined (see
ICL = 74). .
Rate dependency: Rate dependency is introduced as a visco-plastic

mechanism. Plastic multiplier }!' is expressed as a function of the distance
between the current clay matrix stress point and the inviscid plastic locus:
dV =:~ (P)
where dt is the time increment, 17M is the c1ay matrix viscosity and () are the
Macauley brackets. Inviscid plastic locus takes the form:
M
FP =FP _!}_dlp::;; o
dt
where P can be either the Mohr Coulomb or Hoek & Brown yield criterion.
Plastic potential: A non associated plastic potential in the p-q diagram is

defined for each yield criterion. ln the deviatoric plane, plastic potential is
considered associated.
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vlc.6
Mohr-Coulornb (ITYCL=J) :
G; =( cos eM + ~ sin eM sin rp-·M) jM .:.. {J)M sin rp '(pM + p;14 )
p 1M, e M and r/J'M are parameters de:fining the yield criterion. al'1 is a
parameter defining the non associativity of the flow. It takes a value equal to
1 "".he~ associated and equal to O for null dilatancy.
Hoek & Brown (JTYCL=2):

4.
Slil
2(eM - K) --- 2
-- mM sin8M
GP= 6 1 M2 ___ ~~- JM -mM tPM +p~)
R;',( F
p/1, R/" and mM are parameters defining the yield criterion. (J)M is a
parameter defining the non associativity of the flow. It takes a value equal to
1 when associated and equal to O for null dilatancy.
Barcel()na Basic Model (ITYC[.=3):

MM1
GP = 1-~12 - _f11M _- 3- ( PM + p;-1 ) (pM - p~)
p,M, PoM and _MM are parameters defining the yield criterion. ar
is a
parameter defming the non associativity of the flow. It takes a value equal to
1 when associated and equal to O for null dilatancy. To respect the condition
of null lateral strain during K 0 -loading, (J)M must be set to:
1JJM = 1\t/M (MM -9)(MM -3) l
9(6-MM) 1-tcM/ ,1.M(O)
Hardening law:
Mohr-Coulomb (JTYCL= 1):

A softening law is introduced through the following dependency ofthe
tensile strength on the plastic strain:
p~ =ciM cotant;il'M
with
1'f &pM < ;:Meq ':ire O
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIc.7
if ;:M S êpM S p'vl
':>rcO eq ':ire
e oM =aMC1M
p.-Jk
'f
l
;:M
':ire
< &pM
eq
and
rp'M=rp'~
1'f ':>1·910
;:M
-
< &pM < ;:M
eq - ':>rr(J
···-·- -· ------ - - - - --ci'1= - c'-,05M_--/ c\íeák~L. is - a- brittleness- parameter · for the cohesive
COmponent, jJ\1 = ~ 'resM / ~ 'peakM is a brittleneSS parameter for the frictional
component, Ee/M is the equivalent plastic strain, Ç-eo M the accumulared
equivalent plastic strain at which the cohesion starts to degrade, .;,cM the
accumulated equivalent plastic strain .a t which the residual cohesion c,.es ,M is
reached, Ç,r/{JM the accumu!ated equivalent plastic strain at which the friction
angle starts to degràde, Ç.,pM the accumulated equivalent plastic strain at
which the residual friction angle r/>'res ,M is reached. dvt = jJvr = 1 means
perfect plasticity, c/'1 = /Jw = O, total strength degradation (residual cohesion
and friction angle equal to O).
Hoek & Brown (ITYCL=2):

A softening law is introduced through the following dependency of the
tensile strength on the plastic strain:
2
PM = R;~ [l-(l-aM) max(c('i; ,.;;i;)]
1 mM .;;M
RcoM is the intact strength, ct1 a brittleness parameter, é'M, is the major
principal plastic strain, .;,M the accumulated major principal plastic strain at
which the residual strength <1'12RcoM is reached. dl1 is related to the intact
and residual uni axial compressive strength RcoM and RcresM by the formula:
M Rcr.,
M. J2 2 M R,,,..,
M
a = - - ' +-m - -
(
R::i ,3· R;~ _
d"'= 1 means perfect plasticity, d"'= O, total degradation (residual strength
equal to O). d"'> l means hardening plasticity while d"' <l means softening
pl~ticity.
Barcelona Basic Model (ITYCL=3):

The hardening/softening law is introduced through the following
dependency ofthe saturated isotropic yield locus on the plastic strain:
•I(
dp0 ' = (l+e) d&pM ;,
ªM À.M -KM '
,Py '
Bond behaviour
Elastic law:
do-; = D;! dt:! -d&ti)
1(
n;t is the secant damaged elastic matrix. It is related to the secant

undamaged elastic tensor ebO
D ijki
by Deb
ijkl =e-lnebO
- ijkl • L is
. th e d amage
variable, related to- the ratio of bond mickocraks area over the whole bond
area. n;;º is defined by the undamaged bond Young's modulus E
1 6 and
bond Poisson'. s ratio vb through the classical linear orthotropic elasticity.
Damage locus: Damage locus is defined as an energy threshold

Fd =i0'%.,Z-rh(s)
1 is the value of energy threshold that depends on suction following:
rb (s) =rb + r;,s
rt, is a parameter which controls the change of bond damage locus with
suction.
Rate de endenc Rate d endenc is introduced as a dela ed

microcracking and use the visco-damage f01malism. Damage variable is
expressed as a function of the distance between the current bond stress point
and the infinitely slow damage locus:
dL = ~! {Fd)
where dt is the time increment, 'Tlb is the bond viscosity and O are the
Macauley brackets. Infinitly low damage locus takes the form:
b
Fd =Fd -LdL~O
dt
Damage rule: Damage rule gives the evolution of damage strain d e~ with
damage variable L. This relation is constrained by bond elastic moduli
evolution and must take the form:
de~ =s!dL
Damage evolution law: It gives the evolution of damage locus rh with

damage variable L. Three different expressions may be considered:
.
a) 1mear: r
b
=
r0b + 7í.bL
· b b 'lb L
a) exponential: r = r0 exp
a) logarithm: rb = r; + ljb ln L
r 0 is the damage of the intact material and r1 a parameter giving the rate of
evolution (higher value of r1 gives lower damage rate). r1 is taken function
of suction following:
r,b =r,~ +r,~s
r,~ is a parameter which controls the damage evolution rate for the saturated
bond material and r,~ is a parameter which controls the change of damage
evolution rate with suction.
Coupling hehaviour: Coupling comes from the restrictions that local

strain &;1 and &i must be compatible with the externai strain &ij and local
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS v1c.1 o
stresses O"~ and O": must be in equilibrium wÍ.th externa!" stresses O"ij . 'rhis
restrictions read:
with x=xoe -L/2

