One Way Anova

8.1 In a one-way analysis of variance to compare

the means of four groups of observations:
(a) The observations in each group should be
Normally distributed. (B)
(b) There should be the same number of observations
in each group. (S)- tidak harus sama anova ada 2 balance (observasi utk
masing2 group sama), inbalance (observasi utk masing2 group berbeda)
(c) The group variances should be equal. (B)
(d) The groups should comprise matched individuals
or the same individuals in different
circumstances. Intinya antar group saling bebas dan tidak ada syarat tertentu
mengenai individu/sampel dalam group. kunci S
(e) The null hypothesis states that the sample (harusnya population mean)
means are all the same. (B) (S)
8.4 Look at the measurements of the mean
fluorescence intensity of sperm cells stained with
a fluorescent marker, 1-anilinonaphthalene-
8-sulphonate (ANS), showing the effect of the
presence of egg yolk in the diluent solution
(Table 8.2). ANS fluoresces only when bound to
the sperm membrane. Each value represents the
mean of 10 individual spermatozoa and is estimated
by a densitometer from photographic film.
What evidence is there that the egg yolk affects
the binding of the fluorophore to the sperm
membrane? If you have the appropriate computer
software, analyse the data yourself and see
if you get the same ANOVA table as shown
(Display 8.2). If you do not have the software,
you can use the ANOVA table to help you
answer this question.

Keputusan p-value<alfa- Tolak H0, dengan taraf uji 5 persen minimal ada
satu pasang rataan yang berbeda.
Asumsi Menggunakan analisis anova:

1. Antar group saling bebas/ random

2. Berdistribusi Normal utk msg2 group
3. Ragam antar group sama
Rumus2 penting
db perlakuan= jumlah grup-1
db galat/db sisaan= k(n-1)= sigma(ni-1)
JKT=JKperlakuan+JKsisaan
KTperlakuan=JKperlakuan/dbperlakuan
KTsisaan=JKsisaan/dbsisaan
Fhit=KTperlakuan/KTsisaan

Uji Chi Square- Asosiasi

9.1 An investigator is interested in whether
there is a breed-related basis for incidence of
hip dysplasia in dogs. She selects samples of
adult Greyhounds and adult German shepherd
dogs. From pelvic X-ray examination, the number
of animals having shallow or abnormal coxofemoral
joints in each group is recorded. An
appropriate test for the null hypothesis that there
is no association between breed and the frequency
of hip dysplasia in the population is:
(a) the two-sample t-test.
(b) the F-test.
(c) the Chi-squared test for the difference in two
proportions.
(d) McNemar’s test. sukses atau gagal ujian sebelum dan sesudah melakukan
metode pembelajaran tertentu.

(e) the Chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. Uji membandingkan antara nilai observasi
terhadap ekspektasi
di sebuah taman ada bunga warna merah, kuning, putih. jumlah warna merah 50,
jumlah kuning 30, putih 40. DIminta menguji apakah jumlah bunganya sama untuk
masing2 jenis.
Observasi: 50, 30, 40
Expected: 40,40,40

