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Slope
 This parabola is rising
more quickly at point
A than it is at point B.
Derivative & Slope
 At the vertex, point C,
the graph levels off.

 At point D the graph

is falling.

1 4

Objective Slope
 To use the limit definition to find the  To determine the rate at which a graph
derivative of a function. rises or falls at a single point, we can find
 Use the derivative rules to derive a the slope of the tangent line to the point.
function
 How do we calculate the slope of a
tangent line?

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Slope The Difference Quotient

 Slope: the rate at which a line rises or falls  The derivative is the slope of the tangent
line to a graph f(x), and is usually denoted
 For a line, the rate (or slope) is the same f’(x).
at every point on the line.
 To calculate the slope of the tangent line
 For graphs other than lines, the rate at we will use the difference quotient.
which the graph rises or falls changes
from point to point.
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The Difference Quotient

Derivatives
 The process of finding derivatives is called
differentiation.

 A function is differentiable at a point if its

derivative exists at that point.

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Determination of Derivative by limit

Limit Definition of the Derivative definition:

The derivative is the formula which gives Steps: Given = ( ),

the slope of the tangent line at any point x 1. Replace by + and by + .
for f (x), and is denoted 2. Place on one side and the other terms
on the other side and substitute the value
f ( x  x )  f ( x ) of .
f '( x )  lim
x 0 x 3. Divide the two sides with
4. Determine the limit as approaches
provided this limit exists.
zero.
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Use the limit definition to find the derivative of:

Derivatives f ( x)  x 2  3x  5
= −3 +5

 The derivative of the function y = f (x) may be 1. Replace by + and by +

expressed as … +∆ = +∆ −3 +∆ +5

2. Place on one side and the other terms on the other side and substitute
f '( x) “f prime of x” the value of
Prime notation ∆ = +∆ −3 +∆ +5−
y' “y prime”
∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ − 3 − 3∆ + 5 − −3 +5
∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ − 3 − 3∆ + 5 − +3 −5
dy ∆ =2 ∆ + ∆ − 3∆
Leibniz notation “the derivative of y with respect to x”
dx
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Use the limit definition to find the derivative of:

3. Divide the two sides with −1
f( ) =
∆ 2 ∆ + ∆ − 3∆ −1 +2
= =
∆ ∆ +2
∆ 2 +∆ −3 ∆ 1. Replace by + and by +
=
∆ ∆
+∆ −1
∆ +∆ =
=2 +∆ −3 +∆ +2
∆
2. Place on one side and the other terms on the other side and substitute
4. Determine the limit as approaches zero. the value of
+∆ −1
∆ = −
∆ +∆ +2
lim = lim 2 + ∆ − 3 +∆ −1 −1 Use common
∆ → ∆ ∆ →
∆
∆ = − denominator
lim =2 +0−3
+∆ +2 +2
∆ → ∆ +∆ −1 +2 −1 +∆ +2
∆ ∆ = −
lim
∆ → ∆
=2 −3 +∆ +2 +2 +2 +∆ +2
′( ) = 2 − 3 + 2 + ∆ + 2∆ − − 2 + ∆ +2 − −∆ −2
∆ = −
+∆ +2 +2 +∆ +2 +2
13 16

Use the limit definition to find the derivative of: ∆ =

+ 2 + ∆ + 2∆ − − 2 − − ∆ −2 + +∆ +2
+∆ +2 +2
= + 3 − 10 + 2 + ∆ + 2∆ − − 2 − − ∆ −2 + +∆ +2
∆ =
= + 3 − 10 +∆ +2 +2
3∆
1. Replace by + and by + ∆ =
+∆ +2 +2
3. Divide the two sides with
+∆ = +∆ +3 +∆ − 10
∆ 3∆
=
2. Place on one side and the other terms on the other side and substitute ∆ ∆ +∆ +2 +2
the value of ∆ 3∆ 3
= =
∆ ∆ +∆ +2 +2 +∆ +2 +2
∆ = +∆ +3 +∆ − 10 −
4. Determine the limit as approaches zero.
∆ = +∆ +3 +∆ − 10 − + 3 − 10 ∆ 3
lim = lim
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 ∆ → ∆ ∆ → +∆ +2 +2
∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 − + 3 − 10
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 ∆ 3 3
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 − + 3 − 10 lim = =
∆ → ∆ +0+2 +2 +2 +2
∆ = Use Multiply by
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 conjugate
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 − − 3 + 10 ( )=
∆ = +
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 14 17

2 ∆ + ∆ + 3∆
∆ =
+2 ∆ + ∆
3. Divide the two sides with
+ 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10
Differentiability
∆ 2 ∆ + ∆ + 3∆
=
∆ ∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10  Not every function is differentiable at all
∆ 2 +∆ +3 ∆
∆
= points.
∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10
∆ 2 +∆ +3  Some common situations in which a
=
∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 function will not be differentiable at a point
4. Determine the limit as approaches zero. include:
lim
∆
= lim
2 +∆ +3 1. Vertical tangent lines
∆ → ∆ ∆ → +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10
∆ 2 +0+3 2. Discontinuities (like a hole, break, or vertical
lim =
∆ → ∆ + 2 (0) + 0 + 3 + 3(0) − 10 + + 3 − 10 asymptote)
∆ 2 +3 2 +3
lim = = 3. Sharp turns (called cusps & nodes)
∆ → ∆ + 3 − 10 + + 3 − 10 2 + 3 − 10
2 +3
′( ) =
2 + 3 − 10
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Differentiability Differentiability

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Differentiability The Derivative is…

 computed by finding the limit of the difference
quotient as ∆x approaches 0.

 the slope of a function at a point.

 the slope of the tangent line to a graph f (x), and

is usually denoted f’(x).

 the instantaneous rate of change of a function.