L is the d.amage vârfable and Xo a coupling parameter that gives the relative
- ~portance· of bo1'.Id-andclay matrix behaviour in the overa:ll response of the
composite material. O~ Xo ~ oo .
Since this model requires a substantial number ofpar:ameters, ~~veral ICL's are ~cluded:
ICL=70 contains elastic parameters for the bonding

TCL=71 contaíns elastic parameters for the soil mafrix
ICL=72 contains parameters for the coupling between bonding and soil matrix
ICL_=73 cont~s pa:rameters ~o.r the shape ofthe yield function in the p-q plane (soil matrix)
ICL=74 contains parameters for the shape ofthe yie1d function in the deviatoric plane (soil matrix)
ICL=75 contains parameters for ili.e shape of the p1astic potentia1 in the p-q plane (soil matrix)
ICL=76 contains parameters for the shape ofthe plastic potential in the deviatoric plane (soil matrix)
TCL=77 contains parameters forthe hardening law (soil matrix)
ICL=78 contains parameters for the viscoplastic model (bonding and soil matrLx)
ICL=79 contains parameters to control the integration of the constitutive law
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=70 (Damage orthotropic elastic model for tbe bond material).
ITYCL=l: Linear damage evolution law. ITYCL=2: exponential damage evolution law. ITYCL=3: logarithm
damage evolution law.
Young's modulus for the bond material in the
plane orthogonal to the direction of orthotropy
Pl E',, l\1Pa
If P6 =O or 1 (no anisotropy), isotropic Young's
modulus
Poisson 's ratio for the bond material in the plane
orthogonal to the direction of orthotropy
P2 J'h -
If P6 =O or 1 (no anisotropy), isotropic
Poi~son' s ratio
Damage evolution rate for the saturated bond
P3 ,PIO l\1Pa
material
P4 rb Os l\1Pa Change ofbond damage locus with suction
b Change ofbond damage evolution rate with
P5 r J,, l\1Pa
suction
Ratio of anisotropy (ratio betWeen the value of
Y oung' s modulus for bond material in the
direction perpendicular a:nd parallel to the
P6 E',,/ E',.= J'ln•/ J vh - orthotropy axis)
If P6 = O, a default value equal to 1 (no

anisotroov) is assigned to this parameters
Cross Poisson's ratio ofthe bond material ( J'1rv =
P7 J'., - d/1i/d/v)
Shear modulus of the bond material along the
P8 Gv MP a
axis of orthotroov (ratio d&1i / d&v)
Bulk modulus against suction changes for the
P9 K", MP a
bond material (considered isotropic)
PlO - - Void
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=71, ITYCL = 1 or 2 (Linear orthotropic elastic model for the soil•matrix)
Young's modulus in the plane orthogonal to the

direction of orthotropy
Pl MP a
If P6 =O or 1 (no anisotropy), isotropic Young's
modulus . -- -- --
Poisson's ratio in the plane orthogonal to the
P2 1/ lh
- If P6 =O or 1 (no anisotropy), isotropic -·-
Poisson' s ratio
x:w, · Bulk modulus against suction ·changes
P3 -· MP a fconsidered isotropic) - · - -
P4 --
- Vcid - - -----
P5 - Void
Ratio of anisotropy (ratio between the value of
Y oung' s modulus in the direction perpendicular
P6 _ and par~ue: _t~ th~ ~~otrop~ ~s)
Tf P6 =O, a default value equal to 1 (no

anisotropy) is assigned to this parameters
P7
P8 MPa Cross shear modulus C<i1vh = drvh I dr.,11) -
Coefficient giving the change ofthe Young's
P9 modulus with the stress in the plane orthogonal
to the direction of orthotropy -
Value ofYoung modulus in the plane orthogonal
PIO E!l2h MP a to the dire_ction of orthotropy at null mean (net or
effective) stress.
Elastic therrnal deforrnation will be taken into account in the model in a coupled way ifthe elasticity law ICL=5
ITYCL= 1 is used. Parameter P3 corresponds to the therrnal expansion coefficient.
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vlc.13
P ARAMETERS FOR ICL=71 (Elastic model for the soil matríx), ITYCL = 3 (Orthotropic Camclay type elasúc
model for tbe soil matrix)
Slope ofthe unloading-re!oading line in the e -
1/'4 ln( crh) model
Pl
-- - - - If P6 =O or l (no anisotropy), Slope ofthe
unloading-reloading line in the e -ln(p) model
- - Poisson' s ratio in the plane orthogonal to the
P2 J'1,, - If P6 =O or l (no anisotropy), isotropic
Poisson 's ratio
Slope ofthe wetting-redrying line in the e -
P3 KA!, ~IP a
ln( s + Pann) model ( considered isotropic)
P4 - - Void
PS - - Void
Ratio of anisotropy (ratio between the value of
bulk modulus in the direction perpendicular and
P6 K"',, / K"', = ,j'hv I V14vh - parallel to the orthotropy axis)
If P6 = O, a default value equal to 1 (no
anisotropy) is assi!med to this parameters
P7 v141iv - Cross Poisson's ratio (i/1hv = dt!'hl dt!'v)
P8 Gvh MP a Cross shear modulus GMvh = dt;,h / dr,,11
P9 - - Void
PIO - - Void
PARAMETERS FOR TCL=72, TTYCL=l (Coupling behaviour).