9.2 In a study of the influence of artificial

insemination on the occurrence of uterine infection
in gilts, data were collected on the occurrence
of bacteria in cervical swabs in two samples
of gilts randomly allocated to either washing of
the vulva or faecal contamination of the vulva
before sham insemination. The results are presented
in a 2 × 2 table; the proposed Chi-squared
test for the difference in the proportions with
uterine infection in the two groups/ Uji asosiasi:
Uji Asosiasi/Uji perbedaan proporsi antar beberapa populasi/Uji
homogenitas.
(a) Is only valid if the observed frequency is
greater than 5 in each cell of the table. (S) Uji asosiasi valid ketika ei>5,
ei<=5 uji chisquare tidak bisa digunakan- Exact Fisher. Misal oi<5 kalau ei>5
ga masalah uji tetap bisa dilakukan.
(b) Has degrees of freedom equal to 2. (S) (k-1)*(b-1)=1*1=1
(c) Tests the null hypothesis that there is no
association in the population between
uterine infection and the condition of the
vulva. (B)
(d) Tests the null hypothesis that there is a difference (H1)
between the true proportions with
uterine infection in the two groups. (S) harusnya tidak ada perbedaan/
proporsi sama.
H0: Tidak ada asosiasi antara variabel 1 dgn variabel 2. tidak ada perbedaan
proporsi antara kategori tertentu.
ketegori: 1yg dibersihkan 2 tidak dibersihkan
var 2: positif atau negative
proporsi positif di yang dibersihkan sama dengan yang tidak dibersihkan
(e) Is only valid if the data are Normally
distributed. (S) data kategorik- bukan numerik tidak harus berdistribusi
normal
9.4 Medroxyprogesterone (MPA) used to be
administered to bitches to suppress oestrus.
Researchers investigated the effect of administration
of MPA to older bitches, aged 6 years
and above, on the chance of them developing
mammary nodules (early signs of mammary
changes which may develop into malignant
tumours). The results of their 4-year prospective
cohort study indicated that 21 of the 33 bitches
that received MPA developed mammary nodules
on clinical examination, whereas 13 of the 39
bitches that did not receive MPA developed
mammary nodules (based on data from Støvring
et al., 1997). Is there evidence for there being a
greater risk of mammary nodules in the event of
being administered MPA?
Display the data in a frequency table. Formulate
the null hypothesis, and calculate the expected
frequency in each cell of the table. Conduct a suitable
analysis to test this null hypothesis.
Tolak H0, dengan taraf uji 5 persen cukup bukti untuk menolak H0
9.5 Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) infestation in
beef cattle is present if the animal sheds F. hepatica
eggs. Welch et al. (1987) were interested in
determining whether a positive reaction to an
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
could be used as an alternative test for liver fluke
infestation. They investigated 143 calves from a
number of beef cattle herds in central and southern
Louisiana. Of 55 calves that were ELISA
positive, 39 were shedding eggs; of 53 calves that
were shedding eggs, 14 were ELISA negative.
Present these results in a contingency table, and
use them to test the null hypothesis that the two
procedures are equally effective in detecting
liver fluke infestation.
Dengan taraf uji 5 persen, cukup bukti menolak H0- ada asosiasi antara ELISA
terhadap shedding egg.
9.6 One hundred and twenty young adult
female Beagles were given 0.026–106 kBq plutonium
(239Pu) per kg by intravenous injection
and compared with 63 comparable female control
Beagles with a view to determining whether
239Pu deposit in bone affects the appearance of
mammary tumours (based on Lloyd et al., 1995).
Forty-five (71.4%; 95% CI 60.2% to 82.6%) of
the control dogs developed mammary tumours
of any kind (benign or malignant) whereas 67
(55.8%; 95% CI 46.9% to 64.7%) of the dogs
given 239Pu developed mammary tumours of any
kind. There was no significant difference between
the percentages developing mammary tumours
in the two groups (P = 0.06).
(a) Criticize the design of the experiment.
(b) Draw up a contingency table of the results.
(c) Which test should the authors have used
to compare the percentages developing
mammary tumours in the two groups? Chi square/ uji asosiasi
(d) What are the assumptions underlying this
test? data kategorik, data random, ei>5 expected value>5, <5 asumsi tidak
terpenuhi, uji exact fisher
(e) Interpret the confidence interval for the
percentage of control Beagles developing
tumours. Dengan taraf uji 5 persen, kita yakin bahwa persentase dari bergejala
tumor dari kelas control adalah antara 60.2 persen s.d 82.6 persen
(f) Using only the confidence intervals provided,
is it possible to assess whether there
is a significant difference between the percentages
developing mammary tumours in
the two groups? Explain your reasoning.
control CI 60.2% to 82.6%)
injeksi CI 46.9% to 64.7%)
dari selang kepercayaan ada kemungkinan proporsi gejala tumor untuk control dan
injeksi sama. (selang kepercayaan saling beririsan)

