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Objective
 To use the limit definition to find the
derivative of a function.
Derivative & Slope

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Slope Slope
 Slope: the rate at which a line rises or falls  This parabola is rising
more quickly at point
A than it is at point B.
 Fora line, the rate (or slope) is the same
at every point on the line.  At the vertex, point C,
the graph levels off.
 Forgraphs other than lines, the rate at
which the graph rises or falls changes  At point D the graph
from point to point. is falling.

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Slope The Difference Quotient

 Todetermine the rate at which a graph  The derivative is the slope of the tangent
rises or falls at a single point, we can find line to a graph f(x), and is usually denoted
the slope of the tangent line to the point. f’(x).

 How do we calculate the slope of a  To calculate the slope of the tangent line
tangent line? we will use the difference quotient.

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The Difference Quotient

Limit Definition of the Derivative
The derivative is the formula which gives
the slope of the tangent line at any point x
for f (x), and is denoted

f ( x  x )  f ( x )
f '( x )  lim
x 0 x

provided this limit exists.

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Derivatives Derivatives
 The derivative of the function y = f (x) may be  The process of finding derivatives is called
expressed as … differentiation.

f '( x) “f prime of x”
 A function is differentiable at a point if its
Prime notation
derivative exists at that point.
y' “y prime”

dy
Leibniz notation “the derivative of y with respect to x”
dx
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Determination of Derivative by limit Use the limit definition to find the derivative of:
definition: f ( x)  x 2  3x  5
= −3 +5

Steps: Given = ( ), 1. Replace by + and by +

1. Replace by + and by + . +∆ = +∆ −3 +∆ +5

2. Place on one side and the other terms 2. Place on one side and the other terms on the other side and substitute
the value of
on the other side and substitute the value
∆ = +∆ −3 +∆ +5−
of .
∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ − 3 − 3∆ + 5 − −3 +5
3. Divide the two sides with
∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ − 3 − 3∆ + 5 − +3 −5
4. Determine the limit as approaches ∆ =2 ∆ + ∆ − 3∆
zero.
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Use the limit definition to find the derivative of:

3. Divide the two sides with
= + 3 − 10
∆ 2 ∆ + ∆ − 3∆
= = + 3 − 10
∆ ∆
∆ 2 +∆ −3 ∆ 1. Replace by + and by +
=
∆ ∆
∆ +∆ = +∆ +3 +∆ − 10
=2 +∆ −3
∆
2. Place on one side and the other terms on the other side and substitute
4. Determine the limit as approaches zero. the value of

∆ ∆ = +∆ +3 +∆ − 10 −
lim = lim 2 + ∆ − 3
∆ →∆ ∆ →
∆ ∆ = +∆ +3 +∆ − 10 − + 3 − 10
lim =2 +0−3
∆ → ∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10
∆ ∆ = +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 − + 3 − 10
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10
lim =2 −3
∆ → ∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 − + 3 − 10
∆ = Use Multiply by
′( ) = 2 − 3 +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 conjugate
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 − − 3 + 10
∆ =
13 +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 14

Use the limit definition to find the derivative of:

∆ =
2 ∆ + ∆ + 3∆
−1
+2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 f( ) =
3. Divide the two sides with −1 +2
∆ 2 ∆ + ∆ + 3∆ =
= +2
∆ ∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 1. Replace by + and by +
∆ 2 +∆ +3 ∆
= +∆ −1
∆ ∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 +∆ =
∆ 2 +∆ +3
+∆ +2
= 2. Place on one side and the other terms on the other side and substitute
∆ +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10
the value of
+∆ −1
4. Determine the limit as approaches zero. ∆ = −
∆ 2 +∆ +3 +∆ +2
lim = lim +∆ −1 −1 Use common
∆ → ∆ ∆ → +2 ∆ + ∆ + 3 + 3∆ − 10 + + 3 − 10 ∆ = − denominator
∆ 2 +0+3 +∆ +2 +2
lim = +∆ −1 +2 −1 +∆ +2
∆ → ∆ + 2 (0) + 0 + 3 + 3(0) − 10 + + 3 − 10 ∆ = −
∆ 2 +3 2 +3 +∆ +2 +2 +2 +∆ +2
lim = =
∆ → ∆ + 3 − 10 + + 3 − 10 2 + 3 − 10 + 2 + ∆ + 2∆ − − 2 + ∆ +2 − −∆ −2
2 +3 ∆ = −
′( ) = +∆ +2 +2 +∆ +2 +2
2 + 3 − 10
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+ 2 + ∆ + 2∆ − − 2 − − ∆ −2 + +∆ +2
∆ =
+∆ +2 +2