Pl 0 Coupling parameter between bond and matrix
P2 B Biot coefficient
P3 void
P4 void
Flag to indicate stress concept in unsaturated
conditions:
PS iunsat
O- Biot stress pb = p -B pt
1 - Biot/Bisho stress b = - 1 - Sr + B Sr l
PA.RAl\1ETERS FOR ICL=73, ITYCL=l · (Mohr Coulomb eriterioir for the soil matrix - shape in pM-qM
diagram).
Pl </J 'M o
Friction angle
P2 c 'M MP a Cohesion
, Coefficient setting the change in cohesion with
P3 tan r/JbM
-
suction following: e ,M = s tan(</}M) -
.. ,
Coef:ficient setting the change in friction angle
P4 /3 M MPa· 1
with suction
PS void -
PARAMETERS FOR TCL=73 , TTYCL=2 (Hoek & Brown criterion for the soil matrix ...:. shape in pM-~
diagram).
Ratio of uniaxial compressive strength divided
Pl mM ·--·-
- -
by tensile stren!rth
Uniaxial compressive strength at the reference
P2 R cM MP a
temoerature (P8 field)
Coef:ficient setting-the change in cohesion with
Pr - - ·rM
- ,.
suction
' . Coef:ficient setting the change in cohesion with
P4 /3M -MP-1
a
suction
PS - - void
P6 -- - - --· - ,_. ... void
Coef:ficient setting the decrease of uniaxiale -
P7 k/I compressive stremrtb. with temperature
P8 To Reference temperature
P9 - - void
PlO - - void
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS Vlc.15
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=73, ITYCL=3 (Basic Barcelona model criterion for the soil matrix - shape in pM-</1
diagram).
Pl MM Slo e ofthe criticai state tine
P2 void
- ,.M Coefficient setting the change in cohesion with _
P3
suction
Coefficient setting the change in cohesion with
P4 j3M
suction
M
P5 e MP a Reference pressure
kM Coefficient setting the increase of tensile
P6 s stren th with suction
P7 void
P8 void
P9 void
PlO void
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=74, ITYCL=l,2,3 ~1ohr Coulomb, Hoek & Brown or Basic Barcelona model
criteria for the soil matrix - shape in deviatoric plane).
Lode angle value at which comer smoothing
Pl f)IM function is tangent to Mohr Coulomb envelope
ical value - not default - 25º
P2 void void
P3 void void
P4 void void
P5 void void
PARAMETERS FOR TCL=75, TTYCL= l ,2,3 (Mohr Coulomb, Hoek & Brown or Basic Barcelona model plastic
potential for the soil matrix - shape in pM-t/1 diagram).
Coefficient ofnon associativity (O: no volumetric
Pl ol' plastic strain, 1: full volumetric plastic strain -
associative lastici
P2 void void
P3 void void
P4 void void
P5 void void
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS · ·. VIc.lfr
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=76, ITYCL=t,2·,3 (Mohr Coulomb, Hoek & Brown or Basic Barcelona model plastic
potential for the soil matrix - considered associated in the deviatoric plane). '
Pl vo1d
P2 . . void _
P3 . void
N. YOid
P5 :: -·'· void _
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=77,·ITYCL=t ·(Mohr Coulomb hardening _law for clay matrix)~
Pl
~---- - - ;}1 "•• , - --- . ·-- - - -
.- - Cohesion brittleness index: ªM = e
tM
rés
' .
e P""k
tM
-
Equivalent pfastic strain at which e 'M starts to
P2 l;rcfJM - - degrade
-· .- ..
.. . Equivalent ·plastic strain at which e ·,.,M is
P3 ç.cM •·
reached
- ..
1 ultf
/JM _ ffJ
P4 r ····-- -- __Friction angle brittleness index:
..
- q;•Mpeak
1'1!.'i' ___
- Equivalent plastic strain at which ~.u starts to

PS 1:: M
':ir(IJ _ - ... ,.
degrade - . . .. ..
.
P6 ;;,,r .. -- Equivalent plastic strain at which f ,./is

reached ·- -
P ARAMETERS FOR ICL=77, ITYCL=2 (Hoek & Brown hardelling law for the soil matrix).
Pl c!1 - Brittleness index: aM _

-, (
R,ns
M
R::i
J +~mM. Rcm
3
M
R;~
. Brittleness interval: xir is the major compressive
P2 Ç,M - plast1c strain value (lt:/Mi) at which R::.es is
- reached - - .
P3 - - void
P4 - - void · ..
PS - - void
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=77, ITYCL=3 (Basic Barcelona model does not need additional parameter for the
hardening law for clay matrix).
Slope ofthe virgin loading line in the e-ln(pM)
Pl ÀM(O) - - .
diagram
P2 void -
P3 void -
P4 void -
PS void -
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=77, ITYCL=4 (Camclay model plus Gallipoli et ai. (2003) proposal).
Slope of the virgin loading line in the e-ln(pM)
Pl ÀM(O) - diagram
Parameter for the expression of the state
P2 ... ~-
a ------ - . . - - -·· ~
oararileter eiess ----- · ~ - - --~ - -
Parameter for the expression of the state
P3 b - parameter e/ess
P4 R - Mean pare radius
PS - - void
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=77, ITYCL=5 (Camclay model plus Tamagnini proposal).
Slope ofthe virgin loading line in the e-ln(pM)
Pl À M(O) - diagram
-- Parameter for the dependency of the hardening
P2 b - law on the degree of saturation
P3 - - void
P4 - - void
PS - - void
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=78, ITYCL=l (Rate dependency parameters).
Pl ri MPa.s Bond viscosity
P2 nM MPa.s Matrix viscosity
P3 void -
P4 void -
PS void -
-,··
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAVlS VIc.18
PARA1vfETERS FOR ICL=79, ITYCL=l (Control parameter for the Stress Point Algorithm- Backward-Euler
scheme is used).
Tolerance over SPA residual (typical value - not
Pl tol - default- l.e-8)
Number of SPA Newton Raphson iterations at
P2
,.
itmlL'C 1
-· , ., which rocál subincrementation is performed
~
- ' ., '. (fypícar vafüe - not default- 30)

'~-
MaX.imuril nuinber ofl'ocal (SPA). -

P3 isubmax - -· subincremei:J.tatiohs by 'globãr iteration ''
,'
. (tvoical value - not default -500) ...