(g) The authors write ‘There were 45 controls

(71.4%) with any tumor vs. 67 dogs (55.8%)
given Pu (95% CI 46.9% to 82.6%).’ To what
do the lower and upper limits of their ‘confidence
interval’ relate? Why is this not actually
a confidence interval? (P1-P2) yang dibangun CI utk masing2 dimana sebaran
berbeda
(h) Which single confidence interval would be
a useful summary of the effect of 239Pu on
mammary tumour development?
CI (pgejalacontrol-pgejalainjeksi) melewati 0, perbedaan tidak signifikan, tidak
melalui 0 perbedaan signifikan
95% CI for
Difference
(0.013341,
0.298564)

10.2 A simple linear regression equation:

(a) Measures the degree of the relationship
between two variables. (S) korelasi- tingkat keeratan hubungan 2 variabel
(b) Predicts the dependent(y) variable from the
independent(x) variable. (B)
(c) Describes the straight line relationship
between two variables. (B)
(d) Assumes that both of the variables are Normally
distributed. (x dan y normal) (S)- yang harus normal y, x tidak harus normal.
residual (normal) y=b0+b1x+e. e normal, x bersifat fixed, y normal.
(e) Makes no distinction between the two
variables. kunci S
11.1 Multiple regression analysis:
(a) Requires all the independent variables to be
Normally distributed. (S) x fixed, e dan y normal
(b) Requires the residuals to be Normally
distributed. (B)
(c) Can be used to determine whether the mean
responses of animals on two treatments are
significantly different. (B)- ketika x kategorik (biner) dummy variable (1,0),
x signifikan maka kita bisa simpulkan bahwa dugaan rataan response antara
treatment 1 berbeda dgn treatment 2.
(d) Can be performed with any number of independent
variables. (B)- beberapa x (lebih dari 1) (dikunci S penjelasan lihat kunci)
(e) Is preferable to logistic regression analysis if
the dependent variable has a binary response. (B) (dikunci S)

11.2 A partial regression coefficient in a multiple

regression equation:
(a) Always lies between −1 and 1. (S) -1 sampai 1 koefisien korelasi

r= korelasi antara var 1 dan var 2 (-1 s.d. 1)

R2= 0-100% keragaman dr y yang diterangkan model
(b) Measures the degree of the relationship
between its associated independent variable
and the dependent variable, adjusting for the
other independent variables. (B) beta 1/ beta 2 RLB estimasinya terpengaruh
variable bebas lainnya. impor thdp pertumbuhan ekonomi b1=5, impor dan ekspor
thdp pertumbuahn ekonomi b1=3
revisis S- karena degree relationship- korelasi bukan regresi
(c) Measures the average change in the dependent
variable for a unit increase in the associated
independent variable, adjusting for the
other independent variables. (B)
(d) Describes the proportion of the variation
in the dependent variable explained by its
relationship with the associated independent
variable. (S)- R2 keragaman dari y yang dpat dijelaskan oleh model/variable bebas/
explanatory variable. RLB R2 parsial untuk spesifik variable bebas tertentu.
(e) Is independent of the units of measurement. (B) revisi (S) b1 tidak berkaitan
dengan satuan pengukuran. x- cm, x- m, b1 sama atau beda kalo dia sama maka dia
tidak bergantung satuan pengukuran. kalo beda maka dia bergantung satuan
pengukuran. Bergantung harusnya dependent
11.3
(a) Logistic regression is an appropriate form of
regression analysis when we have a binary
explanatory variable and a numerical dependent
variable. (S) binary dependent, x/independent/explanatory bisa
numeric/kategorik.
(b) The coefficient attached to a particular explanatory
variable in a logistic regression analysis
is interpreted as an estimated odds ratio. (S) particular explanatory- x
kategorik biner exponensial dari beta, exponensial dari koefisien
regresi=odds ratio. bukan beta=odds rasio, exp(beta)=odds ratio
(c) The coefficients in a logistic regression model
are estimated usually by maximum likelihood. (B)
(d) The Wald test can be used to test the null
hypothesis that a particular logistic coefficient
is zero or, equivalently, that the relevant
odds ratio is one. Wald test- uji parsial/uji t. menguji untuk masing-masing
koefisien regresi. beta=0 OR=exp(beta), OR=exp(0)=1 (B)
(e) Conditional logistic regression analysis is
used when the outcome variable has more
than two categories. outcome (y) logistic binary , y lebih dari 2 kategori
multinomial logistic regression. (S)