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Differentiability

Derivative Rules

21 24

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Derivative Rules Derivative Rules

4. (Sum and Difference Rule): If and are differentiable at , then so are
1. (Derivative of a constant): If is any real number, then the derivative of a + and − and
constant is:
+ ( ) = ( ) + ( )
=0 Or + = ′+ ′

− ( ) = ( ) − ( )
Or − = − ′

. ℎ = 3,000,095.
. ℎ =5 +2 . . ℎ = − .
= 3,000,095
=5 +2 = −
′=0
=5 8 +2 1 ′=1 −3
= 40 +2 ′= −3

25 = 40 +2 ′ = 1−3 28

Derivative Rules Derivative Rules

5. (The Product Rule): If and are differentiable at , then so is the product
2. (The Power Rule): If is any real number, then the derivative of is: , and

= ( ) = ( ) + ( ) ( )
Or = ′+ ′

. ℎ = .
. ℎ =5 +3 +2 .
= =5 +3 +2
′=4 =5 2 +3 +0 + +3 +2 5 1
′=4 =5 2 +3 + +3 +2 5
=5 2 +3 + +3 +2 5
26 = 10 + 15 + 5 + 15 + 10 = 15 + 30 + 10 29

Derivative Rules Derivative Rules

6. (The Quotient Rule): If and are differentiable at and if ( ) ≠ 0, then
3. (Constant Multiple Rule): If is differentiable at x and is any real / is differentiable at and
number, then is also differentiable at and
−
( ) = ( ) =

Or =

. ℎ =5 . 5
. ℎ = .
+3 +2
=5 5
=
′=5 3 +3 +2
+3 +2 5 −5 2 +3
′ = 15 =
+3 +2
5 + 15 + 10 − 10 − 15 −5 + 10
= =
+3 +2 +3 +2
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Finding Limit using L’HOPITAL’S RULES

Derivative Rules
7. (The Chain Rule): If is differentiable at and is
differentiable at g( ), the composition ⋄ is  THEOREM 1. (L’HOPITAL’S RULE FOR ZERO OVER
differentiable at . Moreover, if ZERO)
= ( ) and = ( )
then = ( ) and If lim = = lim
= ⋅ → →

( ) = ∘ = ′( )
. ℎ = −3 +5 .  THEOREM 2. (L’HOPITAL’S RULE FOR INFINITY
OVER INFINITY)
Let = −3 +5
=
=2 −3
= 25 −3 +5 2 −3
If lim = = lim
→ →
Then =

= 25 = 25 −3 +5
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Ex: Find the limit of the following:

Derivative Rules
8. (The General Power Rule): A special case of the Chain 2. lim 3. lim
1. lim → →
Rule →
4−4
If = ( ) , where is differentiable at and n is = 2 ∞ +7 =
=
a rational number, then 3(∞) − 5 4−2
= =
= =
′ ′
lim ′
→ ′ lim lim
. ℎ = 3 − 2 + 3. → ′ → ′
1 1
lim 2
→ 2 lim lim
= 3 −2 +3= 3 −2 +3 → 6 → 1
=3 − 2 + 3 and =
= 2 2
Let ( )
= lim 2
=6 −2 ′= 3 −2 +3 3 −1 = 6(∞) →
3 −1
1 ′= =0 =2 4
′= 3 −2 +3 6 −2 3 −2 +3
2
1 3 −1 =4
′= 3 −2 +3 3 − 1 (2) ′=
2 3 −2 +3 32 35

. ℎ =5 + .

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
=5 + = +

 Explicit function – is a function in which the dependent

Let = + and = variable ( ) can be written explicitly(separately) in terms
3
=2 + of the independent variable ( ). Ex. = −
2
 Implicit Function – a function in which the dependent
= variable is not isolated on one side of the equation.
Ex. x + − =1
1 3
′=5 + 2 + Steps in Differentiating Implicit Functions
3 2

5 1 1. Differentiate the x terms as normal.

′= + 2 +
3 2 2. Differentiate the y terms and add “ / ” next to each.
3. Use the product rule or quotient rule for terms with x
and y.
4. Isolate / .
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Ex. Differentiate the following: 2 −5 +5 +4 +2 =0

5 +4 = −2 +5 −2
1. x + − =1
5+4 = −y 2 −5+2
2. − +2 = 19
=−

=−

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Higher Order Derivatives:

x + − =1
dy
y  is the first derivative of y with respect to x.
x + − =1 dx

2 + 1 + 1 −2 =0 dy  d dy d 2 y is the second derivative.

y    (y double prime)
dx dx dx dx 2 A function is derived twice

−2 = −2 −
dy
y  is the third derivative.

−2 =− 2 + dx A function is derived thrice

=− =− d
y  
4
y is the fourth derivative.
A function is derived four times
dx
38 41

5 Find the third derivative of the

− +2 = 19
function = 3 − 2 + 2 − + 7.
5
− +2 = 19 =3 −2 +2 − +7

5 −5 1 ′ = 12 −6 +4 −1
2 − +2 2 + (2) = 0
′′ = 36 − 12 +4
5 −5 ′′′ = 72 − 12
2 − +2 2 + (2) = 0

2 − 5 −5 +4 +2 =0

2 −5 +5 +4 +2 =0

39 42