''
.. Flag to define the type of F .E. elementary
: tangent ma.trix to _use: ..
P4 i.Jac - - .. 1 - elastic matrix ,
-1 - elastoplastic tangent matrix (typical value-
-
-· . r not defaÚlt) --
1'
Jmportant:
l. Damage: only, elastpplastic~ty only or coupled damage~elastoplasticity can be defined depending onthe
combinations ofITYCL used. They are: . _,. , , · ·
1. ICL= 70 ICL = 71 ICL = 72 ICL =73
Damage only ITYCL= 1 ITYCL=O ITYCL=O · ITYCL=O
Plasticity only ITYCL=O ITYCL= 1 ITYCL=O ITYCL =J .for Mohr Coulomb
--ITYCL = 2 for Hoek & Brown
ITYCL = 3,4,5 Basic Barcelona
..
model and adaptations
Coupled damage- ITYCL = 1 ITYCL= 1 ITYCL= 1 ITYCL = 1 for Mohr Coulomb
elastoplasticity TTYCL = 2 for Hoek & Brown
TTYCL = 3 Basic Barcelona
model and adaptation
2. Inviscid damage or elastoplasticity can be defmed by setting if =O and r(í =O (or ITYCL =O for ICL
= 78)
3. ITYCL for ICL=74 to 77 are automatically set to the value ofITYCL for ICL=73.
HISTORY V ARIABLES
Argillite model requires in total 35 history variables. They are listed in the following table.
Variable 1 is the history variable of the elastoplastic model for the matrix. ln the most general case, value for
this variable need to be specified in the input file (see format in the Part III).
ln the case of Mohr Coulomb model (ITYCL(73)=1 ), variable 1 corresponds to the tensile strength of the
material p ,. If a null value is specified in the input file. for this variable, the program will compute the value ofthe
tensile strength for each element from the cohesion and the friction angle of the material assigned to the element.
The expression used to compute the default value is: p 1= e' cota111/J'.
ln the case of Hoek & Brown model (ITYCL(73)=2), variable l corresponds to the tensile strength of the
material p ,. If a null value is specifíed in the input file from this variable, the program will compute the value of
the tensile strength for each element from the uniaxial compressive strength Rc and the parameter m of the
material as§ignt<_q to _the~lem~nt. The expression _use<i_ tQ. comp-q!e the d~faµlt _y.?lue is: p 1 = Bc ( m.
ln the case of Cam clay model (TTYCL(73)=3), variable 1 corresponds to the preconsolidation pressure of the
material p 0 *. IF A NULL V ALUE IS SPECIFTED TN THE INPUT FTLE FOR THTS V ALUE, THE PROGRAM
WILL ABORT DUE TO A MA TH ERROR (this ellipse of Cam clay model degenerates into a point).
Variable 2 is the history variable of the damage model for the bond. ln the most general case, value for this
variable need to be specified in the input file (see format in the Part III). However, in many cases, this value can
be set to O. It means that damage will start for any stress changes.
Variable 3 is used internally to keep memory of the type of constitutive matrix (elastic, tangent elastoplastic,
tangent damage or tangent damage elastoplastic) used to build the global tangent stiffness. No input from the
user is associated to this variable.
Variable 4 is the plastic multiplier of the matrix. This variable measures the amount of plastic strain. It is usually
set to O at the beginning of the computation and updated within the argillite subroutine. This variable is used
only by the user for output visualization purposes (it provides the spatial distribution of plastic strain intensity
within the mesh at any output time).
Variable 5 is the damage multiplier of the bonds. This variable measures the amount of damage. It is usually set
to O at the beginning of the computation and updated within the argillite subroutine. This variable is used by the
user for output visualization purposes only (it provides the spatial distribution of damage intensity within the
mesh at any output time).
Variables 6 to 11 are the current stresses within the bonds. Variables 12 to 17 are the stresses within the matrix
at time of bond formation. ln the most general case, ali these variables have to be specified in the input file*.
However, from a practical point of view, most of the problems can be nm setting these values to O at the
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vk.20
beginning of the computation (in this case, the damage locus i~ centered on the initial stress state at the
beginning ofthe computation).
Variables 18 to 35 contain the total, plastic and damage strain tensor components. They are usually set.to O at
the beginning of the computation and updated within the argillite subroutine. These variables are used by the
user for output visua!ization purposes only (they provides the spatial distribution of the total, plastic and damage
strain within the mesh at any output time). · ·· -- - - , . · -;-
r' ' 1.
Hist var Svmbol Unit Description Tvoe

P1 ~atrix Ten.sile str.ength (MOh,r" Coulomb or Hoek & Brown Input
- 1
-
MP a models, ITCL(73)=1,2). . . . -·
Po* Isotropic yield point (Camclay model, .ITYCL(73)=3)
2
•3
ro
/Ta~
MP a
-
Bond damage locus ·- - --·
Type oftangent inatriX . ..
·- - .. -
. Input
Internai
4 )f' - P!astic mul'tipli'er · Output
5 Àd - Dari:rage· multiplier · Output
d' Iv1Pa - InitiaI bond stress vector -- -
Input
6 to 11 ·
(cf'-o d'.,, d'z, f .,,,, f :o f vz)
12 to 17
d i\rfPa Matrix· stress v'ector at time ofbond formation i
Input
(t/,,, d,,, d,, flrv, /J= flvz)
18to 23 e Sn·ain vector (&,,, e.,, &=i r,,., Yx:. Kz) Output
24 to 29 é' Plastic strain vector (é'"' é',; é':;, '/:xv; '/= '/ vz) Output
30 to 35 I Damage strain vector ( I"' 1,, I z; f rv• f = f v:l Output
A summary of the different options for history variables input is summarized in the following table.
Characteristics of the problem
Type of input of
history.. variables
- - - ··-· ·- - - --
Mohr Coulomb Hoek& Brown Cam clay model

ITYCL(73)=1 ITYCL(73)=2 ITYCL(73)=3
Tensile strength is constant Tensile strength is constant within NOT POSSTBLE
within each material and · each material and computed from
All variables = O , computed from cohesion and uniaxial compressive strength and
friction angfe parameter m
"--------- ~----, ·- -- -----naniãgflocüS"is centreaoí:1 füe i.:tlltíãlStfess stãte of thepfõb lern--:.- "Nfateria! is·not
damaged at time O of the computation.
From t=O, damage occurs for any stress changes
Mohr Coulomb Hoek& Brown Cam clay model
ITYCL(73)=1 ITYCL(73)=2 ITYCL(73)=3
Tensile strength can vary Tensile strength can vary from Preconsolidation
from element to element and element to element and is equal to pressure can vary
Variable 1 :;:: O is equal to the specified the specified value for Variable 1 from element to
--- - - .
value for Variable 1 element and is
Variable 2 = O
equal to the
Variable 6 to 17 =O specified value
for V ariable 1
Damage locus is centred on the initial stress state of the problem. Material is not
damaged at time O of the computation.
Damage occurs for any stress changes
Variable 1 :;:: O Mohr Coulomb Hoek& Brown Cam clay mode!
Variable 2 :;:: O ITYCL(73)=1 ITYCL(73)=2 ITYCL(73)=3
Variable 6 to 17:;:: O Tensile strength can vary Tensile strength can vary from Preconsolidation
from element to element and element to element and is equal to pressure can varv
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIc.22
is equal to the specified the specified value for Variable 1 from element to
value for V ariable 1 element and is
equal to the
specified value
for V ariable 1
Damage locus is centred on the stress state at time ofbond stress state ofthe problem. It
reflects the history of damage previous to time Oof the computations.
Damage occurs only when the energy input to the material is equal to the specified value
forVariable 2
,
Variab1es 3, 4 and 18 to 35 can be specified in the input file when the history of plastic and damage stram
previous to the current computations is wanted to be reproduced (particularly in case ofrestart).
, 1
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vld.l

required by each modeL The following constitutivelaws are available: -
HYDRA.ULIC AND THERMAL MECHANICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS

INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY NONLINEAR ELAS TI CITY (b)
LIQUID PHASE RELA TIVE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS (b)
PERMEABILITY VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS (b)
GAS PHASE RELATIVE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR UNSATURATED SOILS BASED ON
PER1V1EABILITY BBM {b)
DISPERSTVE FLUXES OF MASS AND ROCKS (e)
ENERGY THERMOELASTOPLASTTC MODEL FOR SOTLS (d)
CONDUCTIVE FLUX OF HEA T
PHASE PROPERTIES {a)