11.6 Consider the following abstract describing

the results of a study on the effects of cat ownership
in children (from Fasce et al., 2005, reproduced
with permission from Elsevier):
BACKGROUND: Studies on the role of cat ownership in the
development of allergy have led to conflicting results, probably
owing to heterogeneity of the populations evaluated.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible effect of cat ownership
on the frequency of sensitization and asthma or rhinitis
in children living in Liguria, Italy, who attended a pediatric
clinic for respiratory symptoms.
METHODS: We enrolled 269 consecutive school-aged
children in 12 months. Sensitization to aeroallergens by skin
prick testing and the presence of respiratory symptoms (i.e.
asthma and rhinitis) were evaluated. To analyze the role of
different independent variables in association with respiratory
symptoms and sensitization, a multiple logistic regression
analysis was performed.
RESULTS: Of 269 children, 81 were exposed to cats at
home in the first 2 years of life (‘early’ cat owners), 65 after
the first 2 years of life (‘late’ cat owners), and 123 never
(‘never’ cat owners). Early cat ownership was significantly
associated with a lower risk of cat sensitization compared
with never cat ownership (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.32;
95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14–0.74; P = 0.01). Early cat
ownership was also associated with a significantly lower risk
of allergic rhinitis than late cat ownership (OR, 0.43; 95% CI,
0.22–0.85) or never cat ownership (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28–
0.92). No differences in the frequency of asthma were found
among the three groups (P = 0.74).
CONCLUSIONS: Cat ownership in early childhood can
play an important role in preventing sensitization to cats and
in lowering the frequency of allergic rhinitis, at least in children
with the characteristics of the population studied.

menghubungkan antara kepemilikan kucing terhadap alergi

3 kategori -dummy 2 variabel x. variable x kategorik intepretasi exp(b1)=Odds Rasio
Odds punya kucing/Odds tidak punya kucing=0.32=Odds rasio (adjusted)
odds rasio=odds punya kucing/odds late=0.43
odds rasio=odds punya kucing/never=0.51

(a) Why did the authors not have a single variable

in each logistic regression to represent
the level of cat ownership (none, early and
late)? What did they use instead? (x nya lebih dari 2 kategori (3 kategori) sehingga
dummy variable yang terbentuk ada 2 dummy variable, variable kategorik- dummy
variable)
(b) Interpret the adjusted odds ratios of 0.32
and 0.51.
odds rasio=odds punya kucing/odd never=0.51
0.32= odds punya kucing dibanding 0.32 kali odds tidak pernah punya kucing