∆ =
+ 2 + ∆ + 2∆ − − 2 − − ∆ −2 + +∆ +2 Differentiability
+∆ +2 +2
3∆
∆ =  Not every function is differentiable at all
+∆ +2 +2
3. Divide the two sides with points.
∆ 3∆
=  Some common situations in which a
∆ ∆ +∆ +2 +2
∆ 3∆ 3 function will not be differentiable at a point
= =
∆ ∆ +∆ +2 +2 +∆ +2 +2 include:
4. Determine the limit as approaches zero. 1. Vertical tangent lines
lim
∆
= lim
3 2. Discontinuities (like a hole, break, or vertical
∆ → ∆ ∆ → +∆ +2 +2
∆ 3 3
asymptote)
lim = =
∆ → ∆ +0+2 +2 +2 +2 3. Sharp turns (called cusps & nodes)
( )=
+
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Differentiability Differentiability

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Differentiability Differentiability

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The Derivative is…

 computed by finding the limit of the difference
quotient as ∆x approaches 0.

 the slope of a function at a point.

 the slope of the tangent line to a graph f (x), and Derivative Rules
is usually denoted f’(x).

 the instantaneous rate of change of a function.

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Derivative Rules Derivative Rules

1. (Derivative of a constant): If is any real number, then the derivative of a 2. (The Power Rule): If is any real number, then the derivative of is:
constant is:
=
=0

. ℎ = 3,000,095. . ℎ = .

= 3,000,095
=
′=0 ′=4
′=4

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Derivative Rules Derivative Rules

4. (Sum and Difference Rule): If and are differentiable at , then so are
3. (Constant Multiple Rule): If is differentiable at x and is any real + and − and
number, then is also differentiable at and
+ ( ) = ( ) + ( )
( ) = ( ) Or + = ′+ ′

− ( ) = ( ) − ( )
Or − = − ′

. ℎ =5 .

=5 . ℎ =5 +2 . . ℎ = − .
′=5 3
=5 +2 = −
′ = 15 =5 8 +2 1 ′=1 −3
= 40 +2 ′= −3

27 = 40 +2 ′ = 1−3 28

Derivative Rules Derivative Rules

5. (The Product Rule): If and are differentiable at , then so is the product 6. (The Quotient Rule): If and are differentiable at and if ( ) ≠ 0, then
, and / is differentiable at and

( ) = ( ) + ( ) ( ) −
=
Or = ′+ ′
Or =

5
. ℎ = .
+3 +2
. ℎ =5 +3 +2 . 5
=
=5 +3 +2 +3 +2
=5 2 +3 +0 + +3 +2 5 1 +3 +2 5 −5 2 +3
=
+3 +2
=5 2 +3 + +3 +2 5
5 + 15 + 10 − 10 − 15 −5 + 10
=5 2 +3 + +3 +2 5 = =
+3 +2 +3 +2
= 10 + 15 + 5 + 15 + 10 = 15 + 30 + 10 29 30

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Derivative Rules Derivative Rules

7. (The Chain Rule): If is differentiable at and is 8. (The General Power Rule): A special case of the Chain
differentiable at g( ), the composition ⋄ is Rule
differentiable at . Moreover, if If = ( ) , where is differentiable at and n is
= ( ) and = ( ) a rational number, then
then = ( ) and =
= ⋅
. ℎ = 3 − 2 + 3.
( ) = ∘ = ′( )
. ℎ = −3 +5 . = 3 −2 +3= 3 −2 +3
Let = −3 +5 Let =3 − 2 + 3 and =
=
=2 −3 =6 −2 ′= 3 −2 +3 3 −1
= 25 −3 +5 2 −3 3 −1
1 ′=
Then = ′= 3 −2 +3 6 −2 3 −2 +3
2
1 3 −1
= 25 = 25 −3 +5 ′= 3 −2 +3 3 − 1 (2) ′=
31
2 3 −2 +3 32

. ℎ =5 + .
Finding Limit using L’HOPITAL’S RULES
=5 + = +

 THEOREM 1. (L’HOPITAL’S RULE FOR ZERO OVER

Let = + and = ZERO)
3
=2 +
2
If lim = = lim
= → →

1 3
′=5
3
+ 2 +
2
 THEOREM 2. (L’HOPITAL’S RULE FOR INFINITY
OVER INFINITY)
5 1
′= + 2 +
3 2
If lim = = lim
→ →

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Ex: Find the limit of the following: Higher Order Derivatives:

1. lim 2. lim 3. lim dy

→ → → y  is the first derivative of y with respect to x.
2 ∞ +7 4−4 dx
= = =
3(∞) − 5 4−2 is the second derivative.
= dy  d dy d 2 y
= = y    (y double prime)
′ ′ dx dx dx dx 2 A function is derived twice
lim ′
→ ′ lim lim
→ ′ → ′
1 1 dy
lim 2 y  is the third derivative.
→ 2 lim lim
→ 6 → 1 dx A function is derived thrice
= 2 2
( )
= lim 2
= 6(∞) → d
y  
4
=0 =2 4 y is the fourth derivative.
A function is derived four times
dx
=4
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Find the third derivative of the

function = 3 − 2 + 2 − + 7.
=3 −2 +2 − +7
′ = 12 −6 +4 −1
′′ = 36 − 12 +4
′′′ = 72 − 12

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