EXCAVATION PROCESS {e)
\e 1_ - l1 '-1e L-- :::: r,; o - 7 e -\:.,C• T ,-cL"'Z\_,, e

CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VId.2
THERMOELASTOPLASTTC MODEL FOR SOTLS
CODES in ICL=21to27 ITYCL=see below

ROOT_gen. dat
DESCRIPTION Thennoelastoplastic model for unsaturated soils

For this model, equations are __ written assuming Soils Mechancis
EQUATIONS .
compressíon (p >O, ev > 'O, compression).
The mechanical constltutive equatión ·tâkes the incremental general form:

da'= Dde + .'as )"s. d.::. +o'"1 ti-T
This equation is derived from:
ds=de" +dep =(Der

. 1 .
da'+ ~+A-
ao + br'"'
~
oh
. ªª'
where an elasto-plastic constitutive law has been selected that is based on a
generalized yield surface that depends not only on stresses but on suction as
well: l
b-=- _:.'<s .
s_,.-0 ,1
Volumetric strain is defined as:
E.., =ex + Ey + Ez
and e j' is the plastic volumetric strain.
Using stress invariants this equation depends on:

F = F(p',J,8,s~ ,s) ~
where:
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VId.3
p 1 =3"1( cr '.. +cr '_v+cr ')= =p-max(pg,p ) 1
1
J = -trace(s: s)
2 - ·-
s = cr'- p 'l
e= -~sin-1 ( l.5.J3 det s/J 3

) (Lode's angle)
where I is the identity tensor.
For simplicity, a form ofthe classical Modified Cam-Clay model is taken a~

the reference isothermal saturated constitutive law: pM//i''ciC" ,,.;::1..-<.. /d-'..J.C.'('_,..,.
3J2 ~
-- -- - p = -- - 2 .::.1/ (p-'-1- P s)(Pa - -p') = O )en/'~ ~r,;,{b0?--
g_v ~
where gy is a function ofthe Lode angle and
LY =M / gYje=-ttl6
P 0 , is considered dependent on suction:

:>..(a)- kia
p, ~ p' (p;:) y·~"'

p:(T) = p: + 2(a1LlT + a LlTjLlTj) 3
/._ (s) = À (o)[ (1 - r) exp (- 13 s) + r]

ps =p sO + ks exp(- póT) , LlT =T -Tref
Hardening depends on plastic volumetric strain according to:

d·= I+e .df.P
p a À. ( Q) - kia p a v
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VId.4
EQUATIONS The plastic potential is taken as:
(continuation)
G=a~:-L~(p'+p, )(p0 -p') -
where gp·is a function of_?1e Lode angle and
~P _=M / gPle=-1tl6
a. is an non-asociativity parameter.
The variation of stres_s-stiffness WÍ~ §U<:;tion and, especially, the vaiiation of

swelling potential with_stress and suction hav e been considered. Elasric
compon~t. ?~ihe m~de~ (volumetric--stralnst · · - - - -_
'.
· · -ic:(s) d . ~- k (pi s) -- dr = - ------
-- dee =-'- '! + " .. ' - - ~ (a -+- 2a ? ~T)dT
V -~ • 1~ ~
+ 0.1 1 S 1 - °- .. ~ -1
where: A? ~;:;;::- . f:!.-t:;
- ~
k(s)l
= k. (l+ a .s) = v · [i
'-~ l f"'\~~ .i..
.i.
t
o.;:.~ -
<: ~C'(...,",
..::
Y..n
k, (p ', s) = k,a ( 1 +a sp ln p '/ Pref ) exp (a., S)
For deviatoric elastic strains, a constant Poisson' s ratio is used.
Since this model requires a substantial number of parameters, several ICL's are i:ticluded:
-· ~ . --- - -
ICL~~ ontains elastic parameters (ITYCL = 1)
ICL=22 contains parameters for the thermal terms (ITYCL = 1)
ICL=â :contains plastic parameters (ITYCL = 1)
ICL=24 contains parameters for different aspects (ITYCL = 1) ;. '-12;
ICL=.w=ontaills parameters for the function-gy(ITYCL = 1,2,3) ~ '-J-':kQ._ )'.;_~ .\J ''--· C..O\.J.'y~ 1 '·~
ICL=~ontains parameters for the function gP (ITYCL = 1,2,3) ~ 1---'L e_. (_~)
...__,.contains parameters for the integration of the model (ITYCL = 1)
ICL=27'
P ARAMETERS FOR ICL=21 (TEP Elastic Parameters), ITYCL=l

Pl K ;o - Initial (zero suction) elastic slope for specific
volume-mean stress
P2 TC :m - -
Initial (zero suction) elastic slope for specific
volume-suction
P3 Kmin MP a Minimum bulk module
P4 ~ c:t_,q 1)# " 'j;: ~;,'é''\\'~:) ""= ~ f4.i1-.t-' :; 1_ r:~
~"
":_t-- -
P5 V - Poisson's ratio
P6 a ... - Para.meter for K;; ( onlv for exoansive material)
P7 ~ e,:; ;s 1l fr'J.-f>.. MJ2rea.., .:f<ÇQ... ~~
P8 ai - - -·
Para.meter for Ki ( onlv for expansive material)
P9 a sn
'
- ' '
Parãineter for Ks ( onlv fÕr exnansiVê material)

'
PlO fJrof MP a Reference roean stress (onlv for eXPansive material)

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=22 (TEP Thermal Parameters), ITYCL=l
Pl ºc-1 Para.meter for elastic thermal strain
P2 ªa1ª MPaºc-i Parameter for plastic thermal strain
ºC-2
P3
P4
ª2 MPa0 c •
Para.meter for elastic thermal strain
Para.meter for plastic thermal strain
a1
P5 T,.r ºC Reference temperature
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=23 (TEP Plastic Parameters 1), ITYCL=l
Pl l (O) Slope of void ratio - mean stress curve at zero
suction
P2 r Para.meter defining the maximum soil stiffness
P3 j3 MPa· 1 Para.meter controlling the rate of increase of soil
stiffness with suction
P4 p ºc-1 Para.meter that takes into account decrease of
tensile strength due to temoerature
P5 k Para.meter that takes into account increase of
tensile strength due to suction
P6 Pso MP a Tensile strength in saturated conditions
e.~
--
'i:> S J1.. '(:; / IA
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VId.6
PARA.l'vfETERS FOR ICL=24 (TEP Plastic Parameters 2), ffYCL=l ..
,.
P1 rl MP a Reference pressure
P2 - M- - . - - .- - - - Criticai state line parameter
P3 - a - - . - - N on-associativity parameter
P4
P5
eo
Po
. MP a
Initial void ratio -
TnitiaLpre~onsolid3:tion mean stress for saturated