(c) Why do the authors refer to the odds ratios

as adjusted odds ratios? regresi logistic berganda sehingga prefere adjusted
(d) The authors do not provide P-values for the
odds ratios of 0.43 and 0.51. Provide the relevant
P-values and explain how you obtained
them.
Odds rasio signifikan jika CI tidak melewati nilai 1. (OR, 0.43; 95% CI,
0.22–0.85) (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28– 0.92) Tidak melewati nilai 1. p-value<alfa/signifikan
(e) What hypothesis test would the authors
have performed to compare the frequency of
asthma in the three groups?
tabel kontingensi, uji asosiasi- menguji apakah ada perbedaan proporsi antar
kategori.
regresi, Uji simultan H0: beta1=beta2=0 (semacam uji simultan) Uji Devians.
12.1 Non-parametric tests are preferred to parametric
tests when:
(a) The data are measured on an ordinal scale. (B) nonparametrik
(b) The sample size is large. (S) large size sample- hukum bilangan besar, n>30
distribusi Normal. sampelnya besar kita bisa asumsikan data tersebut mengikuti
distribusi normal. data distribusi normal lebih tepat menggunakan statistic
parametrik
(c) A more powerful test is required. minimal non parametrik bisa numerik (sign
test- uji t), sign test vs t kita lebih prefer ke yang powerful. (S) uji yang lebih
kuat/lebih akurat.
(d) It is difficult to establish the distribution of
the data. (B)
(e) The emphasis is on estimation rather than
significance testing. (B) (S penjelasan lihat kunci)
12.2 The Spearman rank correlation
coefficient:
(a) Takes values from −1 to +1. (B)
(b) Measures the degree of association between
two variables. (B)
(c) Measures the degree of linear association
between two variables. (B) revisi dikunci S, korelasi linier- Pearson, Spearman
tidak ada penjelasan linier kondisi data minimal ordinal -hubungan linier
(d) Requires that at least one of the variables be
measured on a ranking scale. (S) harusnya kedua variable minimal dalam bentuk
ranking
(e) Is preferable to the Pearson correlation coefficient
if the sample size is small. (S) Pearson data numerik (parametrik),Spearman bisa
numerik atau kategorik ordinal. Pearson ketika sampel kecil- Spearman. sampel
kecil untuk memenuhi normalitas susah- Spearman. di kunci B
five rabbits in each group. The rabbits’ insulin
levels (IU/dl) were measured before and after 6
weeks of treatment, and the difference in the
before and after concentration found for each
rabbit. Which of the following tests is appropriate
for comparing the treatment and control
groups?
treatment dan control independent sehingga untuk mengujinya 2 sampel independent di nonpar-
Mann Whitney
(a) The sign test.
(b) The Wilcoxon signed rank test.
(c) The Wilcoxon rank sum test.
(d) The paired t-test.
(e) The two-sample t-test.
Kasusnya kita disuruh membandingkan sebelum dan sesudah maka (paired)
(a) The sign test.
(b) The Wilcoxon signed rank test.

12.4 Two methods were used to test the degree

of fluorescence of spermatozoa treated with a
fluorophore. The subjective method was an
ordinal score (0 = no fluorescence, 1 = slight,
2 = clear, 3 = strong fluorescence) and the value
for each sample was the mean score for 60 cells.
The fluorimeter measurements were on a scale
reflecting light intensity emitted by cells in suspension
when irradiated by ultraviolet light and
detected by a photo-multiplier cell. The results
are shown in Table 12.6.
(a) Examine the relationship between the two
scores by plotting the data. plot scatter plot excel
(b) Explain why it is more appropriate to calculate
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
rather than Pearson’s correlation coefficient
as a measure of association. Data ordinal- non parametrik- Spearman
(c) Estimate Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient,
and test the null hypothesis that its
H0: ρspearman=0 minitab spss

5.1 Animals are randomly allocated to the

treatment groups in a clinical trial:
(a) To ensure that there is no assessment bias. (S) bias alokasi
(b) To ensure that all animals have the same
chance of receiving any treatment. (B)
(c) So that a control group can be incorporated
into the design. (B) populasi ayam- vit A vit B control. 20 ayam control
masuk ke perlakuan. di kunci S
(d) So that the treatment groups are comparable
with respect to any variables that are likely
to influence response. di kunci B
(e) So that the trial can be single- or doubleblind. (S)

14.4 A Cox regression analysis:

(a) Is used to analyse survival data when individuals
in the study are followed for varying
lengths of time. (B) survival- time
(b) Can only be used when there are censored
data. (S) – event (yang kita teliti) meninggal krn covid, censor
(meninggal bukan covid, blm meninggal dll)
(c) Assumes that the relative hazard for a particular
variable is constant at all times.
(d) Uses the logrank test to compare two survival
curves. (B) ( revisi S), log rank kalau Kaplan Meier yang dibahas di
materi kuliah Kaplan Meier di regresi Cox ada uji lainnya.
(e) Relies on the assumption that the explanatory
variables in the model are Normally
distributed. (S)- x- fixed