- .-- soil - ~~- ~·--
. .. -
- - -
P ~JE~ _FOR ICL=:'._25 (~~ Param~!_ers .S~aE~ )'."i~ld Surf), I1)'C_L=_I
Mohr Coulomb function: g_v(B)=sin$ /( cos$ +0.577sin9 sin<jl) · ·
PI
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=25, ITYCL=2
van Ei::ckelen function: gy(B) =XIY._sin30 .z _ i::::f;> . '0i t$ ). -:=
"o
1
Von Mises (default option): · gy(B)=1
3 - ~·"\tD'
CODE BRlGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS VId.7
PAR.AMETERS FOR ICL=26 (TEP Parameters Shape Plastic Pot.), ITYCL=l
Mohr Coulomb function: gp( &) =sirnp /(cos<j> +0.577sin0 sirnjl)
o
Pl
PAR.AMETERS FOR ICL=26, ITYCL=2
van Eeckelen function:
1 :~ Ir
Von Mises (default option): gp(&)=l
---·- - - -·-- ----·---
PAR.AMETERS FOR ICL=27, ITYCL=l (TEP Integration Control Parameters)
Pl Tolel ~ \ C'il Yield surface tolerance (typicallv l .e-8)
P2 Tolel ~ \o- 9 1.,Ôs- Elastic integration tolerance (typically between l .e-4
- O-
and 1.e-6)
P3 Tole3 '::::. lõ4 "'-
.lÕ~ Plastic integration tolerance ( typically petween Le"4
and l.e-2)
P4 µ = l e.o l""-L_ -5.Lceo'-'"' L>' -+) Tntegration weight (ranges from O to 1) (typically 1)
PS índex -1 elastoplastic matrix (typical value)
+ 1 elastic matrix
P6 ltenna.,-cc Maximum allowed subincrementations (execution
continues)
P7 ltermaxs Maximum allowed subincrementations (execution
stops)
The integration procedure is based on an incremental scheme. A second-order integration procedure is used in
order to obtain an integration error estimation. µ is considered as a weight in the evaluation of second-order
integration matrix and vectors.
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VId.8
HISTORY VARIABLES:
The Thermo-elastoplastic (ICL=21 to 27) model requires two history variables:
Hist var 1 Po* l.VfPa Evolution of reconsolidation mean stress for saturated soil
Hist var 2 e0 Evolution ofvoid ratio
These variables can be assigned as initial conditions on suifaces/volumes if an initial

initial stresses as was described in chapter II. PREPROCESS, PROBLEM DATA, section
II.2.3.5 . . . ,
•- . . - li ~
If no value is assigned for these variables in conditions, internally, the program sets the input
parameters P4 (for e0 ) and PS (for P 0 *) of the ICL=24, as initial vall!_es.
The evolution of P0 * can be visualized as an output in Post-process GI D .futerface.
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LA WS \lle.1

~required- by
each model.-The following constitutive laws are available: - -
HYDRAULIC AND THERMAL MECHANICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS

INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY NONLiNEAR ELASTICITY (b)
LIQUID PHASE RELATIVE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS (b)
PERMEABILITY VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR MA TERIALS (b)
GAS PHASE RELA TIVE VISCOPLASTICITY FOR UNSATURATED SOILS BASED ON
DTSPERSTVE FLUXES OF MASS ANO ROCKS (e)
ENERGY THERMOELASTOPLASTTC MODEL FOR SOTLS (d)
CONDUCTTVE FLUX OF HEAT

EXCA V A TION PROCESS (e)
GASPHASEPROPERTTES
CODE BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS Vle.2
EXCAVATTONICONTRUCTTON
CODES ICL=50 ITYCL=1 ,
DESCRIPTION Flag for excavation and construction process
EQUATIONS -~·-
'
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=l
-1 : material is excavated
O: material is active (default option)
Pl Excav/Constr/Acti l: material is constructed (during the current time
. . . interval wifu graVity increasing linearly with time)
After construction, Pl is set to O internallv.
P2
P3
By default (Excav/Constr!Acti=O), the material is active and ali the parameters read are used by the programme.
When Ext:av!Constr/A cti=-1, elements having the material number are not assembled.
-
As an example, the following Figure show the two main 'steps followed in an excavation problem
(tunnel). ln the first interval time is necessary to impose the initial conditions before excavation. ln
this time period, the material is active (P 1= O). Tn the second interval time, the relaxation of stresses
occurs due to excavation of the material, parameter P 1 is equal to -1. ln this time period is necessary to
impose the ambient conditions in the tunnel, namely, pore water pressure in equilibrium with
atmospheric pressure, pare air phase in equilibrium with the relative humidity and temperature
equilibrium.
/
/
CODE BRJGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VIe.3
r~F:~.;~-z,.:~-·~lnitial t_~>nJi t !~)~
--- ~r~,.?""'"'"'"''""""l"!··..,,,,,.:""-•~""'tV::. _" ."""' ··~ ··vc.'7'::::~1-- ,,... ,;_ ·',Q'\
-t:s-~~. ·
rr 1 :J ' ., 1 • ' ' ~- 1 t /-
, ._:.t. ·f~.)\
1.1 - ·- __ __..,. ~ .. .?>- --·_;,...;·~-·---; ---·-"
i.::...:.<omtiM"I '""" MP a
l '!l~ S(M"Sfant _,. ::.=~r.1Po1 i
G_~)hJ~_~\l t:i.!~~ltlü11J -i-~.::~u !l:!!_:~~~3' E~~;!.'.~~·~-J

-~~%:~'1'tr~~~~
..!..;· ..·-·.. -~--··· --:- tt-'41
........., ___":,:_,, - - - .f"
-- :::-:.:.:..--:=~--'--'
;;:;;----··
--- --=~·
~- ..
Li~~ ...> _ _ __;!; ,
1tt."' e~ar:s•~~5!l?:1 J
Figure. Illustration ofthe two main steps followed during excavation problem
REFERENCES VIII.1
CODE_BRIÇHT. REFERENCES
Formulation and numerical methods
Allen, M.B. and Murphy C.L. (1986):. A Finite-Element Collocahon Method :for .Variably
Saturated Flow in Two Space Dimensions, Water Re~ources Research, 22, no. 11:
1537:1542.
Celia; M.A., Boulótas, E.T. and Zarba, R. (1990): A General Mass Conservative Numerical
Solution for the Unsaturated Flow Equation, Water Resources Research, 26, no. 7:
1483:1496. . - . . . . ., .' ' ~
·1
Hughes, T. J. R. (1980): Generalisation of Selective Integration Procedures to Anisotropic and

Nonlinear Media, Int. J.Num. Meth. Eng. 15, 1413-1418. ,. ,
Huyakom, P.S. and Pinder, G.F. (1983): Computational Methods in Subsurface Flow,
Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-363480-6.
Huyakom, P.S., Springer, E.P., Guvanasen, V. and Wadsworth, T.D.(1986): . A Three-
dimensional Finite-Element Model for Simulating Water Flow in Variably Saturated
Porous Media, Water Resources Research, 22, no. 13 : 1790: 1808 }
Milly, P.C.D. (1984): A mass-conservative procedure for time stepping in models of
unsaturated flow, in Proceedings Fi:fth Intemational Conference on Finite Elements in
Water Resources, edited by J. P. Laible et al., Spiinger-Verlag, New York: 103-112.
REFERENCES VIII.2
Olivella, S., J. Carrera, A. Gens, E. E. Alonso, (1994). Non-isothermal Multiphase Flow of
Brine and Gas through Saline media. Transport in Porous Media, 15, 271:293
Olivella, S., A. Gens, J. Carrera, E. E. Alouso, (1996), Numerical Formulation for a Simulator
(CODE_BRIGHT) for the Coupled Analysis of Saline Media, Engineering
Computations, Vol. 13, No 7,, pp: 87-112.
Olivella, S., J. Carrera, A. Gens, E. E. Alonso. (1996) Porosity Variations in Saline Media
Caused by Temperature Gradients Coupled to Multiphase Flow and
Dissolution/Precipitation. Transport in Porous Media, 25:1-25.
Pini, G. and Gambolatti, G. (1990), Is a simple diagonal scaling the best pre-conditioner for
c~njl1gate gr~dien~s on super-compu~~rs?, A~~ance_~_Í!l Water Resour_ces.
Sonnelveld, P., (1989), CGS, A fast Lanczos-type solver for non-symmetric linear systems,
SIAM J. Sei. Stat. Comput., 10, 36-52.
Voss, C.I. (1984): SUTRA Users's Guide, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources
investigations, Report48-4369.
Van der Vorst, Henk (1990), Iterative methods for the solution of large systems of equations
on super-computers, Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 13, No. 3, 137-146.
Viscous/creep models
Olivella, S.; A. Gens, J. Carrera, and E. E. Alonso (1993): Behaviour of Porous Salt
Aggregates. Constitutive and Field Equations for a Coupled Deformation, Brine, Gas
and Heat Transport Model. The Mechanical Behaviour of Salt III, Trans Tech
Publications, pp. 269:283. ISBN 0-87849-100-7.
Olivella, S., A. Gens, J. Carrera, E. E. Alouso (1996) Analysis of Creep Deformation of
Galleries Backfilled with Porous Salt Aggregates. The Mechanical Behaviour of Salt
IV, Trans Tech Publications, 379:386.
REFERENCES VIII.3
.-
State surface approach
Fredlund, D.G., Morgenstern, N.R., 1977. Stress state variables for unsaturated soils. J
Geotech Engng Div, 103(GT5):447-466.
Lloret, A. & Alonso, E., 1985. State surfaces for partially saturated soils. Proc. 11 th Int.Conf
Soil Mech. Fdn Engng, San Franciso, vol. 2, pp. 557-562.
Matyas, E.L. & Radhakrishna, H.S., 1968. V:olume change characteristics of partially
satuiated soils,-Géótecl1niqué, --t8(4) :43~-448 . ·
Elastoplastic model for unsaturated. -soils '

Alonso, E.E .~ Gens,~A., Josa, A.; ·199'0. ·À constitutive mo'del for partially saturated ·soils.
Géotechnique 40(3):405-430. __ _ _ -
Gens, A., Potls, D.M., 1988. Cntical ;state m~dels iri éomputational geomechanics. Eng
- Comp, $(3):178-197.
Ledesina, A., Chan, A.H.C, Vaunat, J., Gens, A., 1995. ·Finik Element formulation of an
elasto-plastic model for partially sºaturated soils. In~ Owen,- D.R.J., ·onate, E. (Eds.) Proc.
4th Int. Conf. on Computational Plasticity, Pineridge Press, Swansea, pp. 1677-1688. "
Maâtouk, A., Leroueil, S., La Rochelle, P., 1995. Yiêlding and critical state of a collapsible
unsaturated silty soil. Géotechnique, 45(3):465-477.
Ohmaki, S., 1982. Stress-strain behaviour of anisotropically, normally consolidated cohesive
soil. ln: Dungar, R., Pande, G.N., Studer, J.A. (Eds), Proc. lst Int. Symp.' on Num.
Models in Geomechanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 250-269.
Roscoe, K.H., Burland, J.B., 1968. On the generalized stress-stain behaviour of the 'wet' clay.
ln: Heyinan, J.,Leckie, F.A. (Eds.), Engineering Plasticity, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, pp. 535-609.
Sloan, S.W., 1987. Substepping schemes for the numerical integration of elastoplastic stress-
strain relations. Int J Num Methods Engrg, 24( 5), 893-911.
REFERENCES VIII.4
Wheeler, S.J., Sivakumar, V., 1995. A elasto-plastic critical state framework for unsaturated
soil. Géotechnique 45(1):35-53 .
Wood, D.M., 1990. Soil behaviour and critical state soil mechanics. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Thermoelastoplastic model for unsaturated soils
Hueckel, T. & Borsetto, M. 1990. Thermoplasticity of saturated soils an~ shales: constitutive
equations. Jnl. Geot. Eng. ASCE, 116: 1765-1777.
Hueckel,T.& Baldi, G. 1990.Thermoplasticity of saturated clays: experimental constitutive
study.--Jnl. Geot. Eng.ASCE,-116: 1778-1796. - - --
Hueckel, T. & Pellegrini,R.( 1991 ). Thermo-plastic modelling _of untrained failure of saturated
clay dueto heating. Soils and Found., 3:1-16. __
García Molina. A., Gens, Aií & Olivella, O. 1996. Un modelo constitutivo para suelos no
saturados sometidos a variaciones térmicas: formulación, implernentació y aplicaciones.
ln Doblaré, M., Correas, J.M., Alarcón E., Gavete, L. & Pastor, M. (Eds): Proc. III
Congreso de Métodos Numéricoas en Ingeniería, pp.502-512.
Gens, A. 1995. Constitutive laws. ln Gens, A., Jouanna, P. & Schrefler, B. (Eds): Modem
issues in non-saturated soils, Springer-Verlag.
Visco-plastic model for unsaturated soils
Perzyna, J.K. (1966). Fundamental problems in viscoplasticity. Adv. Appl. Math. 9, 243-
377.
Desai, C.S and Zhang, D. (1987. Viscoplastic model for geologic materiais with generalized
flow rule. Int. J. Num. Anal. Methods in Geomech. Vol 11, issue 6, pp. 603-260. 1987
REFERENCES VIII.5
Sánchez, Marcelo. 1997. Implementation of VP model by Desai in CB. Used to simulate
triaxial tests under drained conditions. Master's thesis, UPC, January 1997.
Molist, Jordi. 1997. Extension of the VP model by Desai to unsaturated soils. Graduation
thesis. UPC. September 1997.
Oldecop, L.A. and Alonso, E.E. 2001 A constitutive model for rockfill compressibility.
Géotechnique 51 , No.2, pp 127-239.
Damage-elastoplastic model for argillaceous rocks
Carol, I., Rizzi E. & Willam K. 2001. "On the formulation of anisotropic elastic degradation.
1. Theory based on a pseudo-logarithmic damage tensor rate'', Int. J. Solids Struct., 38:
491-518 .
Hoek, E. & Brown, E. T. 1980. "Empirical strength criterion for rock masses", Journal of the
Geotechnical Enginee:ring Division, 106: 1013-1035.
Sloan, S. W. & Booker, l R. 1986. Removal of singularities in Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb
yield functions . Communications in Applied Numerical Methods, 2: 173-179.
Vaunat, J. & Gens, A. 2003. Bond degradation and irreversible strains in soft argillaceous
rock. ln: Cullighan, P.J., Einstein, H.H. & Whittle, A. (Eds.) "Proceedings of 12th
Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering", 23th -25th
June 2003, Boston, United-State, Pub. VGE, ISBN 3-7739-5985-0, vol. 1, pp. 479-484.
Other
Gens, A. , A.J. Garcia-Molina, S. Olivella, E. E. Alonso, F. Huertas. (1998) Analysis of Full

Scale In-situ Heating Test Simulating Repository Conditions. Int. Joumal for Numerical and
Analitical Methods in Geomechanics. 22:515-548.
/
f
---
?
-:o z
,1115-rre
/
e f"Wr/Jc { nd._ r,n,fc -1-1) - 6
2-
. /.-1.G ,
/ - .-- ----· ·-.--·
tl'YYft,f éJJ f.-1::; ~ Et:'{ ~ E'f"I +E., :-e

~,p 5- cÍ ! s,)._o.ccr ~)-rc1..'"'
{5~1)
/1;jI ccv 1
}, • ,). ' r4 f'
/ •i J ' "'
'r l1 ) e y·--
' ' ""
e
,..
/,1jf1,0'V ( S-) é·tf--

r(vri1 v'-(
Í ( [--, \
t .a
' 1
J f IJÇí_(- e
f\,·1l~} \J<
,<'1;J J
1
~
t .j1) !·;:; k:
1 -·p ( ([ e,
I
;1 ·I I 1 \) , /
'/ .. '
' t.'/ \ -~
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! \ l/t?( / ó) '\ ,- / V ).f j\\ ·- . Í ~

J\,I :-' v o J. !_.,,

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C D:'E BR.·. 1·.G"'·. ·.Hr.

• I. CODE BRIGHT. FOREWORD

• V. CODE BRIGHT. THEORETICAL ASPECTS

VII. 2. Example 1. Footing (Mechanical problem)

I.2. SYSTEM BASICS

CODE BRIGHT. PREPROCESS. PROBLEM DATA II.4

(ünknown concentration) '

Combinations of solving opti?~s are des<?.ribed below:

O: no time step prediction is performed

Elemental relative 'Elemental suction (consistent approach)

!-Max Abs Pl (MPa) : Maximum (absolute) liquid pressure error tolerance

Mass balance of air

Max Nod Solute mass

Comments regarding the use oftolerances

It is to be mentioned that convergence in terms of 8T and convergence in terms of q1i sbould

Output points Nodes

Write all information Yes, No

Write Dísplacements Yes, No

Assignment rnust respect hierarchical estructure of entities (i.e. cannot assign a

Posterior modifications on the parameters of assigned materials do not require a

Constituve Laws in CODE BRIGHT

Element types in CODE_BRIGHT

When an element is selected to generate a finite element mesh it has to be available in

DIM= 2 TYPE 1 Linear triangle. A.nalytical integration.

Quadratic triangle. Comer nodes: 1, 2, 3; side nodes: 4, 5, 6.

DIM=3 TYPE 1 Linear tetrahedron. Analytical integration.

TYPE 26 Linear triangular prism. Numerical integration with 6 points.

IL2.3.1 Force/displacement conditions

X direction force/stress Value in MPa or MPa/m2

during the CUlTent interval.

If y is insufficiently large, however, the prescription of the displacement rate will be

IL2.3.2 Flux Boundary Condition

If Pg < Pg°=O. l a variable mass flow rate of gas with

Humidity in the boundary is prescribed to 0.0112 O.OI 1.12 10

which comes from the mass fraction definition.

it =(ronº J,º + ( ronº Y1 ( P,º - P,) + f), ({p1ronº -(p1ron)

J;" = (ro;··)° J,0 + ( ro;" )° Y1 ( P, 0 - P,) + f3 1((p1ro;· )° - (p1ro;"))

Yg Parameter for gas pressure term (kg/s/MPa)

Y1 Parameter needed to be .= Owhen P1 is prescribed (kg/s/MPa)

~I Parameter needed only when mass transport problem is considered (kg/s/MPa)

Pt Prescribed liquid density (kg/m 3)

Íe Prescribed heat flow rate (J/s, units depend on parameter index)

Index = -1.0 3-D Mass:

Index = 2.0 3-D Mass:

Problem Required units

1.0 --- kg/s kg/s Jis

1D kg/m/s kg/m/s J/m/s

-1.0 2D kg/m2/s kg/m2/s J/m2 /s

2D kg/m/s kg/m/s J/m/s

Il.2.3.3 Initial Unknowns -- ----

Initial values of the unknowns can be assigned on surfaces/volumes on the geornetry. A

Distribution: Constant / Linear

A constant initial value of porosity can be assigned on surfaces/volumes on the geometry.

11.2.3.5 Initial stress

Distribution: Constant / Linear

Transverse isotropy can be assigned on surfaces/volumes in a hydraulic and/or mechanical

Parameters of elastic transverse isotropy can be assigned trough the Damage-elastoplastic

11.2.3. 7 Time Evolution

Initial Time {start period) Initial time for defrned interval.

Final Time (end period) _ Final time for defined intervaL

Partia! Time Time from which time increment is kept constant.

Partial Time Step Constant time step value.

Put displacements to O Yes/No